With the rapid development of medical technology and the improvement of people's health awareness, the detection rate of benign gastric tumors and early gastric cancer has increased significantly. Under the premise of ensuring the safety of oncology, challenges for surgeons present is how to adopt precise and reasonable treatment plans according to the characteristics of gastric tumors to minimize surgical trauma and complications, improve postoperative quality of life, and achieve individualized and precise treatment. Laparoscopic surgery and digestive endoscopy are currently the two main methods for treating gastric tumors. However, they both have advantages and shortcomings. The combination of laparoscopy and digestive endoscopy for the treatment of gastric tumors has become a new way to treat gastric tumors. This operation not only fully exploits the advantages of laparoscopy and digestive endoscopy, but also complements the shortcomings of each. This article reviews the surgical technique categories, indications, technical improvements, and perspectives of laparoscopy combined with digestive endoscopy in the treatment of gastric tumors.

With the rapid development of medical technology and the improvement of people's health awareness, the detection rate of benign gastric tumors and early gastric cancer has increased significantly. Under the premise of ensuring the safety of oncology, challenges for surgeons present is how to adopt precise and reasonable treatment plans according to the characteristics of gastric tumors to minimize surgical trauma and complications, improve postoperative quality of life, and achieve individualized and precise treatment. Laparoscopic surgery and digestive endoscopy are currently the two main methods for treating gastric tumors. However, they both have advantages and shortcomings. The combination of laparoscopy and digestive endoscopy for the treatment of gastric tumors has become a new way to treat gastric tumors. This operation not only fully exploits the advantages of laparoscopy and digestive endoscopy, but also complements the shortcomings of each. This article reviews the surgical technique categories, indications, technical improvements, and perspectives of laparoscopy combined with digestive endoscopy in the treatment of gastric tumors.

Objective: To explore the feasibility, safety and long-term efficacy of laparoscopic total gastrectomy combined with distal pancreaticosplenectomy for the treatment of T4b gastric cancer. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed. Clinical data of consecutive patients with T4b gastric cancer invading pancreatic tail undergoing laparoscopic or open total gastrectomy combined with distal pancreaticosplenectomy from January 2010 to December 2014 were analyzed retrospectively. Enrollment criteria: (1) primary gastric cancer confirmed by pathology as T4b adenocarcinoma; (2) chest+abdominal+pelvic enhanced CT indicated cancer invading pancreatic tail without distant metastasis, and R0 resection was evaluated as feasible before operation; (3) physical status was ECOG score 0 to 2, and was tolerant to operation. Patients with peritoneal implant metastasis and tumor invasion of other organs during operation, or changes in surgical methods for other reasons were excluded. All the operations were performed by the same surgical team, which had the experiences of more than 100 cases of laparoscopic and 100 cases of open radical gastrectomy with D2 lymph node dissection. The choice of surgical procedure was discussed by the surgeon and the patient, and decided according to the patient′s intension. Patients were divided into the laparoscopic group and open group according to the surgical method. Intraoperative and perioperative findings were compared between the two groups. The 3-year disease-free survival rate were analyzed with Kaplan-Meier survival curve and compared by using log-rank test. Results: A total of 37 consecutive patients were enrolled, including 21 in the laparoscopic group and 16 in the open group, and no one receiving laparoscopic procedure was converted to open surgery. The baseline data of two groups were comparable (all P>0.05). Compared with the open group, the laparoscopic group had significantly longer operation time [(264.0±35.1) minutes vs. (226.6±49.9) minutes, t=2.685, P=0.011], significantly less intraoperative blood loss [(65.7±37.4) ml vs. (182.2±94.6) ml, t=-4.658, P<0.001], significantly shorter time to postoperative flatus [(2.8±0.7) days vs. (4.1±0.7) days, t=-5.776, P<0.001] and significantly shorter postoperative hospital stay [(13.3±2.8) days vs. (16.6±4.3) days, t=-2.822, P=0.008]. Morbidity of postoperative complications, including anastomotic leakage, pancreatic fistula, abdominal abscess, intraperitoneal hemorrhage and duodenal stump leakage, in two groups was similar [19.0% (4/21) vs. 4/16, P=0.705]. There were no cases of anastomotic bleeding or stenosis. The 30-day postoperative mortality was 0 in the laparoscopic group and 1/16 in the open group, respectively (P=0.432). The 3-year disease-free survival rates were 38.1% and 37.5% in the laparoscopic and open group, respectively (P=0.751). Conclusion Laparoscopic total gastrectomy combined with distal pancreaticosplenectomy performed by experienced surgeons for T4b gastric cancer is safe and effective.

