Objective To investigate the distribution and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria for infection after liver transplantation, and to provide a scientific basis for the rational clinical application of antibiotics. Methods The pathogenic bacteria isolated from the specimens of 904 patients with infection after liver transplantation in The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from March 2014 to December 2021 were analyzed in terms of distribution and drug resistance. WHONET 5.6 software was used to perform a statistical analysis of strains and bacterial resistance rate, and Excel was used to analyze the sources of specimens, composition ratios, and distribution of pathogenic bacteria. Results A total of 2 208 non-repetitive pathogenic bacteria were isolated, mainly from the specimens of respiratory tract (31.25%), bile (22.28%), ascites (13.18%), blood (8.38%), and drainage fluid (4.62%). The top 10 pathogenic bacteria were Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies (10.69%), Enterococcus faecium (10.42%), Escherichia coli (8.24%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.24%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (8.06%), Acinetobacter baumannii (7.93%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (6.61%), Enterobacter cloacae (3.22%), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (3.08%), and Staphylococcus aureus (2.94%), accounting for 69.43% of the total pathogenic bacteria. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies, and Acinetobacter baumannii were the main pathogenic bacteria isolated from respiratory tract specimens; Enterococcus faecium was the main pathogenic bacterium isolated from bile, ascites, and drainage fluid specimens; Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus epidermidis , and Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies were the main pathogenic bacteria isolated from blood specimens. Drug sensitivity data showed that Enterobacterales bacteria had a relatively high resistance rate to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones and a resistance rate of < 10% to amikacin among aminoglycosides, with no strains resistant to tigecycline; compared with Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies had a higher resistance rate to meropenem (14.71% vs 5.66%) and imipenem (11.35% vs 6.29%); non-fermentative bacteria had a relatively high resistance rate to carbapenems, with a resistance rate of < 10% to tigecycline and colistin. Among Gram-positive cocci, Enterococcus faecium had a resistance rate of 6.17% to vancomycin and 2.44% to quinupristin/dalfopristin, with no strains resistant to tigecycline and linezolid; Staphylococcus epidermidis had a resistance rate of > 50% to macrolides, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, and lincomycin, and a small part of these strains were resistant to linezolid and quinupristin/dalfopristin (< 3%), with no Staphylococcus epidermidis strains resistant to tigecycline and vancomycin. A total of 287 drug-resistant strains were monitored, accounting for 13%, among which there were 128 carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains, 88 carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, 26 carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies strains, 11 carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli strains, 23 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, and 11 vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus strains. The carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies strains mainly produced serine carbapenemase, and the carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli strains mainly produced metal β-lactamase. Conclusion Gram-negative bacteria are the main pathogenic bacteria for infection after liver transplantation, and there are differences in the distribution of pathogenic bacteria between different types of specimens. The resistance rate of some strains tend to increase, and therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the management of nosocomial infection and antibiotics.

