The internet era has brought a dual impact on epidemiological research: on one hand, it has expanded the breadth and depth of public health surveillance, enriching the formulation of strategies for early warning for public health emergencies and infectious disease outbreaks, disease prevention, and health promotion through vast medical information resources. On the other hand, it has triggered the issue of "infodemic", wherein the rapid spread of misinformation disrupts public perception, weakens the effectiveness of public health responses, and adds complexity to the management of public health emergencies. This paper focuses on representative research areas of infodemiology, for example, infodemic caused by inforus, and explores its future development trends and potential challenges with the aim to deepen infodemiology research and optimize public health practice.

T cells play central roles in anti-tumor immune responses. Immune checkpoint therapy, which is based on modulation of T cell reactivity, has achieved breakthrough in clinical treatment of multiple tumors. Moreover, adoptive T cell therapy, which includes mainly genetically engineered T cells, has shown substantial treatment efficacy in hematoma. Immune therapy has tremendously changed the scenario of clinical tumor treatment and become critical strategies for treating multiple tumors. T cell receptor (TCR) is the fundamental molecule responsible for the specificity of T cell recognition. TCRs could recognize peptides, which are derived from intracellular or extracellular tumor antigens, presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and are therefore highly sensitive to low antigen level. Thereby, TCRs are broadly recognized as promising molecules for the development of anti-tumor drugs. The approval of the first TCR drug in 2022 has initiated a new era for TCR-based therapeutics and since then, multiple TCR drugs have shown substantial treatment efficacy in multiple tumors. This review summarizes the progress of TCR-based immune therapeutic strategies, including T cell receptor-engineered T cell (TCR-T), TCR-based protein drugs, and other cell therapies based on TCR signaling, providing useful information for future design of immune therapeutics based on TCR.
Humans ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism* ; T-Lymphocytes/metabolism* ; Neoplasms/metabolism* ; Immunotherapy ; Antigens, Neoplasm

Objective:Using high-throughput transcriptome sequencing technology to study the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and related regulatory signaling pathways involved in H1N1 influenza virus infection in primary human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells.Methods:Primary human RPE cells were infected with H1N1 influenza virus for 2 h or 12 h, respectively. Taking H1N1 uninfected cells as a control group, total RNA was extracted, a library was constructed, and transcriptome sequencing was performed. DEGs were screened by DESeq2 software, and DEGs were analyzed by gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway.Results:Compared with the control group, a total of 1830 DEGs were identified in the 2 h H1N1 influenza virus infection group, and 2847 DEGs were identified in the 12 h infection group; 1213 DEGs were identified in the H1N1 influenza virus infection kinetics process (2 h: 12 h). The GO functional annotation analysis of DEGs in the H1N1 influenza virus infection group for 12 h showed that DEGs widely exist in a variety of cellular components and participate in various biological processes such as cellular processes, biological regulation, and metabolic processes. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were mainly enriched in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, cancer MicroRNAs, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions in the 2 h H1N1 influenza virus infection group; in the 12 h H1N1 influenza virus infection group, DEGs were mainly enriched in PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, cancer MicroRNAs, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway and immune-inflammatory pathways; during the kinetics of H1N1 influenza virus infection (2 h: 12 h), DEGs were mainly enriched in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, TGF-β signaling pathway.Conclusions:Infection with H1N1 influenza virus leads to significant changes in the transcriptome of RPE cells. These data provide scientific reference for elucidating the molecular mechanism of eye infection by respiratory viruses such as influenza virus.

