A high throughput measurement method of human red blood cells (RBCs) deformability combined with optical tweezers technology and the microfluidic chip was proposed to accurately characterize the deformability of RBCs statistically. Firstly, the effective stretching deformation of RBCs was realized by the interaction of photo-trapping force and fluid viscous resistance. Secondly, the characteristic parameters before and after the deformation of the single cell were extracted through the image processing method to obtain the deformation index of area and circumference. Finally, statistical analysis was performed, and the average deformation index parameters (
Erythrocyte Deformability ; Erythrocytes ; Humans ; Microfluidics ; Optical Tweezers ; Viscosity

BACKGROUND: Hemorheologic indices are known to be related to vascular complications in variable clinical settings. However, little is known about the associations between hemorheologic parameters and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the changes of hemorheologic environment inside of blood using hemorheologic parameters, especially the elongation index (EI) and critical shear stress (CSS) in diabetics with versus without AMI. METHODS: A total of 195 patients with T2DM were enrolled. Patients were divided into the study group with AMI (AMI+, n = 77) and control group (AMI−, n = 118) who had no history of coronary artery disease. Hemorheologic parameters such as EI and CSS were measured and compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The EI was lower (30.44%±1.77% in AMI+ and 31.47%±1.48% in AMI−, P < 0.001) but the level of CSS was higher (316.13±108.20 mPa in AMI+ and 286.80±85.34 mPa in AMI−, P = 0.040) in the AMI+. The CSS was significantly related to the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (R² = 0.497, P < 0.001) and use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (R² = 0.574, P = 0.048). CONCLUSION: Diabetics with AMI resulted in adverse hemorheologic changes with lower EI and higher CSS compared to diabetic subjects without AMI. Evaluation of the hemorheologic parameters may provide valuable supplementary information for managing patients with AMI and T2DM.
Blood Sedimentation ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* ; Erythrocyte Deformability ; Hemorheology ; Humans ; Myocardial Infarction*

OBJECTIVEThe aim of the present study is to explore the effects of exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative stress on the antioxidant capacity and diformability of rat red blood cells.

METHODSRats were divided into three group (n = 10): sedentary control (C), exhaustive running exercise (ERE) and moderate running exercise (MRE) groups. Animals in the ERE group started treadmill running at a speed of 20 m/min speed with a 5% gradient, and reached a speed of 25 m/min with gradient 15% in 20 min. Running was continued until exhaustion. MRE group rats running at a speed of 20 m/min with a 5% gradient for 40 min. The levels of free thiol in erythrocyte membrane protein, lipidperoxidation levels and membrane protein components were analyzed. The red blood cell deformability of different groups was also observed.

RESULTSThe results showed that red blood cells were damaged by severe oxidative stress and the anti-oxidative capacity decreased significantly under exhaustive exercise conditions. Besides, lipid peroxidation and protein sulfhydryl cross-link based clustering of membrane were found after exhaustive exercise, and polymers high molecular weight (HMW) was formed. The elongation index (EI) was found to decline significantly in the ERE group compared with the C and MRE groups under shear stress (control group, 0.41 +/- 0.01 at 3 Pa and 0.571 +/- 0.008 at 30 Pa; ERE group, 0.314 +/- 0.013 at 3 Pa and 0.534 +/- 0.009 at 30 Pa; P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively).

CONCLUSIONThese exercise-induced oxidative injure result in a significant decrease in deformability of rat erythrocytes, which in turn leads to dysfunction in the microcirculatory.

Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Erythrocyte Deformability ; Fatigue ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Male ; Oxidative Stress ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo observe blood flow features in elderly hypertension patients of different Chinese medical syndrome types and to test their correlation with rheological properties of red blood cells (RBCs) by applying micro-channel array flow analyzer (MC-FAN).

METHODSRecruited were 109 elderly hypertension patients were assigned to phlegm-stasis blocking collateral group (35 cases), yin deficiency yang hyperactivity group (42 cases), Shen deficiency group (32 cases) according to Chinese medical syndrome typing. Besides, another 21 elderly healthy subjects were recruited as the control group. The hemorheology visualization testing of elderly hypertension patients was detected using MC-FAN. The erythrocyte deformation index (DI), erythrocyte aggregation index (EAI), and erythrocyte related plasma ATPase activity were observed. The correlation between the transiting time (TT) of blood hemorheology visualization and rheological indicators of RBCs were analyzed.

RESULTSThe hemorheology visualization TT was significantly prolonged more in the phlegm-stasis blocking collateral group than in the yin deficiency yang hyperactivity group, the Shen deficiency group, and the control group (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the DI was significantly lower in the phlegm-stasis blocking collateral group than in the yin deficiency yang hyperactivity group, the Shen deficiency group, and the control group (P < 0.05) when the shear rate was 100 s(-1). Compared with the control group, the plasma Na+ -K(+) -ATPase activity and the plasma Ca2+ -Mg2+ -ATPase activity were significantly lower in elderly hypertension patients (P < 0.01). Among the three groups, plasma Ca2+ -Mg2+ -ATPase activity was significantly lower in the phlegm stasis blocking collateral group than in the Shen deficiency group (P < 0. 05). The hemorheology visualization TT (10, 30, 60, and 100 microL) was negatively correlated with DI. The hemorheology visualization TT at 100 microL was positively correlated with EAI.

