Abstract The etiology and pathogenesis of myopia among children and adolescents remain unclear. As crucial regulatory mediators in the body, inflammatory cytokines have drawn increasing attention for their potential role in the onset and progression of myopia. The study examines the relationship between systemic inflammation and intraocular inflammation and myopia, explores the inflammatory mechanisms underlying myopia development, and discusses intervention strategies targeting related signaling pathways for myopia treatment. It aims to provide new insights for the prevention and control of myopia in children and adolescents.