ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism by which the ethanol extract of Epimedium brevicornu （EEBM） intervenes in mesenchymal adipose-derived stem cells （ADSCs） to delay aging in castrated rats. MethodsForty-five 3-month-old SPF female SD rats were ovariectomized and randomly divided into model group， ADSCs treatment group， and ADSCs groups treated with low， medium， and high concentrations of EEBM （1， 50， 100 μg·L^-1）， referred to as the AE low， medium， and high concentration groups， with 9 rats in each group. After tail vein injection of 200 μL of the corresponding stem cell suspension， aging-related indicators including cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor （p21）， tumor suppressor gene （p53）， interleukin-6 （IL-6）， interleukin-8 （IL-8）， superoxide dismutase （SOD）， malondialdehyde （MDA）， B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2）， Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax）， cysteine-aspartic acid protease-3 （Caspase-3）， and lipofuscin were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） and Western blot. ResultsCompared with the model group， the IL-6 content in the AE low， medium， and high concentration groups was significantly decreased （P<0.05）. Lipofuscin， MDA， and IL-8 levels in the ADSCs treatment group and AE low， medium， and high concentration groups were significantly reduced （P<0.01）， while SOD content was significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the ADSCs treatment group， lipofuscin and IL-8 levels in the AE low， medium， and high concentration groups were significantly reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The MDA content was significantly decreased in the AE medium concentration group （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， protein levels of p21， p53， Bax， and Caspase-3 in the ADSCs treatment group and AE low， medium， and high concentration groups were significantly reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while the Bcl-2 protein level was significantly increased （P<0.01）. Compared with the ADSCs treatment group， protein levels of p21， p53， Bax， and Caspase-3 in the AE low， medium， and high concentration groups were significantly reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the Bcl-2 protein level in the AE low concentration group was significantly increased （P<0.01）. ConclusionThe results of this experiment show that EEBM-treated ADSCs or ADSCs may delay aging in castrated rats by inhibiting cell apoptosis， reducing cell cycle inhibitors and pro-inflammatory factors， enhancing antioxidant capacity， and reducing oxidative reactions. Moreover， EEBM-treated ADSCs demonstrate stronger anti-aging effects than ADSCs alone. This study provides experimental evidence supporting the clinical use of EEBM to intervene in ADSCs and delay aging.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a central neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory impairment in clinical. Currently, there are no effective treatments for AD. In recent years, a variety of therapeutic approaches from different perspectives have been explored to treat AD. Although the drug therapies targeted at the clearance of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) had made a breakthrough in clinical trials, there were associated with adverse events. Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the onset and progression of AD. Continuous neuroinflammatory was considered to be the third major pathological feature of AD, which could promote the formation of extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. At the same time, these toxic substances could accelerate the development of neuroinflammation, form a vicious cycle, and exacerbate disease progression. Reducing neuroinflammation could break the feedback loop pattern between neuroinflammation, Aβ plaque deposition and Tau tangles, which might be an effective therapeutic strategy for treating AD. Traditional Chinese herbs such as Polygonum multiflorum and Curcuma were utilized in the treatment of AD due to their ability to mitigate neuroinflammation. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and indomethacin had been shown to reduce the level of inflammasomes in the body, and taking these drugs was associated with a low incidence of AD. Biosynthetic nanomaterials loaded with oxytocin were demonstrated to have the capability to anti-inflammatory and penetrate the blood-brain barrier effectively, and they played an anti-inflammatory role via sustained-releasing oxytocin in the brain. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells could reduce neuroinflammation and inhibit the activation of microglia. The secretion of mesenchymal stem cells could not only improve neuroinflammation, but also exert a multi-target comprehensive therapeutic effect, making it potentially more suitable for the treatment of AD. Enhancing the level of TREM2 in microglial cells using gene editing technologies, or application of TREM2 antibodies such as Ab-T1, hT2AB could improve microglial cell function and reduce the level of neuroinflammation, which might be a potential treatment for AD. Probiotic therapy, fecal flora transplantation, antibiotic therapy, and dietary intervention could reshape the composition of the gut microbiota and alleviate neuroinflammation through the gut-brain axis. However, the drugs of sodium oligomannose remain controversial. Both exercise intervention and electromagnetic intervention had the potential to attenuate neuroinflammation, thereby delaying AD process. This article focuses on the role of drug therapy, gene therapy, stem cell therapy, gut microbiota therapy, exercise intervention, and brain stimulation in improving neuroinflammation in recent years, aiming to provide a novel insight for the treatment of AD by intervening neuroinflammation in the future.