Prostate cancer (PCa) patients who progress to metastatic castration-resistant PCa (mCRPC) mostly have poor outcomes due to the lack of effective therapies. Our recent study established the orphan nuclear receptor ROR

Presacral recurrence, a special recurrence type in rectal cancer after surgical treatment, refers to recurrent cancer invading the presacral soft tissue or the bony structure of sacrum. It is also a major constituent of recurrent rectal cancer (15.63% to 41.67%). Reports show that presacral recurrence rate is about 2.8% to 4.8%, and it is associated with clinic staging, pathological type, surgical approach, (neo) adjuvant radiochemotherapy, tumor distance from the anus, positive circumferential margin, lymph node metastasis, and unilateral lateral lymph node dissection. CT and MRI are important for the detection of presacral recurrence. Presacral recurrence is always combined with local recurrence in other parts and distant organ metastasis. Therefore, we divide that into the following 3 types: 1) presacral recurrence with distant metastasis; 2) presacral recurrence with pelvic wall or lateral lymph node metastasis, or with recurrence of pelvic organs or anastomosis; and 3) simple presacral relapse. According to MDT evaluation. We adopt corresponding treatment scheme and surgical approach depending on the types mentioned above. When tumor recurred in the sacrum and located lower than S2/3 articular surface, then resection of recurrent tumor combined with sacrococcygeal should be the treatment of choice. For presacral recurrence with anterior invasion, combined total pelvic exenteration were available. For presacral recurrence with lateral pelvic wall invasion, internal iliac arteriovenous resection and lateral lymph node dissection and para-aortic lymph node dissection should be carried out. R0 resection may improve the 5-year overall survival rate of these patients.

Presacral recurrence, a special recurrence type in rectal cancer after surgical treatment, refers to recurrent cancer invading the presacral soft tissue or the bony structure of sacrum. It is also a major constituent of recurrent rectal cancer (15.63% to 41.67%). Reports show that presacral recurrence rate is about 2.8% to 4.8%, and it is associated with clinic staging, pathological type, surgical approach, (neo) adjuvant radiochemotherapy, tumor distance from the anus, positive circumferential margin, lymph node metastasis, and unilateral lateral lymph node dissection. CT and MRI are important for the detection of presacral recurrence. Presacral recurrence is always combined with local recurrence in other parts and distant organ metastasis. Therefore, we divide that into the following 3 types: 1) presacral recurrence with distant metastasis; 2) presacral recurrence with pelvic wall or lateral lymph node metastasis, or with recurrence of pelvic organs or anastomosis; and 3) simple presacral relapse. According to MDT evaluation. We adopt corresponding treatment scheme and surgical approach depending on the types mentioned above. When tumor recurred in the sacrum and located lower than S2/3 articular surface, then resection of recurrent tumor combined with sacrococcygeal should be the treatment of choice. For presacral recurrence with anterior invasion, combined total pelvic exenteration were available. For presacral recurrence with lateral pelvic wall invasion, internal iliac arteriovenous resection and lateral lymph node dissection and para-aortic lymph node dissection should be carried out. R0 resection may improve the 5-year overall survival rate of these patients.

According to multicenter randomized controlled trials, laparoscopic radical resection of colon cancer has the same short and long term clinical efficacy as traditional open surgery. In laparoscopic radical resection of right semicolon cancer, it is important to separate the embryonic plane of the root, and to ligate and cut off the central vascular roots. Only by separation along the membrane space can one achieve minimally invasive operation with no bleeding, and ensure the integrity of the excision of the mesangium and avoid damage of internal fascia and other organs. The mesangial distribution of the right semicolon is adjacent to the mesangium of the stomach and is connected to the mesentery of the small intestine. The pancreaticoduodenum locates between the right semicolon mesentery and the retroperitoneal subperitoneal fascia. In particular, the relationship between the anterior and posterior Treitz fascia of the pancreaticoduodenum and the Toldt space is complex, which is closely related to the feasibility of complete mesocolic excision(CME). This article introduces the distribution of intermembranous space and mesangial bed in the right semicolon, presenting the problem in CME surgery. In addition, there are key points in identifying the gap between the membranes based on the author’s experience and we propose a new evaluation criteria for membrane surgical specimens, which has certain guiding significance for radical CME surgery for right semicolon cancer.