CONCLUSIONChanges of hemorheology visualization TT of elderly hypertension patients were significant and correlated with traditional EAI.

Aged ; Case-Control Studies ; Erythrocyte Aggregation ; Erythrocyte Deformability ; Female ; Hemorheology ; Humans ; Hypertension ; blood ; diagnosis ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods ; Middle Aged

OBJECTIVETo observe the changes of blood viscosity and erythrocyte rheology in mice after acute hypoxic hypoxia (AHH).

METHODSThirty-two Kui-ming mice were randomly divided into control group, AHH group (duplicating AHH model, and divided into 5 min, 8 min, 11 min subgroups), the blood sample was taken out from heart after neck dislocation at corresponding times, for detecting the blood viscosity and erythrocyte rheology indices.

RESULTSCompared with control group, the whole blood viscosity at different shears, whole blood reduced viscosity, whole blood relative viscosity were lower and the erythrocytes aggregation index was higher in AHH 5 min group; the electrophoresis time was longer and the electrophoresis length, migration of erythrocyte were lower in AHH 8 min and AHH 11 min groups. The whole blood reduced viscosity, whole blood relative viscosity, erythrocytes aggregation index in AHH 8 min group were higher, and the erythrocyte deformability index was lower significantly than that of AHH 5 min group, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThese data suggested that the AHH could induce the blood viscosity and electrophoresis ability.

Animals ; Blood Viscosity ; Erythrocyte Aggregation ; Erythrocyte Deformability ; Erythrocyte Indices ; Erythrocytes ; physiology ; Hypoxia ; blood ; etiology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains

OBJECTIVETo observe the effects of mesenteric lymph drainage on erythrocyte rheology and blood viscosity in hemorrhagic shock rats.

METHODSWistar rats were randomly divided into sham-shock group, shock group (establishing hemorrhagic shock model), drainage group (establishing hemorrhagic shock model plus drainaging shock mesenteric lymph from hypotension 1 h). At 3 h of hypotension or corresponding time, blood samples were harvested from the abdominal aorta for determining the erythrocytic parameters, erythrocyte electrophoresis, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and blood viscosity, and the erythrocytes aggregation index and erythrocyte deformability index were calculated.

RESULTSCompared with the sham-shock group, the red cell contents, hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), erythrocyte electrophoretic rate and mobility, erythrocyte deformability index, whole blood viscosity, whole blood relative or reduced viscosity at low and high shear rates in shock group were observably lower, and mean corpuscular volume, electrophoretic time of erythrocyte, ESR, K value of equation and K value of emendation, erythrocytes aggregation index, plasma viscosity in shock group were increased markedly; the MCHC, erythrocyte electrophoretic rate and mobility, whole blood viscosity, whole blood relative viscosity at low and high shear rates in drainage group were reduced, and the red blood cell volume distribution width -SD (RDW-SD) was increased remarkably. At the same time, in drainage group, the HCT, RDW-SD, erythrocyte deformability index, whole blood viscosity and relative viscosity at low and high shear rates were higher, the ESR, K value of equation and K value of emendation, erythrocytes aggregation index, plasma viscosity were lower than that of shock group.

CONCLUSIONThe results indicate that the mesenteric lymph drainage could improve the erythrocyte rheological behavior, as a result, improve the hemorrheological properties in hemorrhagic shock rats.

Animals ; Blood Viscosity ; Drainage ; methods ; Erythrocyte Aggregation ; Erythrocyte Deformability ; Lymph ; Male ; Mesentery ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Rheology ; Shock, Hemorrhagic ; blood ; therapy

The present paper was aimed to explore the effect of Shuxuetong on the membrane viscoelasticity of erythrocyte taken from the acute phase patients suffering from chronic pulmonary heart disease. The membrane viscoelasticity of erythrocyte was taken from the acute phase patients suffering from chronic pulmonary heart disease. The changes of membrane viscoelasticity of erythrocyte after treated with shuxuetong were detected by micropipette aspiration technique. The results showed that the Shuxuetong of certain concentration could cause the decrease of membrane elastic modulus and viscous coefficients in acute phase patients suffering from chronic pulmonary heart disease. The study offers experimental evidences that the comprehensive treatment of pulmonary heart disease should involve the drug or measure to improve the erythrocyte deformability.
Aged ; Blood Viscosity ; drug effects ; Chronic Disease ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Elasticity ; drug effects ; Erythrocyte Deformability ; physiology ; Erythrocyte Membrane ; physiology ; Erythrocytes ; physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phytotherapy ; Pulmonary Heart Disease ; blood ; drug therapy

OBJECTIVETo observe the changes of erythrocyte deformability in rats acclimatized to hypoxia and its molemechanism.

