The medicinal use of Malvae Semen has a long history. In this paper， by consulting the ancient materia medica， prescription， agronomy， literature and other aspects of the classics， the name， origin， evolution of scientific name， quality， harvesting and processing， functions and indications and others of Malvae Semen were systematically sorted out and verified， so as to provide a basis for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing this herb. According to the textual research， Shennong Bencaojing began to use Dongkuizi as the correct name， which was used in the past dynasties， and there were also aliases such as Kuicaizi， Huacai， and Kuizi. Through the original research， it can be seen that Kuicai is the mainstream original plant of Malvae Semen， that is， Malva verticillata var. crispa， the Alcea rosea and M. cathayensis are also used. In modern times， the seeds of Abutilon theophrasti have been passed off as Malvae Semen， while the seeds of M. verticillata var. crispa have rarely been used in medicine. And Abutili Semen has been another medicinal material with different efficacy since the collection of Newly Revised Materia Medica in the Tang dynasty. Since the Ming and Qing dynasties， the cultivation of Kuicai has been decreasing， while A. theophrasti is more common and easy to obtain， and Abutili Semen and Malvae Semen are similar in morphology and confused， which should be corrected. In addition， Malvae Fructus is a Mongolian customary medicinal herb， which is different from the traditional use of seeds in traditional Chinese medicine. Kuicai， as an important vegetable in history， was widely cultivated and gradually shrunk after the Song dynasty， it is now mainly produced in southern provinces. The quality evaluation of Malvae Semen is better for those with dry bodies， full grain， grayish brown color， no mud， and no impurities. The harvesting is generally in the autumn and winter. After drying， it is seeded， sieved peel and impurities， mashed， or slightly stir-fried to yellow-white color with gentle fire. It is sweet， cold and slippery in nature and taste， with the main effects of laxation， diuresis， lactation and elimination of swelling. The efficacy of Abutili Semen is clearing heat and removing toxicity， promoting diuresis and removing nebula， the efficacy is quite different from that of Malvae Semen. Based on the results of textual research， it is suggested that M. verticillata var. crispa should be used as the medicinal source of Malvae Semen in the development of famous classical formulas， the corresponding processing methods should be selected according to the requirements of drug processing in the formulas， while the raw products are recommended to be used if the processing is not specified.

The medicinal use of Malvae Semen has a long history. In this paper， by consulting the ancient materia medica， prescription， agronomy， literature and other aspects of the classics， the name， origin， evolution of scientific name， quality， harvesting and processing， functions and indications and others of Malvae Semen were systematically sorted out and verified， so as to provide a basis for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing this herb. According to the textual research， Shennong Bencaojing began to use Dongkuizi as the correct name， which was used in the past dynasties， and there were also aliases such as Kuicaizi， Huacai， and Kuizi. Through the original research， it can be seen that Kuicai is the mainstream original plant of Malvae Semen， that is， Malva verticillata var. crispa， the Alcea rosea and M. cathayensis are also used. In modern times， the seeds of Abutilon theophrasti have been passed off as Malvae Semen， while the seeds of M. verticillata var. crispa have rarely been used in medicine. And Abutili Semen has been another medicinal material with different efficacy since the collection of Newly Revised Materia Medica in the Tang dynasty. Since the Ming and Qing dynasties， the cultivation of Kuicai has been decreasing， while A. theophrasti is more common and easy to obtain， and Abutili Semen and Malvae Semen are similar in morphology and confused， which should be corrected. In addition， Malvae Fructus is a Mongolian customary medicinal herb， which is different from the traditional use of seeds in traditional Chinese medicine. Kuicai， as an important vegetable in history， was widely cultivated and gradually shrunk after the Song dynasty， it is now mainly produced in southern provinces. The quality evaluation of Malvae Semen is better for those with dry bodies， full grain， grayish brown color， no mud， and no impurities. The harvesting is generally in the autumn and winter. After drying， it is seeded， sieved peel and impurities， mashed， or slightly stir-fried to yellow-white color with gentle fire. It is sweet， cold and slippery in nature and taste， with the main effects of laxation， diuresis， lactation and elimination of swelling. The efficacy of Abutili Semen is clearing heat and removing toxicity， promoting diuresis and removing nebula， the efficacy is quite different from that of Malvae Semen. Based on the results of textual research， it is suggested that M. verticillata var. crispa should be used as the medicinal source of Malvae Semen in the development of famous classical formulas， the corresponding processing methods should be selected according to the requirements of drug processing in the formulas， while the raw products are recommended to be used if the processing is not specified.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an important factor for the occurrence and development of CKD. The protective effect of dihydroartemisinin on AKI and and reported mechanism have not been reported. In this study, we used two animal models including ischemia-reperfusion and UUO, as well as a high-glucose-stimulated HK-2 cell model, to evaluate the protective effect of dihydroartemisinin on premature senescence of renal tubular epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrated that dihydroartemisinin improved renal aging and renal injury by activating autophagy. In addition, we found that co-treatment with chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, abolished the anti-renal aging effect of dihydroartemisinin in vitro. These findings suggested that activation of autophagy/elimination of senescent cell might be a useful strategy to prevent AKI/UUO induced renal tubular senescence and fibrosis.
Animals ; Kidney ; Acute Kidney Injury/chemically induced* ; Ischemia ; Reperfusion Injury/drug therapy* ; Autophagy ; Reperfusion