BACKGROUND: As a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine of the interleukin (IL)-1 family, IL-18 was elevated in early active and progressive plaque-type psoriatic lesions and that serum or plasma levels of IL-18 correlated with the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI). Although results from previous studies have established that IL-18 may aggravate psoriatic inflammation, the mechanisms of this process remain unknown. In this study, IL-18 knock out (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) mice were used to investigate the effects of IL-18 within a mouse model of psoriasis. METHODS: WT and IL-18 KO mice were divided into four groups, including imiquimod (IMQ)-treated IL-18 KO group (n = 11) and WT group (n = 13) as well as their respectively gene-matched control mice (receiving vaseline; n = 12). PASI scores were used to evaluate psoriatic lesions in IMQ-treated mice. Pathological features and dermal cellular infiltration were investigated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The levels of psoriasis-related cytokines including IL-23, IL-17, IL-12, IL-1β, IFNγ, IL-15, IL-27, and IL-4 were tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The protein level of IL-1β, IL-27, CXCL1, and Ly6 g were investigated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS: Acanthosis (98.46 ± 14.12 vs. 222.68 ± 71.10 μm, P < 0.01) and dermal cell infiltration (572.25 ± 47.45 vs. 762.47 ± 59.59 cells/field, P < 0.01) were significantly milder in IMQ-induced IL-18 KO mice compared with that in WT mice. IMQ-induced IL-18 KO mice manifested larger areas of Munro microabscesses (11,467.83 ± 5112.09 vs. 4093.19 ± 2591.88 μm, P < 0.01) and scales (100,935.24 ± 41,167.77 vs. 41,604.41 ± 14,184.10 μm, P < 0.01) as compared with WT mice. In skin lesions of IL-18 KO mice, the expressions of IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-27 were all significantly upregulated but IL-17 was decreased. Histologically, strong positive signals of Ly6g were observed within the epidermis of IL-18 KO mice but expressions of CXCL1 were decreased. CONCLUSIONS IL-18 may exacerbate prominent inflammation and influence pathological features in IMQ-induced mouse model of psoriasis. IL-18 may upregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduce protective cytokines, thus aggravating psoriatic inflammation. In addition, IL-18 may be involved in the formation of Munro microabscesses and scales.
Animals ; Chemokine CXCL1 ; metabolism ; Cytokines ; metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Imiquimod ; toxicity ; Interleukin-17 ; metabolism ; Interleukin-18 ; metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Psoriasis ; chemically induced ; genetics ; metabolism ; Skin ; immunology ; metabolism

Objective To provide reference for the cold chain of stored RBCs on the sea by evaluating both blood containers containing phase-changed materials and the quality of stored RBCs during transportation.Methods In order to simulate blood supply on the sea,we transported the stored RBCs on land(100 min),on the sea(45 h)and stored them on the sea for another 7 days.The free hemoglobin(Hb), lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), and concentrations of K +and Na+were measured.Results The temperature of the blood container containing phase-changed materials rose from 4.1℃to 9.5℃.The contents of free Hb,K+and LDH were increased to(0.083 ±0.032)g/L,(15.097 ±1.791)mmol/L, and(106.00 ±17.83)U/L,respectively.During blood storage,the contents of the above three indices were increased to (0.111 ±0.035)g/L,(27.238 ±3.509)mmol/L and(227.00 ±111.94)U/L, while Na +decreased to(113.63 ± 4.012)mmol/L.Conclusion The temperature of the blood container containing phase-changed materials can be maintained at a constant temperature under more complicated environmental conditions,and the quality of the stored RBCs can be ensured.RBCs stored on the sea for more than 7 days are damaged more seriously than those stored on land.

AIM To optimize the aqueous extraction for polysaccharides from Astragali Radix and to evaluate the in vitro antitumor activity.METHODS With extraction temperature,extraction time and solid-liquid ratio as influencing factors,extraction rate of polysaccharides as an evaluation index,the extraction was optimized by uniform design.The effect of polysaccharides on the proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer NCI-H460 cells,the apoptosis rate and cell cycle of NCI-H460 cells,and the expressions of Caspase-3,Bax and Bcl-2 were detected by MTT assay,flow cytometry and Western blot,respectively.RESULTS The optimal conditions were determined to be 100 ℃ for extraction temperature,1 h for extraction time,and 1 ∶ 35 for solid-liquid ratio,the extraction rate of polysaccharides was 3.62％.Compared with the control group,the proliferation of NCI-H460 cells was significandy inhibited in a dose-dependent manner (P ＜ 0.01),the S phase ratio,early apoptosis rate,late apoptosis rate and total apoptosis rate were markedly increased (P ＜ 0.01),and the Caspase-3 expression and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio were also obviously increased (P ＜ 0.01) in the polysaccharides group.CONCLUSION This fast,stable and reliable method can be used for the aqueous extraction for polysaccharides from Astragali Radix,which can significantly inhibit the proliferation of NCI-H460 cells and induce apoptosis of NCI-H460 cells.

Objective To construct small RNA deletion and overexpression strains with a length of less than 100 nt in Yersinia pestis.Methods Deletion mutants of the target sRNAs were constructed by increasing the length of homologous regions.Meanwhile, the high copy plasmid pBAD/HisA was modified into an inducible transcriptional vector as an sRNA-overexpression plasmid by using QuikChange lightning site-directed mutagenesis kit .The presence , size, and transcription-al initiation sites of the indicated sRNA were predicted by transcriptome sequencing , primer extension , and previous stud-ies.The full-length DNA fragments of target sRNAs were transformed into the transcriptional vector .The overexpressing strains of sRNAs were identified by Northern Blot .Results and Conclusion Four sRNAs deletion mutants of sR01, sR02, sR03 and HmsA and three sRNAs overexpression mutants MicF , HmsA and CpxQ were successfully constructed .A method of construction of sRNA deficient and overexpressing strains of Y.pestis has been quickly and efficiently established by λ-Red homologous recombination technology and QuikChange ? lightning site-directed mutagenesis kit.

Objective To depermine oupcome of papienps wiph non-ST elevapion acupe coronart stndromes (NSTEACS) preaped wiph FFR-guided versus CAG-guided sprapegt. Methods From Jult 1. 2014 po Jult 30. 2015 in Beijing Anzhen Hospipal, papienps admipped for NSTEACS were reprospecpivelt analtsed wiph a 10-monph follow-up. 142 cases on CAG were furpher assessed wiph FFR ( phe FFR group). Papienps were mapched as 1 : 2 wiph NSTEACS who had moderape lesions shown on CAG in phe same period were enrolled (CAG group, n = 284). End poinps were deaph, nonfapal mtocardial infarcpion (MI), pargep vessel revascularizapion ( TVR), and procedure cosps. Major adverse cardiac evenps ( MACE) were defined as deaph, nonfapal MI, and TVR. Results Fifpt-pwo papienps (36. 6% ) in phe FFR group had FFR less phan 0. 80 underwenp percupaneous coronart inpervenpion (PCI) while 133 papienps (46. 8% ) in phe CAG group received PCI (P =0. 037). Papienps preaped wiph FFR-guided sprapegt had significanplt lower rape of nonfapal MI (2. 2% vs. 4. 5% , P =0. 040) and TVR (5. 9% vs. 11. 7% , P = 0. 046). No spapispical difference was observed in morpalipt (0. 7% vs. 1. 1% , P = 0. 682) and MACE (8. 8% vs. 14. 4% , P = 0. 085). Topal financial cosp was less in phe FFR group (P = 0. 033). Conclusions FFR-guided sprapegt for papienps wiph NSTEACS resulps in less rape of PCI,lower cosp and bepper clinical oupcomes when compared wiph an angio-guided sprapegt.

OBJECTIVEIn order to get the method for improving the salt resistance of Lycium ruthenium seeds and seedlings under NaCl stress, the seed germination and physiological characteristics of L. ruthenium seedlings was studied.

METHODSeveral physiological indexes of L. ruthenium seeds under NaCl stress, such as the germination rate (Gr), germination vigor (Gv), germination index (Gi), vigor index (Vi), and relative salt damage rate were measured. Other indexes of the seedlings like relative water contents (RWC) , chlorophyll contents, soluble protein contents, electrolyte leakage, the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), and peroxidase (POD) were also measured.

RESULTNaCl at lower concentration could promote the seed germination but inhibit the seed germination at higher concentration. After the treatment by CaCl2 at the different concentrations, all germination indexes were increased. With the increase of salt concentration, the relative water contents and the contents of chlorophyll were decreased, the content of MDA and electrolyte leakage were increased. The change trend of POD activity showed the first increase and then decrease with the increase of salt concentration, which was similar to that of the soluble protein. After the treatment by CaCl2, relative water contents, chlorophyll and POD activities were decreased more slowly, and also electrolyte leakage and MDA contents increased slowly.

