The prevalence of dyslipidemia is increased in postmenopausal women due to dysregulation of lipid metabolism and deficiency of estrogen levels. At the same time, some postmenopausal women also have menopausal syndromes such as vasomotor symptoms, physical physiology, mental psychology, and urogenital tract atrophy. Menopausal hormone therapy is the most effective measure to alleviate menopausal syndrome. And initiating MHT in early menopause can reduce cardiovascular damage. However, menopausal hormone therapy can also bring the risk of thromboembolic diseases such as venous embolism, myocardial infarction and stroke. Different drug regimens have different effects on lipid metabolism. Women with menopausal syndrome should take individualized treatment plans for different types of dyslipidemia. Therefore, this article reviews the management and treatment of menopausal syndrome in women with dyslipidemia, so as to provide a reference for personalized management of dyslipidemia in postmenopausal women.
Female ; Humans ; Menopause ; Estrogen Replacement Therapy ; Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology* ; Estrogens/pharmacology* ; Dyslipidemias/drug therapy*

The prevalence of dyslipidemia is increased in postmenopausal women due to dysregulation of lipid metabolism and deficiency of estrogen levels. At the same time, some postmenopausal women also have menopausal syndromes such as vasomotor symptoms, physical physiology, mental psychology, and urogenital tract atrophy. Menopausal hormone therapy is the most effective measure to alleviate menopausal syndrome. And initiating MHT in early menopause can reduce cardiovascular damage. However, menopausal hormone therapy can also bring the risk of thromboembolic diseases such as venous embolism, myocardial infarction and stroke. Different drug regimens have different effects on lipid metabolism. Women with menopausal syndrome should take individualized treatment plans for different types of dyslipidemia. Therefore, this article reviews the management and treatment of menopausal syndrome in women with dyslipidemia, so as to provide a reference for personalized management of dyslipidemia in postmenopausal women.
Female ; Humans ; Menopause ; Estrogen Replacement Therapy ; Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology* ; Estrogens/pharmacology* ; Dyslipidemias/drug therapy*

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the efficacy and safety of Heyan Kuntai Capsule (, HYKT) and hormone therapy (HT) on perimenopausal syndromes (PMSs).

METHODSFrom 2005 to 2008, 390 women with PMSs were recruited from 4 clinic centers. The inclusion criteria included ages 40 to 60 years, estradiol (E2) below 30 ng/L, and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) above 40 IU/L, etc. The patients were randomly assigned to HYKT group or HT group by random number table method, administrated HYKT or conjugated estrogen with/without medroxyprogesterone acetate tablets for 12 months. During treatment, the patients were interviewed quarterly, Kupperman Menopausal Index (KMI) scores, hot flush scores, insomnia scores, Menopause-Specific Quality of Life (MENQOL) scores and adverse effects were used for evaluating drug efficacy and safety respectively. The last interview was made at the end of 12-month treatment RESULTS: After treatment, KMI scores of HYKT group and HT group were both significantly decreased compared with baseline (P <0.01) and there was no significant difference between groups (P >0.05), except that KMI of HYKT group was higher after 3-month treatment (P <0.05). After treatment, hot flush and insomnia scores were both improved significantly in two groups (P <0.01); and HT had a better performance than HYKT in improving hot flush (P <0.05). MENQOL were significantly improved in both groups after treatment (P <0.01); but there was no significant difference between two groups (P >0.05). The incidence of adverse event in the HYKT group was much lower than that in the HT group (P <0.01).

CONCLUSIONSHYKT could effectively relieve PMSs and improve patients quality of life without severe adverse reactions. Although HYKT exerted curative effects more slowly than hormone, it possessed better safety profile than hormone.

Adult ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Estrogen Replacement Therapy ; Female ; Hot Flashes ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Perimenopause ; drug effects ; Quality of Life ; Treatment Outcome