Objective:To investigate the role and diagnostic value of miRNA-205 in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients with vascular calcification.Methods:It was divided into in vitro cell experiment and retrospective cohort study. In vitro experiments were conducted by using rat thoracic aortic smooth muscle cells. Alizarin red staining and calcium content detection were used to detect the calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) test kit was used to measure ALP activity. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression levels of osteogenic transcription factors runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), α smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and smooth muscle-22α (SM-22α) in VSMCs. qRT-PCR was used to detect miRNA-205 and Runx2 expression levels. The double luciferase reporter gene assay was used to verify the targeted relationship between miRNA-205 and Runx2. The non-dialysis patients with CKD 3-5 stage from June 2020 to January 2021 in the Department of Nephrology of Fourth Hospital, Hebei Medical University were selected. According to coronary artery calcium score (CACs), the patients were divided into non-calcification group (CACs=0), mild-moderate calcification group (0 400). Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between miRNA-205 and Runx2 and vascular calcification. Logistic regression model and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were used to analyze the ability of miRNA-205 to predict the vascular calcification in patients with CKD. Results:(1)Compared with the control group, calcium nodules were more, and the calcium content, ALP activity and Runx2 protein level were higher, and the expression levels of miRNA-205, α-SMA and SM-22α were significantly lower in high phosphorus group (all P<0.05). Overexpression of miRNA-205 significantly reduced the calcification of VSMCs and Runx2 protein level, and increased the protein levels of α-SMA and SM-22α (all P<0.05). miRNA-205-5p reduced the activity of luciferase in the wild-type Runx2-3'-end non-coding region plasmid. (2) Eighty CKD patients were enrolled, with age of (57.50±14.93) years old and 49 males (61.3%). The results of comparison of miRNA-205 and Runx2 expression levels in non-calcification group ( n=26), mild- moderate calcification group ( n=30) and severe calcification group ( n=24) showed that, the higher degree of calcification, the lower miRNA-205 expression level and the higher Runx2 mRNA expression level (all P<0.05). miRNA-205 was negatively correlated with CACs ( r=-0.50, P<0.01) and Runx2 was positively correlated with CACs ( r=0.55, P<0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis results suggested that miRNA-205 ( OR=0.451, 95% CI 0.122-0.873) was an independent influencing factor of vascular calcification in CKD patients. The area under the ROC curve of miRNA-205 and miRNA-205 combined with Runx2 for predicting vascular calcification were 0.796 (95% CI 0.697-0.859) and 0.924 (95% CI 0.866-0.982), respectively. Conclusions:miRNA-205 inhibits vascular calcification by targeting Runx2 to negatively regulate osteogenetic phenotype transformation of VSMCs and is expected to be an early diagnostic marker of vascular calcification in CKD patients.

