Background: and Purpose Parkinson’s disease (PD) significantly impacts the quality of life via both motor and nonmotor symptoms. Exercise is a valuable nonpharmacological intervention that can alleviate PD symptoms and slow disease progression. Understanding the factors that motivate and restrict exercise in PD patients is essential for promoting engagement.This study aimed to identify the motivators and barriers affecting exercise in PD patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed exercise habits, motivators, and barriers among PD patients with a modified Hoehn and Yahr stage of ≤2.5. Participants were categorized into non-, low-, and high-exercise groups based on the World Health Organization guidelines. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire, the Korean version of the Sport Motivation Scale, and a barriers-to-exercise questionnaire were utilized. Results: Data from 165 of 196 enrolled patients were analyzed: 28 (17.0%), 88 (53.3%), and 49 (29.7%) in the non-, low-, and high-exercise groups, respectively. The nonexercise group demonstrated higher levels of fatigue and apathy, and more-severe cardiovascular, mood, intellectual, attention, gastrointestinal, and urinary symptoms. While all groups recognized the benefit of exercise, those in the nonexercise group viewed PD symptoms and depressive mood as major barriers, whereas those in the high-exercise group were primarily motivated by personal satisfaction. Conclusions This study highlights the importance of enjoyment and personal satisfaction to the maintenance of exercise habits among PD patients. By enhancing specific motivators and overcoming barriers, particularly PD symptoms and related nonmotor symptoms, tailored interventions can be implemented to increase exercise adherence and, eventually, improve the quality of life of PD patients.

Background: and Purpose Parkinson’s disease (PD) significantly impacts the quality of life via both motor and nonmotor symptoms. Exercise is a valuable nonpharmacological intervention that can alleviate PD symptoms and slow disease progression. Understanding the factors that motivate and restrict exercise in PD patients is essential for promoting engagement.This study aimed to identify the motivators and barriers affecting exercise in PD patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed exercise habits, motivators, and barriers among PD patients with a modified Hoehn and Yahr stage of ≤2.5. Participants were categorized into non-, low-, and high-exercise groups based on the World Health Organization guidelines. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire, the Korean version of the Sport Motivation Scale, and a barriers-to-exercise questionnaire were utilized. Results: Data from 165 of 196 enrolled patients were analyzed: 28 (17.0%), 88 (53.3%), and 49 (29.7%) in the non-, low-, and high-exercise groups, respectively. The nonexercise group demonstrated higher levels of fatigue and apathy, and more-severe cardiovascular, mood, intellectual, attention, gastrointestinal, and urinary symptoms. While all groups recognized the benefit of exercise, those in the nonexercise group viewed PD symptoms and depressive mood as major barriers, whereas those in the high-exercise group were primarily motivated by personal satisfaction. Conclusions This study highlights the importance of enjoyment and personal satisfaction to the maintenance of exercise habits among PD patients. By enhancing specific motivators and overcoming barriers, particularly PD symptoms and related nonmotor symptoms, tailored interventions can be implemented to increase exercise adherence and, eventually, improve the quality of life of PD patients.

Background: and Purpose Parkinson’s disease (PD) significantly impacts the quality of life via both motor and nonmotor symptoms. Exercise is a valuable nonpharmacological intervention that can alleviate PD symptoms and slow disease progression. Understanding the factors that motivate and restrict exercise in PD patients is essential for promoting engagement.This study aimed to identify the motivators and barriers affecting exercise in PD patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed exercise habits, motivators, and barriers among PD patients with a modified Hoehn and Yahr stage of ≤2.5. Participants were categorized into non-, low-, and high-exercise groups based on the World Health Organization guidelines. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire, the Korean version of the Sport Motivation Scale, and a barriers-to-exercise questionnaire were utilized. Results: Data from 165 of 196 enrolled patients were analyzed: 28 (17.0%), 88 (53.3%), and 49 (29.7%) in the non-, low-, and high-exercise groups, respectively. The nonexercise group demonstrated higher levels of fatigue and apathy, and more-severe cardiovascular, mood, intellectual, attention, gastrointestinal, and urinary symptoms. While all groups recognized the benefit of exercise, those in the nonexercise group viewed PD symptoms and depressive mood as major barriers, whereas those in the high-exercise group were primarily motivated by personal satisfaction. Conclusions This study highlights the importance of enjoyment and personal satisfaction to the maintenance of exercise habits among PD patients. By enhancing specific motivators and overcoming barriers, particularly PD symptoms and related nonmotor symptoms, tailored interventions can be implemented to increase exercise adherence and, eventually, improve the quality of life of PD patients.