The avian influenza A (H7N9) virus is a zoonotic virus that is closely associated with live poultry markets. It has caused infections in humans in China since 2013. Five waves of the H7N9 influenza epidemic occurred in China between March 2013 and September 2017. H7N9 with low-pathogenicity dominated in the first four waves, whereas highly pathogenic H7N9 influenza emerged in poultry and spread to humans during the fifth wave, causing wide concern. Specialists and officials from China and other countries responded quickly, controlled the epidemic well thus far, and characterized the virus by using new technologies and surveillance tools that were made possible by their preparedness efforts. Here, we review the characteristics of the H7N9 viruses that were identified while controlling the spread of the disease. It was summarized and discussed from the perspectives of molecular epidemiology, clinical features, virulence and pathogenesis, receptor binding, T-cell responses, monoclonal antibody development, vaccine development, and disease burden. These data provide tools for minimizing the future threat of H7N9 and other emerging and re-emerging viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2.
Animals ; COVID-19 ; China/epidemiology* ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype ; Influenza in Birds/epidemiology* ; Influenza, Human/prevention & control* ; Poultry ; SARS-CoV-2

Objective: We aimed to assess the features of notifiable infectious diseases found commonly in foreign nationals in China between 2004 and 2017 to improve public health policy and responses for infectious diseases. Methods: We performed a descriptive study of notifiable infectious diseases among foreigners reported from 2004 to 2017 in China using data from the Chinese National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting System (NNIDRIS). Demographic, temporal-spatial distribution were described and analyzed. Results: A total of 67,939 cases of 33 different infectious diseases were reported among foreigners. These diseases were seen in 31 provinces of China and originated from 146 countries of the world. The infectious diseases with the highest incidence number were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) of 18,713 cases, hepatitis B (6,461 cases), hand, foot, and mouth disease (6,327 cases). Yunnan province had the highest number of notifiable infectious diseases in foreigners. There were different trends of the major infectious diseases among foreign cases seen in China and varied among provinces. Conclusions This is the first description of the epidemiological characteristic of notifiable infectious diseases among foreigners in China from 2004 to 2017. These data can be used to better inform policymakers about national health priorities for future research and control strategies.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Communicable Diseases ; epidemiology ; Female ; HIV Infections ; epidemiology ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; epidemiology ; Hepatitis B ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Young Adult

Antibodies, Monoclonal ; chemistry ; metabolism ; therapeutic use ; B7-H1 Antigen ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Binding

Overuse of antibiotics in livestock farming has enriched antibiotic-resistant genes as well as resistant bacteria in farm animals and their related environments. These antibiotic-resistant genes can spread to the natural environments by horizontal gene transfer and even to the food chain, posing a serious threat to the ecological environment, food safety and human health. With the development of genomic technology, the diversity and ecological distribution of antibiotic-resistant genes in farm animals and their related environments have been recently revealed. Here we summarized the research progress on antibiotic resistance genes in related fields, potential influence on human health, and future research needs.

Aedes ; virology ; Animals ; China ; epidemiology ; Genetic Variation ; Genome, Viral ; Humans ; Multigene Family ; Viral Proteins ; genetics ; Zika Virus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Zika Virus Infection ; epidemiology ; virology

Ebolavirus ; pathogenicity ; Endemic Diseases ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola ; epidemiology ; virology ; Humans

Antibody-based PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapies have taken center stage in immunotherapies for cancer, with multiple clinical successes. PD-1 signaling plays pivotal roles in tumor-driven T-cell dysfunction. In contrast to prior approaches to generate or boost tumor-specific T-cell responses, antibody-based PD-1/PD-L1 blockade targets tumor-induced T-cell defects and restores pre-existing T-cell function to modulate antitumor immunity. In this review, the fundamental knowledge on the expression regulations and inhibitory functions of PD-1 and the present understanding of antibody-based PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapies are briefly summarized. We then focus on the recent breakthrough work concerning the structural basis of the PD-1/PD-Ls interaction and how therapeutic antibodies, pembrolizumab targeting PD-1 and avelumab targeting PD-L1, compete with the binding of PD-1/PD-L1 to interrupt the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. We believe that this structural information will benefit the design and improvement of therapeutic antibodies targeting PD-1 signaling.
Antibodies, Monoclonal ; immunology ; therapeutic use ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; immunology ; therapeutic use ; B7-H1 Antigen ; antagonists & inhibitors ; immunology ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; immunology ; pathology ; Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor ; antagonists & inhibitors ; immunology ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects ; immunology ; T-Lymphocytes ; immunology