Objective:To investigate the effect of Spautin-1 (an inhibitor of autophagy) on improving anxiety-like behaviors and its mechanism in mice after traumatic brain injury (TBI).Methods:Thirty-six C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into sham-operated group, TBI group, and TBI+Spautin-1 group ( n=12); TBI models in the latter two groups were established by modified Feeney free fall epidural impingement method. Mice in TBI+Spautin-1 group were administered with Spautin-1 (2 μL, 10 mmol/L) into the lateral ventricle 10 min after modeling, but mice in the other two groups were only injected with same volume of solvent. Neuropathy Symptom Score (NSS) was used to evaluate the functions of motor, sensory and reflexes of mice on 1 st, 7 th and 14 th d of modeling. On 15 th and 16 th d of modeling, open field test and elevated plus maze test were used to evaluate the anxiety-like behaviors in mice. The number of Nissl bodies in the amygdala of mice was calculated by Nissl staining 16 d after modeling. The numbers of neuron specific nucleoprotein (NeuN) positive cells, interleukin (IL)-18 and IL-1β positive astrocytes in the amygdala were detected by immunofluorescent staining. Western blotting was used to detect the autophagy-and pyrotopic-associated protein expressions in the amygdala region of mice. Results:(1) As compared with the sham-operated group, the TBI group and TBI+Spautin-1 group had significantly increased NSS scores on 1 st and 7 th d of modeling ( P<0.05). (2) Open field test showed that as compared with the sham-operated group, the TBI group and TBI+Spautin-1 group had significantly smaller number of crossing grids, significantly decreased percentage of time spending in the central zone ([central area residence time/total time] × 100%), significantly decreased percentage of frequencies entering into opening arm (OE) (OE/[OE+frequencies of entering closing arm]×100%) and opening arm time (OT) percentage (OT/[OT+time of closing arm]×100%); as compared with the TBI group, TBI+Spautin-1 group had significantly larger number of crossing grids, and significantly increased time percentage spending in the central zone, OE percentage, and OT percentage ( P<0.05). (3) As compared with sham-operated group, the TBI group and TBI+Spautin-1 group had significantly smaller numbers of Nissl bodies and NeuN positive cells in the amygdala of mice ( P<0.05); as compared with TBI group, TBI+Spautin-1 group had significantly larger numbers of Nissl bodies and NeuN positive cells in the amygdala of mice ( P<0.05). (4) As compared with the sham-operated group, the TBI group and TBI+Spautin-1 group had significantly increased percentages of IL-1β and IL-18 positive astrocytes in amygdala of mice ( P<0.05); as compared with the TBI group, the TBI+Spautin-1 group had significantly decreased percentages of IL-1β and IL-18 positive astrocytes in amygdala of mice ( P<0.05). (5) As compared with sham-operated group, the TBI group and TBI+Spautin-1 group had significantly higher protein expressions of NOD-like receptor family protein 3 (NLRP3), activated cysteine aspartate protease-1 (Caspase-1), pore-forming protein D-N terminal fragment (GSDMD-N), ubiquitin specific peptidase (USP) 13 and B-lymphocytoma-2 interacting protein (Beclin1), and statistically higher ratio of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain (LC)3 II/LC3 I ( P<0.05); as compared with TBI group, the TBI+Spautin-1 group had significantly decreased protein expressions of NLRP3, activated Caspase-1, GSDMD-N, USP13 and Beclin1 in the amygdala, and statistically lower ratio of LC3 II/LC3 I ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Spautin-1 improves the anxiety-like behaviors in mice after TBI, whose mechanism may be associated with the inhibition of astrocytic pyroptosis in the amygdala.

OBJECTIVES: At present, the research on clear aligner of molar distalization mainly focuses on the upper jaw, while the research on mandibular molars is few.This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic effect of mandibular molars distalization with clear aligner via cone beam CT (CBCT) and Dolphin software. METHODS: Twenty cases of mandibular molars with clear aligner were included according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. CBCT was taken before treatment (T0) and when the first molar was moved in place (T1). Dolphin software was used to measure the effectiveness of molar distalization. Three-dimensional changes in direction and the impact on the incisors and facial soft and hard tissues were evaluated. RESULTS: The effective rates of crown and root distalization of the second and first mandibular molars were 74%, 49%, and 71%, 47%, respectively. The second and first molars were both the distal buccal cusp with the largest distalization [(2.15 ± 0.91) mm and (1.85±1.09) mm], respectively, with significant difference between the T0 and T1 ( CONCLUSIONS Clear aligner can effectively move mandibular molars farther, the crown is more effective than the root, and it is tilted. The second mandibular molar is more effective than the first mandibular molar in its distant displacement and three-dimensional changes. Molar distalization causes minor changes in mandibular incisors and facial soft and hard tissues.
Cephalometry ; Maxilla ; Molar ; Orthodontic Appliances, Removable ; Tooth Movement Techniques