Objective: To assess the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of targeted embolization for cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas (CSDAVF). Materials and Methods: This retrospective study investigated patients with CSDAVF who underwent endovascular treatment at a tertiary hospital between October 1991 and March 2023. Treatment strategies were determined based on clinical symptoms and shunt characteristics. Targeted or non-targeted curative embolization was performed to achieve complete shunt occlusion.Initially, targeted embolization, selective occlusion of the shunted pouch while preserving the normal cavernous sinus lumen, was conducted, should that fail, non-targeted embolization was performed. In contrast, palliative embolization solely reduced shunt flow. Clinical signs, imaging characteristics, and outcomes were evaluated according to the agreed treatment strategy. Results: In total, 198 patients with CSDAVF (mean age 59.0 ± 12.1 years, 23.2% male) participated in this study. Of which, 94 patients (47.5%) were treated with targeted embolization, 75 (37.9%) with non-targeted embolization, and 29 (14.6%) with palliative treatment. For patients undergoing curative embolization, 55.7% (94/169) successfully achieved targeted embolization; this procedure was usually used to treat focal fistulas (restrictive or late-restrictive types), whereas diffuse fistulas (proliferative type) often underwent non-targeted or palliative embolization. For patients that underwent targeted embolization, the rate of complete or near-complete occlusion on immediate post-treatment digital subtraction angiography was 93.6% (88/94), with a complication rate of 2.1% (2/94), symptom improvement rate of 96.8% (91/94), and retreatment rate of 5.3% (5/94). No serious complications were reported during follow-up. Conclusion When successful, targeted embolization of CSDAVF causes low rates of cranial nerve palsy, retreatment, and good clinical outcomes.

Objective: To assess the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of targeted embolization for cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas (CSDAVF). Materials and Methods: This retrospective study investigated patients with CSDAVF who underwent endovascular treatment at a tertiary hospital between October 1991 and March 2023. Treatment strategies were determined based on clinical symptoms and shunt characteristics. Targeted or non-targeted curative embolization was performed to achieve complete shunt occlusion.Initially, targeted embolization, selective occlusion of the shunted pouch while preserving the normal cavernous sinus lumen, was conducted, should that fail, non-targeted embolization was performed. In contrast, palliative embolization solely reduced shunt flow. Clinical signs, imaging characteristics, and outcomes were evaluated according to the agreed treatment strategy. Results: In total, 198 patients with CSDAVF (mean age 59.0 ± 12.1 years, 23.2% male) participated in this study. Of which, 94 patients (47.5%) were treated with targeted embolization, 75 (37.9%) with non-targeted embolization, and 29 (14.6%) with palliative treatment. For patients undergoing curative embolization, 55.7% (94/169) successfully achieved targeted embolization; this procedure was usually used to treat focal fistulas (restrictive or late-restrictive types), whereas diffuse fistulas (proliferative type) often underwent non-targeted or palliative embolization. For patients that underwent targeted embolization, the rate of complete or near-complete occlusion on immediate post-treatment digital subtraction angiography was 93.6% (88/94), with a complication rate of 2.1% (2/94), symptom improvement rate of 96.8% (91/94), and retreatment rate of 5.3% (5/94). No serious complications were reported during follow-up. Conclusion When successful, targeted embolization of CSDAVF causes low rates of cranial nerve palsy, retreatment, and good clinical outcomes.