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a rare genetic disease caused by various abnormalities in the androgen receptor (AR). The AR is an essential steroid hormone receptor that plays a critical role in male sexual differentiation and development and preservation of the male phenotype. Mutations in the AR gene on the X chromosome cause malfunction of the AR so that a 46,XY karyotype male has some physical characteristics of a woman or a full female phenotype. Depending on the phenotype, AIS can be classified as complete, partial or mild. Here, we report 2 cases of complete AIS in young children who showed complete sex reversal from male to female as a result of AR mutations. They had palpable inguinal masses and normal female external genitalia, a blind-end vagina and absent Müllerian duct derivatives. They were both 46,XY karyotype and AR gene analysis demonstrated pathologic mutations in both. Because AIS is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner, we performed genetic analysis of the female family members of each patient and found the same mutation in the mothers of both patients and in the female sibling of case 2. Gonadectomy was performed in both patients to avoid the risk of malignancy in the undescended testicles, and estrogen replacement therapy is planned for their adolescence. Individuals with complete AIS are usually raised as females and need appropriate care.
Adolescent ; Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome* ; Child ; Disorders of Sex Development ; Estrogen Replacement Therapy ; Female* ; Genitalia ; Humans ; Karyotype ; Male ; Mothers ; Phenotype ; Receptors, Androgen ; Sex Differentiation ; Siblings ; Testis ; Vagina ; X Chromosome

Kidney function is highly susceptible to age-related changes, with chronic kidney disease (CKD) serving as an important cause of morbidity and mortality in older patients. The prevalence of CKD in Korea is higher among the elderly, relative to the general population, with the most significant increases seen following the onset of menopause. Under normal conditions, estrogen attenuates renal superoxide production and protects the kidney from oxidative damage. As estrogen levels are known to decrease by as much as 80% during menopause, this represents a significant risk for older women. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) modulates the renin-angiotensin system, thereby reducing the progressive deterioration of renal function. Use of estrogen-based HRT has been shown to ameliorate renal function in postmenopausal women, and delay CKD progression. Renal expression of klotho, an important suppressor of aging, is markedly decreased in CKD patients, making it a promising candidate for use as a prognostic biomarker in CKD. Here, we review the key links between renal function, sex, age, and estrogen levels during menopause, and discuss the use of postmenopausal HRT in CKD attenuation.
Aged ; Aging ; Estrogen Replacement Therapy ; Estrogens ; Female ; Hormone Replacement Therapy ; Humans ; Kidney ; Korea ; Menopause ; Mortality ; Postmenopause ; Prevalence ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; Renin-Angiotensin System ; Superoxides

Newly developed genetic techniques can reveal mosaicism in individuals diagnosed with monosomy X. Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis using maternal blood can detect most fetuses with X chromosome abnormalities. Low-dose and ultralow-dose estrogen replacement therapy can achieve a more physiological endocrine milieu. However, many complicated and controversial issues with such treatment remain. Therefore, lifetime observation, long-term studies of health problems, and optimal therapeutic plans are needed for women with Turner syndrome. In this review, we discuss several diagnostic trials using recently developed genetic techniques and studies of physiological hormone replacement treatment over the last 5 years.
Diagnosis ; Estrogen Replacement Therapy ; Female ; Fetus ; Genetic Techniques ; Hormone Replacement Therapy ; Humans ; Mosaicism ; Prenatal Diagnosis ; Turner Syndrome* ; X Chromosome

OBJECTIVES: Ovarian hormones have been shown to regulate body weight, intra-abdominal fat accumulation and plasma level of cytokines. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of estrogen replacement therapy on visceral adipose tissue, plasma level of apelin, lipid profiles, and glucose in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. METHODS: Thirty female Wistar rats were divided into OVX (n = 20) and sham (n = 10) groups. OVX rats were subdivided into estrogen replacement therapy (OVX+est; n = 10) receiving 17 β-estradiol valerates (30 µg/kg, s.c., 5 day/week, for eight weeks), and vehicle control group receiving sesame oil same as experiment group (OVX+ses oil; n = 10). After the treatments, all groups were sacrificed and blood samples were collected, visceral fats were taken from the abdominal cavity and weighed immediately. Apelin were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Lipid profiles and glucose were measured using the enzymatic colorimetric method. Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and (P < 0.05) determined as the statistical significance level. RESULTS: After eight weeks, body weight, body mass index (BMI), visceral fat, apelin and lipid profiles (P < 0.01) were increased significantly in OVX rats compared to sham group. Treatment with estrogen leads to significant reduction in body weight and BMI (P < 0.05), there was no significant change in serum apelin level in OVX+est rats compared to OVX+ses. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that estradiol replacement therapy successfully attenuated some of the metabolic syndrome components, and apelin does not probably stand as a mediator of these physiological functions.
Abdominal Cavity ; Animals ; Blood Glucose* ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Cytokines ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Estradiol ; Estrogen Replacement Therapy* ; Estrogens* ; Female ; Glucose ; Humans ; Intra-Abdominal Fat* ; Methods ; Plasma ; Rats* ; Rats, Wistar ; Sesame Oil ; Valerates