OBJCETIVE:To investigate the role of clinical pharmacists in medication reconciliation. METHODS:Totally 200 inpatients admitted or transferred to nephrology department of our hospital during Aug.-Oct. 2015 were selected. Within 48 h after admission,1-year medication history were collected by reviewing electronic medical records,consultation,querying self-prepared drugs and medical history;and then medication reconciliation was conducted by clinical pharmacists. RESULTS:Among drug lists collected by clinical pharmacists,there were 987 kinds of drugs,but only 9.63%(95 kinds) drugs were recorded in the medical records. There were 5 cases of ADR in total,and only 40.00% of them (2 cases) were recorded in the medical records. Among 200 patients,medication reconciliation was needed in 45 cases with reconciliation rate of 22.50%. Among 492 medical orders of 200 patients,medication errors were found in 103 medical orders;the number of medication errors per case was (2.3 ± 1.8), mainly including wrong dose,repeated medication,wrong solvent,drug interactions;the potential risk degree was mainly degree 1 (53 orders,51.46%). Among 103 medication reconciliation orders,main plans were drug withdrawal (78 cases,75.73%), followed by drug change(17 cases,16.50%)and drug supplement(8 cases,7.77%). A total of 90 reconciled medical orders were adopted by physicians,with success rate of 87.38%. CONCLUSIONS:Compared with physicians,clinical pharmacists can obtain more detailed and accurate drug list. It can reduce medication error and guarantee the safety of drug use to maximum extent that clinical pharmacists conduct medication reconciliation.

Objective To evaluate the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway in inhibition of oxygen-glucose deprivation and restoration (OGD/R)-induced apoptosis in rat cortical neurons by sevoflurane and the relationship with mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP).Methods The rat cortical neurons were cultured in vitro and seeded in 6-well or 12-well culture plates.The neurons were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =18 each) using a random number table:control group (group C);OGD/R group (group O);sevoflurane group (group OS);sevoflurane + ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 group (group OSP).The neurons were subjected to O2-glucose deprivation for 90 min followed by restoration of O2-glucose supply for 24 h in group O.The neurons were incubated with 2％ sevoflurane for 2 h after OGD/R in group OS.OGD/R was performed at 1 h after ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 30 μmol/L was added,and the neurons were incubated with 2％ sevoflurane for 2 h after OGD/R in group OSP.At 24 h of restoration of O2-glucose supply,the expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) in neurons was measured by Western blot,the neuronal apoptosis was detected using Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining combined with flow cytometry,and the opening of mPTP was determined through measuring the optical density at 540 nm.The apoptosis rate was calculated.Results Compared with group C,the expression of p-ERK1/2 in neurons was significantly up-regulated,and the apoptosis rate and mPTP opening were significantly increased in group O (P＜0.05).Compared with group O,the expression of p-ERK1/2 in neurons was significantly up-regulated,and the apoptosis rate and mPTP opening were significantly decreased in group OS (P＜0.05).Compared with group OS,the expression of p-ERK1/2 in neurons was significantly down-regulated,and the apoptosis rate and mPTP opening were significantly increased in group OSP (P＜0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which sevoflurane inhibits OGD/R-induced apoptosis in rat cortical neurons is related to inhibition of mPTP opening after activation of ERK signaling pathway.

Objective:To investigate the rationality of off-label use of tacrolimus combined with Wuzhi capsules in a membranous nephropathy patient. Methods:Based on the related literatures, the application rationality of tacrolimus combined with Wuzhi capsules in a membranous nephropathy patient was analyzed. Results:The combination of tacrolimus and Wuzhi capsules against membranous nephropathy was an off -label drug use, however, it showed certain clinical rationality and economic efficiency. Conclusion:Off-label drug use commonly exists in clinics. Clinical pharmacists should provide evidence support for off-label drug use through searching and analyzing clinical evidences and closely monitoring therapeutic outcome.

Objective To investigate the resting?state functional alteration in posterior cingulate cortex ( PCC) in Type 2 diabetes ( T2DM) patients with cognitive impairment and to determine the relation?ship of rs?fMRI changes with cognitive decline. Methods Resting?state functional magnetic resonance ima?ging was performed T2DM patients with impaired cognition ( n=19) and healthy control subjects ( n=20) . The amplitude of low frequency fluctuations ( ALFF) and regional homogeneity ( ReHo) values were calcu?lated in left PCC to represent the spontaneous brain activity. Using left PCC as a seed region,the functional connectivity of the whole brain was mapped. In addition,correlation analysis was conducted among ALFF,Re?Ho,and neuropsychological test scores. Results The ALFF values of left PCC (0.72±0.37) was decreased compared with the control group(1.09±0.46),but the ReHo value(1.12±0.10)was not significantly changed compared with control group (1.14±0.11). The functional connectivity was decreased with the left medial temporal lobe,left superior and middle temporal gyrus,right superior frontal gyrus,and right supplementary motor area ( SMA) ,while it was increased with the left middle frontal gyrus,inferior frontal gyrus and right cerebella. MoCA scores were positively correlated with the ALFF values of left PCC. Conclusion In resting state,the spontaneous activity and functional connectivity of PCC is altered in T2DM patients with cognitive impairement;and the function of PCC contributes to the cognitive decline associated with T2DM.The decrease of ALFF value of PCC may help to detect the cognitive decline of T2DM.