No abstract available.
Common Bile Duct* ; Diverticulum* ; Duodenoscopes* ; Humans ; Stents*

A duodenoscope is complex instrument with an elevator and an elevator wire channel which are difficult to access and not readily amenable to cleaning and disinfection. Lapses in endoscope reprocessing have been regarded as a major cause of duodenoscope-associated transmission of infection. However, recent outbreaks of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae or other multidrug-resistant organisms have emerged in spite of proper adherence to the manufacturer's reprocessing instructions. It is the time to reestablish reprocessing protocol appropriate for duodenoscope and revise a new design of duodenoscope that makes reprocessing easier in order to prevent cross-transmission of infection by duodenoscope. This manuscript reviews current state of duodenoscope-associated infections, recent measures from the United States government agencies and its limitations, and future strategies to prevent duodenoscope-associated infections.
Disease Outbreaks ; Disinfection ; Duodenoscopes ; Elevators and Escalators ; Endoscopes ; Enterobacteriaceae ; United States Government Agencies

Esophageal mucosal tear occurred during scope insertion in a 71-year-old male patient who previously underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) several times without any complications. The mucosal tear was successfully sealed with endoclips using a forward-viewing scope. However, this mishap leads to the incidental discovery of both esophageal cancer and early gastric cancer. Duodenoscope has inherent limitation in observing the gastrointestinal tract, especially the esophagus, and may miss clinically significant lesions. Therefore, in addition to applying sufficient lubricant to the scope tip and considering the possibility of anatomical variation to prevent mucosal injury or perforation, performing upper endoscopy during ERCP should be considered in a certain patient population, albeit the utility of and the population benefiting from it remains to be proven by a large-scale study.
Aged ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde* ; Duodenoscopes ; Endoscopy ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; Esophagus ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Humans ; Incidental Findings ; Male ; Stomach Neoplasms* ; Tears

A 69-year-old woman with jaundice was referred to our hospital. After a final diagnosis of pancreatic cancer with liver metastasis, we performed transpapillary biliary drainage with a covered self-expandable metal stent (SEMS). Three months later, we also placed an uncovered duodenal stent for duodenal stricture in a side-to-end fashion. Another month later, for biliary SEMS obstruction, we attempted a transpapillary approach. A duodenoscope was advanced and a guidewire was passed through the mesh of the duodenal stent into the bile duct with a flexible tip catheter, but the catheter was not. Thus, we exchanged the duodenoscope for a forward-viewing two-channel endoscope and used the left working channel with a flexible tip catheter. By adjusting the axis, we finally succeeded biliary cannulation and accomplished balloon cleaning for recanalization of the SEMS. This is the first case with successful biliary cannulation by combined use of a two-channel endoscope and a flexible tip catheter.
Aged ; Bile Ducts ; Catheterization ; Catheters ; Cholestasis ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Diagnosis ; Drainage ; Duodenoscopes ; Endoscopes ; Female ; Humans ; Jaundice ; Liver ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; Stents

Infection is a known complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), occurring in up to 1.5% of cases. However, it is important to realize that true incidence may be underestimated because infection may go unnoticed. Post-ERCP infections are considered to be endogenous infections arising from the intestinal bacteria of the patient and introduction of exogenous bacteria through inadequately reprocessed duodenoscopes. During the past years, carbapenem resistance has become a major concern for public health. The infection outbreaks after ERCP are linked to breaches in adherence to disinfection manual and complex design of duodenoscopes difficult to reprocess. The most important risk factor for ERCP-related cholangitis is inadequate biliary drainage. To minimize the risk of post-ERCP infection it would be helpful that the volume of contrast injected into the biliary tree has to be minimized to obtain adequate cholangiogram. In patients with bile duct obstruction and failed drainage of infected bile via ERCP, every effort should be made to achieve prompt decompression of an obstructed biliary system. Antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended only in patients with biliary obstruction in which there is a possibility that complete drainage may not be achieved at the ERCP.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis ; Bacteria ; Bile ; Biliary Tract ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Cholangitis ; Cholecystitis ; Cholestasis ; Decompression ; Disease Outbreaks ; Disinfection ; Drainage ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Duodenoscopes ; Humans ; Incidence ; Public Health ; Risk Factors

Infection is a known complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), occurring in up to 1.5% of cases. However, it is important to realize that true incidence may be underestimated because infection may go unnoticed. Post-ERCP infections are considered to be endogenous infections arising from the intestinal bacteria of the patient and introduction of exogenous bacteria through inadequately reprocessed duodenoscopes. During the past years, carbapenem resistance has become a major concern for public health. The infection outbreaks after ERCP are linked to breaches in adherence to disinfection manual and complex design of duodenoscopes difficult to reprocess. The most important risk factor for ERCP-related cholangitis is inadequate biliary drainage. To minimize the risk of post-ERCP infection it would be helpful that the volume of contrast injected into the biliary tree has to be minimized to obtain adequate cholangiogram. In patients with bile duct obstruction and failed drainage of infected bile via ERCP, every effort should be made to achieve prompt decompression of an obstructed biliary system. Antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended only in patients with biliary obstruction in which there is a possibility that complete drainage may not be achieved at the ERCP.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis ; Bacteria ; Bile ; Biliary Tract ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Cholangitis ; Cholecystitis ; Cholestasis ; Decompression ; Disease Outbreaks ; Disinfection ; Drainage ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Duodenoscopes ; Humans ; Incidence ; Public Health ; Risk Factors