BACKGROUND:Magnetic nanomaterials have biological activities such as promoting osteogenic differentiation of stem cells and inhibiting osteoclast formation,and can effectively promote the healing of injured bone tissue under the synergistic effect of magnetic fields.They have a very broad application prospect in bone injury repair. OBJECTIVE:To review the mechanism of magnetic nanomaterials and magnetic fields promoting bone repair,as well as their research progress in the field of bone injury repair. METHODS:Relevant literature search was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science databases with the search terms"magnetic nanomaterials,magnetic field,bone repair,bone tissue engineering,stem cell,osteoblast,osteoclast."The time limit of literature search was from 2003 to 2023,which was screened and analyzed.Some classic articles were manually retrieved,and 98 articles were finally included for analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Magnetic nanomaterials have biological effects such as promoting osteoblast differentiation,inhibiting osteoclast formation and regulating the immune microenvironment.In addition,magnetic nanomaterials can regulate the physicochemical properties of tissue engineering scaffolds,such as mechanical properties and surface morphology,and endowed with magnetic properties,which is conducive to the regulation of the adhesion,proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of stem cells.(2)The magnetic field has the ability to regulate multiple cell signaling pathways to promote osteoblast differentiation,inhibit osteoclast formation,stimulate angiogenesis and other biological effects,thus accelerating the healing of damaged bone tissue.(3)The joint application of magnetic nanomaterials and magnetic field accelerates the repair of bone damage by activating mechanotransduction,increasing the content of intracellular magnetic nanoparticles,and enhancing the effect of micro-magnetic field,which provides a new idea for the research of bone tissue engineering.(4)Magnetic field has demonstrated definite efficacy in the treatment of clinical fractures,osteoporosis,and osteoarthritis diseases,which is beneficial for bone tissue growth,reducing bone loss,alleviating pain,and improving the quality of life of patients.(5)Magnetic nanomaterials and magnetic fields have great potential for application in bone damage repair and regeneration,but the interaction mechanism between magnetic nanomaterials,magnetic fields,and cells has not been fully elucidated.Moreover,the key parameters of magnetic fields that regulate intracellular molecular events,including the type,intensity,frequency,duration,and mode of the magnetic field,as well as the precise biological effects of a specific magnetic field on osteoblasts and the underlying mechanisms,have yet to be defined.(6)Further attention needs to be paid to the effects on osteoclasts,nerves,blood vessels,and immune cells in the microenvironment of damaged tissues.Finally,the safety of magnetic materials for human use is yet to be systematically studied in terms of their distribution,metabolism,and acute and chronic toxicities.

Biomolecular condensates are formed through phase separation of biomacromolecules such as proteins and RNAs. These condensates exhibit liquid-like properties that can futher transition into more stable material states. They form complex internal structures via multivalent weak interactions, enabling precise spatiotemporal regulations. However, the use of inconsistent and non-standardized terminology has become increasingly problematic, hindering academic exchange and the dissemination of scientific knowledge. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the terminology related to biomolecular condensates in order to clarify concepts, promote interdisciplinary cooperation, enhance research efficiency, and support the healthy development of this field.

Chronic pancreatitis （CP） is a chronic disease characterized by recurrent inflammation and progressive damage to pancreatic tissue， and its deterioration may increase the risk of pancreatic cancer in patients with CP， which seriously threatens the health of patients with CP. In recent years， studies on the pathogenesis of CP have mostly focused on the activation of pancreatic stellate cells （PSCs） and its role in pancreatic fibrosis. This article elaborates on the mechanism of action of PSCs in CP， summarizes the current status of research on effective traditional Chinese medicine components and prescriptions for intervention of PSCs in the treatment of chronic CP， and proposes the future research directions for effective traditional Chinese medicine components and prescriptions， so as to provide a reference for the clinical treatment of CP patients in the future.

Objective: To identify an optimal back-flush solution for leukocyte-depleted filters that maximizes peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) recovery with high viability, long-term storage stability, and sterility of the harvested residues, thereby providing a clinically translatable strategy. Methods: Three sterile bag-packaged solutions—Saline, Solvent, and Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS)—were used to back-flush randomly assigned leukocyte-depleted filters. Nucleated cell recovery rate and viability of the harvested residues were compared. The optimal solution identified was applied to an expanded sample set. PBMC viability and yield were evaluated after 1h vs 48h storage of the residues. PBMCs isolated from the residues were cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen for 1 month, followed by post-thaw comparisons of viability and T-cell expansion capacity. Results: The Solvent group achieved the highest and most consistent nucleated cell recovery rate. Post-flush recovery rate from filters after 400 mL whole blood processing was (21.3±1.6)% for the Solvent group, significantly higher than Saline group (19.2±6.3)% and HBSS group (11.2±5.0)%, with residues from all groups maintaining viability >90%. No biologically significant difference in residue viability was observed between 48h vs 1h storage groups (93.3±2.3)% vs (95.7±1.8)%). PBMC recovery rates from residues showed no statistical difference between 48h vs 1h storage groups [(48.2%±9.5%)vs (40.41%±8.35%), P>0.05], with (17.7±2.6)×10 cells. After 1-month cryopreservation and 10-day expansion, PBMCs isolated from 48-hour-stored residues retained (91.2±3.2)% viability and achieved a (61.9±15.9)-fold expansion. Conclusion: The bag-packaged Solvent, as a back-flush solution, enables sterile acquisition of leukocyte-depleted filter residues through closed-system tubing connections. These residues maintained PBMC viability and recovery rates after 48h storage at 2℃-8℃, with post-cryopreservation (1-month liquid nitrogen) viability and expansion capacity remaining stable. This protocol complies with blood bank regulatory criteria, addresses the concerns about the infectious window period in cell therapy raw materials, and provides a clinically translatable strategy for PBMC-based applications.