Objective: To assess the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of targeted embolization for cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas (CSDAVF). Materials and Methods: This retrospective study investigated patients with CSDAVF who underwent endovascular treatment at a tertiary hospital between October 1991 and March 2023. Treatment strategies were determined based on clinical symptoms and shunt characteristics. Targeted or non-targeted curative embolization was performed to achieve complete shunt occlusion.Initially, targeted embolization, selective occlusion of the shunted pouch while preserving the normal cavernous sinus lumen, was conducted, should that fail, non-targeted embolization was performed. In contrast, palliative embolization solely reduced shunt flow. Clinical signs, imaging characteristics, and outcomes were evaluated according to the agreed treatment strategy. Results: In total, 198 patients with CSDAVF (mean age 59.0 ± 12.1 years, 23.2% male) participated in this study. Of which, 94 patients (47.5%) were treated with targeted embolization, 75 (37.9%) with non-targeted embolization, and 29 (14.6%) with palliative treatment. For patients undergoing curative embolization, 55.7% (94/169) successfully achieved targeted embolization; this procedure was usually used to treat focal fistulas (restrictive or late-restrictive types), whereas diffuse fistulas (proliferative type) often underwent non-targeted or palliative embolization. For patients that underwent targeted embolization, the rate of complete or near-complete occlusion on immediate post-treatment digital subtraction angiography was 93.6% (88/94), with a complication rate of 2.1% (2/94), symptom improvement rate of 96.8% (91/94), and retreatment rate of 5.3% (5/94). No serious complications were reported during follow-up. Conclusion When successful, targeted embolization of CSDAVF causes low rates of cranial nerve palsy, retreatment, and good clinical outcomes.

Objective: To assess the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of targeted embolization for cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas (CSDAVF). Materials and Methods: This retrospective study investigated patients with CSDAVF who underwent endovascular treatment at a tertiary hospital between October 1991 and March 2023. Treatment strategies were determined based on clinical symptoms and shunt characteristics. Targeted or non-targeted curative embolization was performed to achieve complete shunt occlusion.Initially, targeted embolization, selective occlusion of the shunted pouch while preserving the normal cavernous sinus lumen, was conducted, should that fail, non-targeted embolization was performed. In contrast, palliative embolization solely reduced shunt flow. Clinical signs, imaging characteristics, and outcomes were evaluated according to the agreed treatment strategy. Results: In total, 198 patients with CSDAVF (mean age 59.0 ± 12.1 years, 23.2% male) participated in this study. Of which, 94 patients (47.5%) were treated with targeted embolization, 75 (37.9%) with non-targeted embolization, and 29 (14.6%) with palliative treatment. For patients undergoing curative embolization, 55.7% (94/169) successfully achieved targeted embolization; this procedure was usually used to treat focal fistulas (restrictive or late-restrictive types), whereas diffuse fistulas (proliferative type) often underwent non-targeted or palliative embolization. For patients that underwent targeted embolization, the rate of complete or near-complete occlusion on immediate post-treatment digital subtraction angiography was 93.6% (88/94), with a complication rate of 2.1% (2/94), symptom improvement rate of 96.8% (91/94), and retreatment rate of 5.3% (5/94). No serious complications were reported during follow-up. Conclusion When successful, targeted embolization of CSDAVF causes low rates of cranial nerve palsy, retreatment, and good clinical outcomes.