A duodenoscope has a very complex structure that contains many small parts which make reprocessing more challenging. The difficulty in cleaning duodenoscopes contributes to a higher risk of infection than that of conventional gastrointestinal endoscopes. However, a duodenoscope shares similar disinfection process with other gastrointestinal endoscopes. Recent outbreaks of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) infections associated with duodenoscopes used for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography procedures have raised many concerns worldwide. Duodenoscope-associated infections involving CRE or other multidrug-resistant bacteria pose a great threat to patients undergoing procedures using duodenoscopes and should be dealt with a great concern. Updated guidelines regarding cleaning and disinfection of duodenoscope needs to be developed urgently to prevent transmission of infection and ensure patient safety. Meanwhile, healthcare staff should pay special attention to thorough cleaning and disinfection of duodenoscopes.
Bacteria ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Delivery of Health Care ; Disease Outbreaks ; Disinfection ; Duodenoscopes ; Endoscopes, Gastrointestinal ; Enterobacteriaceae ; Humans ; Patient Safety

Biliopancreatic malignancies such as cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) has notoriously been diagnosed late. As such most therapy have been palliative in nature. Cholangioscopy allows for an earlier diagnosis to be made. Brachytherapy with the insertion of catheter with iridium-132 seeds, percutaneously or through endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was the earliest ablative techniques used. It has been shown to have a beneficial effect only in prolonging survival. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has also been used for several years. stenting with PDT versus stenting alone for unresectable CCA showed a marked survival benefit with the addition of PDT. However the most exciting endoscopic ablative modality appears to be intraductal radiofrequency ablation using the Habib catheter and device. Several case series have shown the effectiveness of this technique in ablating tumors. This technique is evolving and coupled with early diagnosis of CCA through cholangioscopy will allow for a curative therapy. The crux to the effective treatment of early cancerous lesions in the bile or pancreatic duct is the early diagnosis of such lesions. Effective endoscopic ablative therapy is now available with the advent of radiofrequency ablation probes that can be passed through the duodenoscope via ERCP.
Bile ; Brachytherapy ; Catheter Ablation ; Catheters ; Cholangiocarcinoma ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Diagnosis ; Duodenoscopes ; Early Diagnosis ; Pancreatic Ducts ; Photochemotherapy ; Stents

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Endoscopic sphincterotomy may be limited in Billroth II gastrectomy because of difficulty in orientating the duodenoscope and sphincterotome as a result of altered anatomy. This study was planned to investigate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic transpapillary large balloon dilation (EPBD) without preceding sphincterotomy for removal of large CBD stones in Billroth II gastrectomy. METHODS: Between March 2010 and February 2011, one-step EPBD under cap-fitted forward-viewing endoscopy was performed in patients who had undergone Billroth II gastrectomy at two tertiary referral centers. Main outcome measurements were successful duct clearance and EPBD-related complications. RESULTS: Successful access to major duodenal papilla was performed in 13 patients, but successful selective CBD cannulation was achieved in 12 patients (92.3%). Median maximum transverse stone size was 11.5 mm (10 to 14 mm). The mean number of stones was 2 (1-5). The median CBD diameter was 15 mm (12 to 19 mm). Mean procedure time from successful biliary access to complete stone removal was 17.8 min. Complete duct clearance was achieved in all patients. Four patients (33.3%) needed one more session of ERCP for removal of remnant stones. Asymptomatic hyperamylasemia in two patients and minor bleeding in another occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Without preceding sphincterotomy, one-step EPBD (> or =10 mm) under cap-fitted forward-viewing endoscopy may be safe and effective for the removal of large stones (> or =10 mm) with CBD dilatation in Billroth II gastrectomy.
Ampulla of Vater ; Bile ; Bile Ducts ; Catheterization ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Common Bile Duct ; Dilatation ; Duodenoscopes ; Endoscopy ; Gastrectomy ; Gastroenterostomy ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hyperamylasemia ; Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic ; Tertiary Care Centers

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography has become a standard procedure for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatobiliary disease. Like any invasive procedure, it carries a small, but significant rate of serious complications such as duodenal perforation. Primary surgical closure is the treatment of choice for the cases of duodenal perforation. However, there have been some case reports in which endoscopic metal clip closure of an iatrogenic duodenal perforation was successful. We experienced three cases of successful treatment of the iatrogenic duodenal perforation using endoscopic clipping and fibrin glue injections during a duodenoscope insertion.
Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Duodenoscopes ; Fibrin Tissue Adhesive