According to multicenter randomized controlled trials, laparoscopic radical resection of colon cancer has the same short and long term clinical efficacy as traditional open surgery. In laparoscopic radical resection of right semicolon cancer, it is important to separate the embryonic plane of the root, and to ligate and cut off the central vascular roots. Only by separation along the membrane space can one achieve minimally invasive operation with no bleeding, and ensure the integrity of the excision of the mesangium and avoid damage of internal fascia and other organs. The mesangial distribution of the right semicolon is adjacent to the mesangium of the stomach and is connected to the mesentery of the small intestine. The pancreaticoduodenum locates between the right semicolon mesentery and the retroperitoneal subperitoneal fascia. In particular, the relationship between the anterior and posterior Treitz fascia of the pancreaticoduodenum and the Toldt space is complex, which is closely related to the feasibility of complete mesocolic excision(CME). This article introduces the distribution of intermembranous space and mesangial bed in the right semicolon, presenting the problem in CME surgery. In addition, there are key points in identifying the gap between the membranes based on the author’s experience and we propose a new evaluation criteria for membrane surgical specimens, which has certain guiding significance for radical CME surgery for right semicolon cancer.

According to multicenter randomized controlled trials, laparoscopic radical resection of colon cancer has the same short and long term clinical efficacy as traditional open surgery. In laparoscopic radical resection of right semicolon cancer, it is important to separate the embryonic plane of the root, and to ligate and cut off the central vascular roots. Only by separation along the membrane space can one achieve minimally invasive operation with no bleeding, and ensure the integrity of the excision of the mesangium and avoid damage of internal fascia and other organs. The mesangial distribution of the right semicolon is adjacent to the mesangium of the stomach and is connected to the mesentery of the small intestine. The pancreaticoduodenum locates between the right semicolon mesentery and the retroperitoneal subperitoneal fascia. In particular, the relationship between the anterior and posterior Treitz fascia of the pancreaticoduodenum and the Toldt space is complex, which is closely related to the feasibility of complete mesocolic excision(CME). This article introduces the distribution of intermembranous space and mesangial bed in the right semicolon, presenting the problem in CME surgery. In addition, there are key points in identifying the gap between the membranes based on the author’s experience and we propose a new evaluation criteria for membrane surgical specimens, which has certain guiding significance for radical CME surgery for right semicolon cancer.

Prevention of intraoperative incidental injuries during radical operation for rectal cancer and management of postoperative complication are associated with successful operation and prognosis of patients. This paper discusses how to prevent such intraoperative incidental injuries and how to manage postoperative complication. (1) Accurate clinical evaluation should be performed before operation and reasonable treatment decision should be made, including determination of the distance from transection to lower margin of the tumor, T and M staging evaluated by MRI, fascia invasion of mesorectum, metastasis of lateral lymph nodes, metastatic station of mesentery lymph node, association between levator ani muscle and anal sphincter, course and length of sigmoid observed by Barium enema, length assessment of pull-through bowel. Meanwhile individual factors of patients and tumors must be realized accurately. (2) Injury of pelvic visceral fascia should be avoided during operation. Negative low and circumference cutting edge must be ensured. Blood supply and adequate length of pull-down bowel must be also ensured. Urinary system injury, pelvic bleeding and intestinal damage should be avoided. Team cooperation and anesthesia procedure should be emphasized. Capacity of handling accident events should be cultivated for the team. (3) intraoperative incidental injuries during operation by instruments should be avoided, such as poor clarity of camera due to spray and smog, ineffective instruments resulted from repeated usage. (4) As to the prevention and management of postoperative complication of rectal cancer operation, prophylactic stoma should be regularly performed for rectal cancer patients undergoing anterior resection, while drainage tube placement does not decrease the morbidities of anastomosis and other complications. After sphincter-preserving surgery for rectal cancer, attentions must be paid to the occurrence of anastomotic bleeding, pelvic bleeding, anastomotic fistula, ileus, intestinal necrosis and anastomotic stenosis. After sphincter-preserving surgery for rectal cancer, if small amount of bleeding happens, titanium clamp or electric coagulation can be used; if delayed pelvic bleeding occurs obviously, embolism should be applied. Conservative treatment may be used for the non-carcinomatous ileus. When small anastomotic stenosis is found, local treatment is available (finger dilation, balloon expansion, transanal radiated cutting or resection), and for severe stenosis, transadominal operation is required.
Anal Canal ; Digestive System Surgical Procedures ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Iatrogenic Disease ; prevention & control ; Organ Sparing Treatments ; Postoperative Complications ; Prognosis ; Rectal Neoplasms ; surgery ; Surgical Stomas