The combination of Müllerian agenesis with inguinal ovaries accompanied by primary ovarian insufficiency is extremely rare. A 21-year-old Korean woman was referred to our center with primary amenorrhea. The patient was diagnosed with Müllerian agenesis with inguinal ovaries. Her hormonal profile showed hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism suggesting primary ovarian insufficiency. We performed laparoscopic neovaginoplasty using modified Davydov's procedure and reposition inguinal ovaries in the pelvic cavity. Oral estrogen replacement was applied for the treatment of primary ovarian insufficiency. This is a rare case report on Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome accompanied not only by inguinal ovaries but also with primary ovarian insufficiency. We present our first experience on the laparoscopic neovaginoplasty performed on the patient with müllerian agenesis accompanied by inguinal ovaries and primary ovarian insufficiency.
Amenorrhea ; Estrogen Replacement Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Hypogonadism ; Laparoscopy ; Ovary* ; Peritoneum* ; Primary Ovarian Insufficiency* ; Young Adult

The objectives of this article are to review current pharmacologic approaches for the treatment of osteoporosis in Korea. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation are necessary for osteoporotic patients with inadequate calcium intake and low vitamin D nutritional status, which is a risk factor of osteoporosis. Several pharmacologic therapies are available for treatment of osteoporosis. Antiresorptive agents, bisphosphonates, selective estrogen receptor modulators, denosumab, estrogens, and tibolone are the basis of therapy. Antiresorptive medications reduce the rates of bone remodeling. Several drugs have shown their ability to reduce vertebral and/or nonvertebral fractures in patients with osteoporosis. Bisphosphonates that reduced bone loss and fragility are usually the mainstay of the treatment of osteoporosis. The recently registered denosumab shows similar anti-fracture efficacy by neutralizing receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, however, marked differences in reversibility can be observed between the two drugs. The anabolic agents, teriparatide, stimulates new bone formation, increases bone density, and reduces fractures. Other treatment options such as hormone replacement therapy, tibolone, raloxifene, and bazedoxifene are also reviewed in this article. Pharmacologic treatments of osteoporosis are associated with adverse effects, but the benefits generally far surpass the risks.
Anabolic Agents ; Bone Density ; Bone Density Conservation Agents ; Bone Remodeling ; Calcium ; Denosumab ; Diphosphonates ; Estrogens ; Hormone Replacement Therapy ; Humans ; Korea ; Nutritional Status ; Osteogenesis ; Osteoporosis* ; Raloxifene Hydrochloride ; Risk Factors ; Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators ; Teriparatide ; Vitamin D

Menopause is a critical stage of women's life associated with various complaints and distresses. Vasomotor symptoms (VMS), such as hot flushes, night sweats, sleep disturbances, and fatigue, are the most common menopause symptoms affecting about 50% to 80% of middle-aged women. Obviously, these symptoms, resulting from estrogen deficiency during menopause, can exert negative effects on women's health and quality of life and thus require to be managed through approaches such as hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Many herbal treatments for menopause symptoms contain and its components such as 8-prenylnaringenin, 6-PN, isoxanthohumol and xanthohumol. Recent in-vivo studies have highlighted the ability of 8-prenylnaringenin to reduce serum-luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), to increase serum prolactin levels and uterine weight, and to induce vaginal hyperplastic epithelium. Previous research has shown that hops extract can strongly bind to both estrogen receptors, stimulate alkaline phosphatase activity in Ishikawa cells, and upregulate presenelin-2 and progesterone receptor mRNA in Ishikawa cells. Numerous clinical trials have documented significant reductions in the frequency of hot flushes following the administration of hop-containing preparations. Nevertheless, further clinical trials with larger sample size and longer follow-up are warranted to confirm such benefits.
Alkaline Phosphatase ; Epithelium ; Estrogens ; Fatigue ; Female ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hormone Replacement Therapy ; Hot Flashes ; Humans ; Humulus* ; Menopause ; Prolactin ; Quality of Life ; Receptors, Estrogen ; Receptors, Progesterone ; RNA, Messenger ; Sample Size ; Sweat ; Women's Health