Background/Aims: Endoscopic radiofrequency ablation (ERFA) is a treatment option for superficial esophageal squamous cell neoplasia (ESCN), with a relatively low risk of stenosis; however, the long-term outcomes remain unclear. We aimed to compare the long-term outcomes of patients with widespread superficial ESCN who underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) or ERFA. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of patients with superficial ESCN who underwent ESD or ERFA between January 2015 and December 2021. The primary outcome measure was recurrence-free survival. Results: Ninety-two and 33 patients with superficial ESCN underwent ESD and ERFA, respectively. The en bloc, R0, and curative resection rates for ESD were 100.0%, 90.2%, and 76.1%, respectively. At 12 months, the complete response rate was comparable between the two groups (94.6% vs 90.9%, p=0.748). During a median follow-up of 66 months, recurrence-free survival was significantly longer in the ESD group than in the ERFA group (p=0.004), while no significant differences in overall survival (p=0.845) and disease-specific survival (p=0.494) were observed.Preoperative diagnosis of intramucosal cancer (adjusted hazard ratio, 5.55; vs high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia) was an independent predictor of recurrence. Significantly fewer patients in the ERFA group experienced stenosis compare to ESD group (15.2% vs 38.0%, p=0.016). Conclusions The risk of recurrence was higher for ERFA than ESD for ESCN but overall survival was not affected. The risk of esophageal stenosis was significantly lower for patients who underwent ERFA.

Background/Aims: Endoscopic radiofrequency ablation (ERFA) is a treatment option for superficial esophageal squamous cell neoplasia (ESCN), with a relatively low risk of stenosis; however, the long-term outcomes remain unclear. We aimed to compare the long-term outcomes of patients with widespread superficial ESCN who underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) or ERFA. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of patients with superficial ESCN who underwent ESD or ERFA between January 2015 and December 2021. The primary outcome measure was recurrence-free survival. Results: Ninety-two and 33 patients with superficial ESCN underwent ESD and ERFA, respectively. The en bloc, R0, and curative resection rates for ESD were 100.0%, 90.2%, and 76.1%, respectively. At 12 months, the complete response rate was comparable between the two groups (94.6% vs 90.9%, p=0.748). During a median follow-up of 66 months, recurrence-free survival was significantly longer in the ESD group than in the ERFA group (p=0.004), while no significant differences in overall survival (p=0.845) and disease-specific survival (p=0.494) were observed.Preoperative diagnosis of intramucosal cancer (adjusted hazard ratio, 5.55; vs high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia) was an independent predictor of recurrence. Significantly fewer patients in the ERFA group experienced stenosis compare to ESD group (15.2% vs 38.0%, p=0.016). Conclusions The risk of recurrence was higher for ERFA than ESD for ESCN but overall survival was not affected. The risk of esophageal stenosis was significantly lower for patients who underwent ERFA.

Background/Aims: Endoscopic radiofrequency ablation (ERFA) is a treatment option for superficial esophageal squamous cell neoplasia (ESCN), with a relatively low risk of stenosis; however, the long-term outcomes remain unclear. We aimed to compare the long-term outcomes of patients with widespread superficial ESCN who underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) or ERFA. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of patients with superficial ESCN who underwent ESD or ERFA between January 2015 and December 2021. The primary outcome measure was recurrence-free survival. Results: Ninety-two and 33 patients with superficial ESCN underwent ESD and ERFA, respectively. The en bloc, R0, and curative resection rates for ESD were 100.0%, 90.2%, and 76.1%, respectively. At 12 months, the complete response rate was comparable between the two groups (94.6% vs 90.9%, p=0.748). During a median follow-up of 66 months, recurrence-free survival was significantly longer in the ESD group than in the ERFA group (p=0.004), while no significant differences in overall survival (p=0.845) and disease-specific survival (p=0.494) were observed.Preoperative diagnosis of intramucosal cancer (adjusted hazard ratio, 5.55; vs high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia) was an independent predictor of recurrence. Significantly fewer patients in the ERFA group experienced stenosis compare to ESD group (15.2% vs 38.0%, p=0.016). Conclusions The risk of recurrence was higher for ERFA than ESD for ESCN but overall survival was not affected. The risk of esophageal stenosis was significantly lower for patients who underwent ERFA.