Objective: To assess the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of targeted embolization for cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas (CSDAVF). Materials and Methods: This retrospective study investigated patients with CSDAVF who underwent endovascular treatment at a tertiary hospital between October 1991 and March 2023. Treatment strategies were determined based on clinical symptoms and shunt characteristics. Targeted or non-targeted curative embolization was performed to achieve complete shunt occlusion.Initially, targeted embolization, selective occlusion of the shunted pouch while preserving the normal cavernous sinus lumen, was conducted, should that fail, non-targeted embolization was performed. In contrast, palliative embolization solely reduced shunt flow. Clinical signs, imaging characteristics, and outcomes were evaluated according to the agreed treatment strategy. Results: In total, 198 patients with CSDAVF (mean age 59.0 ± 12.1 years, 23.2% male) participated in this study. Of which, 94 patients (47.5%) were treated with targeted embolization, 75 (37.9%) with non-targeted embolization, and 29 (14.6%) with palliative treatment. For patients undergoing curative embolization, 55.7% (94/169) successfully achieved targeted embolization; this procedure was usually used to treat focal fistulas (restrictive or late-restrictive types), whereas diffuse fistulas (proliferative type) often underwent non-targeted or palliative embolization. For patients that underwent targeted embolization, the rate of complete or near-complete occlusion on immediate post-treatment digital subtraction angiography was 93.6% (88/94), with a complication rate of 2.1% (2/94), symptom improvement rate of 96.8% (91/94), and retreatment rate of 5.3% (5/94). No serious complications were reported during follow-up. Conclusion When successful, targeted embolization of CSDAVF causes low rates of cranial nerve palsy, retreatment, and good clinical outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: Stroke remains the second leading cause of death in Korea. This study was designed to estimate the crude, age-adjusted and age-specific incidence rates, as well as the case fatality rate of stroke, in Korea from 2011 to 2020. METHODS: We utilized data from the National Health Insurance Services from January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2020, to calculate incidence rates and 30-day and 1-year case fatality rates of stroke. Additionally, we determined sex and age-specific incidence rates and computed age-standardized incidence rates by direct standardization to the 2005 population. RESULTS: The crude incidence rate of stroke hovered around 200 (per 100,000 person-years) from 2011 to 2015, then surged to 218.4 in 2019, before marginally declining to 208.0 in 2020. Conversely, the age-standardized incidence rate consistently decreased by 25% between 2011 and 2020. When stratified by sex, the crude incidence rate increased between 2011 and 2019 for both sexes, followed by a decrease in 2020. Age-standardized incidence rates displayed a downward trend throughout the study period for both sexes. Across all age groups, the 30-day and 1-year case fatality rates of stroke consistently decreased from 2011 to 2019, only to increase in 2020. CONCLUSIONS Despite a decrease in the age-standardized incidence rate, the total number of stroke events in Korea continues to rise due to the rapidly aging population. Moreover, 2020 witnessed a decrease in incidence but an increase in case fatality rates.

OBJECTIVES: Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of mortality worldwide, and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is particularly fatal condition. We evaluated the incidence and case fatality rates of AMI in Korea from 2011 to 2020. METHODS: We utilized data from the National Health Insurance Services to calculate crude, age-standardized, and age-specific incidence rates, along with 30-day and 1-year case fatality rates, of AMI from 2011 to 2020. Age-standardized incidence rates were determined using direct standardization to the 2005 population. RESULTS: The crude incidence rate of AMI per 100,000 person-years consistently increased from 44.7 in 2011 to 68.3 in 2019, before decreasing slightly to 66.2 in 2020. The age-standardized incidence rate of AMI displayed a 19% rise from 2011 to 2019, followed by a slight decline in 2020. The increasing trend for AMI incidence was more pronounced in males than in females. Both 30-day and 1-year case fatality rates remained stable among younger individuals but showed a decrease among older individuals. There was a minor surge in case fatality in 2020, particularly among recurrent AMI cases. CONCLUSIONS Over the past decade, the AMI incidence rate in Korea has consistently increased, with a slight downturn in 2020. The case fatality rate has remained relatively stable except for a minor increase in 2020. This study provides data for continuous surveillance, the implementation of targeted interventions, and the advancement of research aimed at AMI in Korea.