METHODSMale rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 10): normal control group, acute hypoxia group and hypoxia acclimatization group. Animals were exposed to hypoxia for 0, 1, 28 d, blooded from their hearts after anaesthetized, respectively. Erythrocyte deformability, membrane fluidity, cholesterin and total lipid, lipid components of erythrocyte membrane, erythrocyte membrane ATPase and the concentrations of Na+ and Ca2+ were measured respectively. The two-dimensional electrophoresis maps of the rats erythrocyte membrane protein were achieved. The different protein spots were founded by image master 2D elite and identified by mass spectrum.

RESULTS(1) In acute hypoxia group, the deformability, membrane fluidity, the content of membrane cholesterin and total lipid were declined. The content of phosphatidylserines (PS), sphingomyelin (SM) in erythrocyte membrane lipids were increased, phosphatidylcholine (PC) reduced. The activity of ATP enzymes reduced and the concentration of Na+ and Ca2+ in erythrocyte increased. The two-dimensional electrophoresis maps of the rats erythrocyte membrane protein were achieved. Four of the seven protein spots selected increased and three of them showed no change. (2) In hypoxia acclimatization group, the deformability, membrane fluidity, the content of membrane cholesterin and total lipid were increased than those in acute hypoxia group, similar to normal group. The content of PS, SM in erythrocyte membrane lipids were reduced, PC increased. The activity of ATP enzymes induced and the concentration of Na+ and Ca2+ in erythrocyte increased after hypoxia acclimatization. Four of those protein spots mentioned increase and three declined after hypoxia acclimatization. They were respectively proved by mass spectrum to be alexin binding protein, aquaporin chip, membrane inhibitor reactive lysis, phospholipids scramblase, glucose transferase, aminophospholipid translocases, ATP-dependent floppase, the latter three proteins were associate with the overturning of erythrocyte membrane lipids.

CONCLUSIONAcute hypoxia caused the corresponding damage of erythrocyte deformability, erythrocyte membrane fluidity, erythrocyte membrane proteins erythrocyte expression, the activity of membrane ATPase and the concentration of Na+ and Ca2+ in erythrocyte. The parameters above were improved after hypoxia acclimatization, so hypoxia acclimatization effected positively in the damage to erythrocyte due to acute hypoxia. The three membrane proteins might play important roles in the deformability improved by hypoxia acclimatization, which included phospholipids scramblase, aminophospholipid translocases and ATP-dependent floppase.

Acclimatization ; physiology ; Adenosine Triphosphatases ; metabolism ; Altitude ; Animals ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Erythrocyte Deformability ; physiology ; Erythrocyte Membrane ; metabolism ; Hypoxia ; blood ; physiopathology ; Male ; Membrane Fluidity ; Phospholipid Transfer Proteins ; metabolism ; Rats ; Sodium ; metabolism

BACKGROUND: The red blood cell (RBC) deformability test is a useful method for measuring the ability of RBCs to adapt their shape to the flow conditions. Using this test, several investigators have shown the relationship between RBC deformability and numerous clinical conditions. For the quality control (QC) of RBC deformability test, we evaluated whether frozen-thawed-deglycerolized RBCs can be used as QC materials. METHODS: Packed RBCs were frozen with 40% (wt/vol) glycerol and stored at -80degrees C for 3 months. For 10 different frozen RBC panels, RBCs were thawed, deglycerolized and stored at 4degrees C for 4 weeks. Using microfluidic ektacytometer, we measured RBC deformability of the thawed RBCs. The stability of thawed RBCs was tested once a day for 28 days of storage time and was analyzed by simple regression analysis. The precision of the test using thawed RBCs was analyzed for 7 days of storage time by calculation of CV values of intra-assay (10 measurements/assay) and between-day measurements. RESULTS: Frozen-thawed-deglycerolized RBCs were stable for 1 week. Within-run and between-day precisions of the RBC deformability test during 7 days of storage of thawed RBCs were 1.4-2.9%, and 1.9-2.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Frozen-thawed-deglycerolized RBCs used in RBC deformability test showed satisfactory within-run and between-run precisions and stability for one week after thawing, and may be used as QC materials for this test.
Blood Preservation ; Cryopreservation ; Cryoprotective Agents/chemistry/isolation & purification ; *Erythrocyte Deformability ; Erythrocytes/immunology/physiology ; Glycerol/chemistry/isolation & purification ; Hematologic Tests/standards ; Humans ; Quality Control

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of Congrong powder preparation on erythrocyte parameter and the index of blood rheology in healthy rats.

METHODThe 50 rats were randomly divided into 5 groups ( physiological saline group, testosterone propionate group, large-dose administered group, moderate-dose administered group, small-dose administered group). Blood were taken to determine erythrocyte parameter and the index of blood rheology.

RESULTCongrong powder preparation had no effect on erythrocyte parameter. There was an increase in whole blood viscosity, whole blood reduction viscosity, and in the erythrocyte rigidity index in the large-dose administered group.

CONCLUSIONCongrong powder can influence deformability and some related characters of erythrocytes.

Animals ; Blood Viscosity ; drug effects ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Erythrocyte Deformability ; drug effects ; Erythrocytes ; drug effects ; Male ; Powders ; pharmacology ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar