The estimated global prevalence of diabetes is similar for women and men (8.4% vs. 8.9%). Even among people with type 2 diabetes (T2D), there are known gender differences in the impact of the disease. The relative risk of cardiovascular (CV) complications between people with and without T2D is higher in women than in men. In contrast, lifestyle interventions and bariatric surgery appear to have similar effects regardless of gender. Importantly, not only is the excess risk of coronary artery disease associated disproportionately highly with diabetes, but the clinical presentation of coronary artery disease differs between women and men. Women more often present with atypical symptoms of angina, which can hinder accurate diagnosis and early treatment, potentially leading to disease progression and subsequent myocardial infarction. Whether these gender differences also exist in CV disease remains uncertain. Evidence that men and women experience diabetes-related conditions differently suggests that further research is needed to clarify the biological, behavioral, or social mechanisms involved. Meanwhile, the menopausal transition in women is a time of accelerated cardiovascular disease risk. Endocrine and metabolic changes are closely linked during the menopausal transition. This review highlights key differences in diabetes-related CV complications by gender.

The estimated global prevalence of diabetes is similar for women and men (8.4% vs. 8.9%). Even among people with type 2 diabetes (T2D), there are known gender differences in the impact of the disease. The relative risk of cardiovascular (CV) complications between people with and without T2D is higher in women than in men. In contrast, lifestyle interventions and bariatric surgery appear to have similar effects regardless of gender. Importantly, not only is the excess risk of coronary artery disease associated disproportionately highly with diabetes, but the clinical presentation of coronary artery disease differs between women and men. Women more often present with atypical symptoms of angina, which can hinder accurate diagnosis and early treatment, potentially leading to disease progression and subsequent myocardial infarction. Whether these gender differences also exist in CV disease remains uncertain. Evidence that men and women experience diabetes-related conditions differently suggests that further research is needed to clarify the biological, behavioral, or social mechanisms involved. Meanwhile, the menopausal transition in women is a time of accelerated cardiovascular disease risk. Endocrine and metabolic changes are closely linked during the menopausal transition. This review highlights key differences in diabetes-related CV complications by gender.

The estimated global prevalence of diabetes is similar for women and men (8.4% vs. 8.9%). Even among people with type 2 diabetes (T2D), there are known gender differences in the impact of the disease. The relative risk of cardiovascular (CV) complications between people with and without T2D is higher in women than in men. In contrast, lifestyle interventions and bariatric surgery appear to have similar effects regardless of gender. Importantly, not only is the excess risk of coronary artery disease associated disproportionately highly with diabetes, but the clinical presentation of coronary artery disease differs between women and men. Women more often present with atypical symptoms of angina, which can hinder accurate diagnosis and early treatment, potentially leading to disease progression and subsequent myocardial infarction. Whether these gender differences also exist in CV disease remains uncertain. Evidence that men and women experience diabetes-related conditions differently suggests that further research is needed to clarify the biological, behavioral, or social mechanisms involved. Meanwhile, the menopausal transition in women is a time of accelerated cardiovascular disease risk. Endocrine and metabolic changes are closely linked during the menopausal transition. This review highlights key differences in diabetes-related CV complications by gender.

The estimated global prevalence of diabetes is similar for women and men (8.4% vs. 8.9%). Even among people with type 2 diabetes (T2D), there are known gender differences in the impact of the disease. The relative risk of cardiovascular (CV) complications between people with and without T2D is higher in women than in men. In contrast, lifestyle interventions and bariatric surgery appear to have similar effects regardless of gender. Importantly, not only is the excess risk of coronary artery disease associated disproportionately highly with diabetes, but the clinical presentation of coronary artery disease differs between women and men. Women more often present with atypical symptoms of angina, which can hinder accurate diagnosis and early treatment, potentially leading to disease progression and subsequent myocardial infarction. Whether these gender differences also exist in CV disease remains uncertain. Evidence that men and women experience diabetes-related conditions differently suggests that further research is needed to clarify the biological, behavioral, or social mechanisms involved. Meanwhile, the menopausal transition in women is a time of accelerated cardiovascular disease risk. Endocrine and metabolic changes are closely linked during the menopausal transition. This review highlights key differences in diabetes-related CV complications by gender.

The estimated global prevalence of diabetes is similar for women and men (8.4% vs. 8.9%). Even among people with type 2 diabetes (T2D), there are known gender differences in the impact of the disease. The relative risk of cardiovascular (CV) complications between people with and without T2D is higher in women than in men. In contrast, lifestyle interventions and bariatric surgery appear to have similar effects regardless of gender. Importantly, not only is the excess risk of coronary artery disease associated disproportionately highly with diabetes, but the clinical presentation of coronary artery disease differs between women and men. Women more often present with atypical symptoms of angina, which can hinder accurate diagnosis and early treatment, potentially leading to disease progression and subsequent myocardial infarction. Whether these gender differences also exist in CV disease remains uncertain. Evidence that men and women experience diabetes-related conditions differently suggests that further research is needed to clarify the biological, behavioral, or social mechanisms involved. Meanwhile, the menopausal transition in women is a time of accelerated cardiovascular disease risk. Endocrine and metabolic changes are closely linked during the menopausal transition. This review highlights key differences in diabetes-related CV complications by gender.

Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has been used for over a century and has been demonstrated to be effective in treating patients with various allergic diseases. AIT allergens can be administered through various routes, including subcutaneous, sublingual, intralymphatic, oral, or epicutaneous routes. Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) has recently gained clinical interest, and it is considered an alternative treatment for allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma. This review provides an overview of the current evidence-based studies that address the use of SLIT for treating AR, including (1) mechanisms of action, (2) appropriate patient selection for SLIT, (3) the current available SLIT products in Korea, and (4) updated information on its efficacy and safety. Finally, this guideline aims to provide the clinician with practical considerations for SLIT.

Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is a causative treatment of allergic diseases in which allergen extracts are regularly administered in a gradually escalated doses, leading to immune tolerance and consequent alleviation of allergic diseases. The need for uniform practice guidelines in AIT is continuously growing as the number of potential candidates for AIT increases and new therapeutic approaches are tried. This updated version of the Korean Academy of Asthma Allergy and Clinical Immunology recommendations for AIT, published in 2010, proposes an expert opinion by specialists in allergy, pediatrics, and otorhinolaryngology. This guideline deals with the basic knowledge of AIT, including mechanisms, clinical efficacy, allergen standardization, important allergens in Korea, and special consideration in pediatrics. The article also covers the methodological aspects of AIT, including patient selection, allergen selection, schedule and doses, follow-up care, efficacy measurements, and management of adverse reactions. Although this guideline suggests the optimal dosing schedule, an individualized approach and modifications are recommended considering the situation for each patient and clinic.

This report presents the latest statistics on the stroke population in South Korea, sourced from the Clinical Research Collaborations for Stroke in Korea-National Institute for Health (CRCS-K-NIH), a comprehensive, nationwide, multicenter stroke registry. The Korean cohort, unlike western populations, shows a male-to-female ratio of 1.5, attributed to lower risk factors in Korean women. The average ages for men and women are 67 and 73 years, respectively.Hypertension is the most common risk factor (67%), consistent with global trends, but there is a higher prevalence of diabetes (35%) and smoking (21%). The prevalence of atrial fibrillation (19%) is lower than in western populations, suggesting effective prevention strategies in the general population. A high incidence of large artery atherosclerosis (38%) is observed, likely due to prevalent intracranial arterial disease in East Asians and advanced imaging techniques.There has been a decrease in intravenous thrombolysis rates, from 12% in 2017–2019 to 10% in 2021, with no improvements in door-to-needle and door-to-puncture times, worsened by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. While the use of aspirin plus clopidogrel for noncardioembolic stroke and direct oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation is well-established, the application of direct oral anticoagulants for non-atrial fibrillation cardioembolic strokes in the acute phase requires further research. The incidence of early neurological deterioration (13%) and the cumulative incidence of recurrent stroke at 3 months (3%) align with global figures. Favorable outcomes at 3 months (63%) are comparable internationally, yet the lack of improvement in dependency at 3 months highlights the need for advancements in acute stroke care.

Background: Enavogliflozin is a novel sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor currently under clinical development. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of enavogliflozin as an add-on to metformin in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) against dapagliflozin. Methods: In this multicenter, double-blind, randomized, phase 3 study, 200 patients were randomized to receive enavogliflozin 0.3 mg/day (n=101) or dapagliflozin 10 mg/day (n=99) in addition to ongoing metformin therapy for 24 weeks. The primary objective of the study was to prove the non-inferiority of enavogliflozin to dapagliflozin in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) change at week 24 (non-inferiority margin of 0.35%) (Clinical trial registration number: NCT04634500). Results: Adjusted mean change of HbA1c at week 24 was –0.80% with enavogliflozin and –0.75% with dapagliflozin (difference, –0.04%; 95% confidence interval, –0.21% to 0.12%). Percentages of patients achieving HbA1c <7.0% were 61% and 62%, respectively. Adjusted mean change of fasting plasma glucose at week 24 was –32.53 and –29.14 mg/dL. An increase in urine glucose-creatinine ratio (60.48 vs. 44.94, P<0.0001) and decrease in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (–1.85 vs. –1.31, P=0.0041) were significantly greater with enavogliflozin than dapagliflozin at week 24. Beneficial effects of enavogliflozin on body weight (–3.77 kg vs. –3.58 kg) and blood pressure (systolic/diastolic, –5.93/–5.41 mm Hg vs. –6.57/–4.26 mm Hg) were comparable with those of dapagliflozin, and both drugs were safe and well-tolerated. Conclusion Enavogliflozin added to metformin significantly improved glycemic control in patients with T2DM and was non-inferior to dapagliflozin 10 mg, suggesting enavogliflozin as a viable treatment option for patients with inadequate glycemic control on metformin alone.

Objective: Dysphagia is a common clinical condition characterized by difficulty in swallowing. It is sub-classified into oropharyngeal dysphagia, which refers to problems in the mouth and pharynx, and esophageal dysphagia, which refers to problems in the esophageal body and esophagogastric junction. Dysphagia can have a significant negative impact one’s physical health and quality of life as its severity increases. Therefore, proper assessment and management of dysphagia are critical for improving swallowing function and preventing complications. Thus a guideline was developed to provide evidence-based recommendations for assessment and management in patients with dysphagia. Methods: Nineteen key questions on dysphagia were developed. These questions dealt with various aspects of problems related to dysphagia, including assessment, management, and complications. A literature search for relevant articles was conducted using Pubmed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and one domestic database of KoreaMed, until April 2021. The level of evidence and recommendation grade were established according to the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology. Results: Early screening and assessment of videofluoroscopic swallowing were recommended for assessing the presence of dysphagia. Therapeutic methods, such as tongue and pharyngeal muscle strengthening exercises and neuromuscular electrical stimulation with swallowing therapy, were effective in improving swallowing function and quality of life in patients with dysphagia. Nutritional intervention and an oral care program were also recommended. Conclusion This guideline presents recommendations for the assessment and management of patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia, including rehabilitative strategies.