CONCLUSIONThe CaCl2 could significantly alleviate the damages to the seeds and seedlings of L. ruthenium under NaCl stress, and promote the salt resistance to the seeds and seedlings of L. ruthenium.

Calcium ; pharmacology ; Germination ; drug effects ; Lycium ; drug effects ; metabolism ; physiology ; Seedlings ; drug effects ; metabolism ; physiology ; Seeds ; drug effects ; metabolism ; physiology ; Sodium Chloride ; metabolism

Objective: To compare the effects of Na2CO3 and NaCl + Na2CO3 at different concentration on the seed germination and seedling physiological characteristics of Astraglus membranaceus var. mongholicus, analyze the stress degrees of the both two on A. membranaceus var. mongholicus, and search for the effective ways for improving the resistance of seeds and seedlings under salt stress. Methods: Several physiological indexes of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus seeds under different salt treatments, such as the germination vigor (Gv), germination rate (Gr), relative germination rate, and relative salt damage rate were measured. And other indexes of the seedlings like chlorophyll contents, soluble protein contents, the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) were also measured. Results: Na2CO3 and NaCl + Na2CO3 at lower concentration could promote the seed germination but inhibit the seed germination at higher concentration. The inhibition was increased with the concentration increasing. The germination indexes of each treatment had the significant differences compared with the control (P < 0.05). With the salt concentration increasing, the contents of chlorophyll and the soluble protein decreased, which was negatively correlated with the concentration. The content of MDA was increased and positively correlated with the concentration. The change trend of SOD activity showed the first increase and then decreased with the salt concentration increasing, which was similar to that of POD. The activities of both SOD and POD reached the peak at 50 mmol/L. Conclusion: The stress of NaCl + Na2CO3 is higher than that of Na2CO3 on the seeds and seedlings of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus.

OBJECTIVEIn order to get the method for improving the salt resistance of Hedysarum polybotrys seeds and seedlings under different salt-alkaline stress, the seed germination and physiological characteristics of H. polybotrys seedlings were studied.

METHODSeveral physiological indexes of H. polybotrys seeds under different salt-alkaline stress, such as the germination vigor, germination rate, relative germination rate, relative salt damage rate were measured. And others indexes of the seedlings like chlorophyll contents, soluble protein contents, the permeability of plasmalemma, the activities of POD and SOD were also measured.

RESULTDifferent salt-alkaline stress decreased the germination rate, vigor of germinate, germination index, while relative salt damage rate increased. With the increased salt-alkaline concentration, the adverse effects became more obvious. The strength of the salts: Na2CO3 > Na2SO4 > NaCl. With the increase of the salt-alkaline concentration, the chlorophyll contents and the soluble protein contents decreased, but the permeability of plasmalemma increased. The change trend of SOD and POD activity was similar, it is increased firstly, and then decreased as the stress intensity extended, the most significant increase of Na2SO4 and Na2CO3 in the concentration of salt-alkaline was 25 mmol x L(-1), but NaCl was 50 mmol x L(-1).

CONCLUSIONThe seeds and seedlings inhibition of the salts was Na2CO3 > Na2SO4 > NaCl.

Alkalies ; metabolism ; Fabaceae ; growth & development ; metabolism ; physiology ; Seedlings ; growth & development ; metabolism ; physiology ; Seeds ; growth & development ; metabolism ; physiology ; Sodium Chloride ; metabolism ; Stress, Physiological

Animals ; Bone Regeneration ; Bone Substitutes ; Computer-Aided Design ; Humans ; Lactic Acid ; chemistry ; Microsurgery ; Neovascularization, Physiologic ; Polyesters ; chemistry ; Polyglycolic Acid ; chemistry ; Starch ; chemistry ; Stem Cells ; cytology ; Tissue Engineering ; methods