BACKGROUND: Chronic liver disease (CLD), mainly non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is a significant public health concern worldwide. This study aims to quantify the burden of NAFLD in CLD globally and within China, using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021, providing crucial insights for global and local health policies. METHODS: The study used comprehensive data from the GBD study 2021. It included estimates of prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Age-standardized rates and average annual percent change (AAPC) from 2011 to 2021 were reported. A meticulous decomposition analysis was conducted. RESULTS: In 2021, there were 1582.5 million prevalent cases, 47.6 million incident cases, 1.4 million deaths, and 44.4 million DALYs attributable to CLD, globally. Among these, NAFLD has emerged as the predominant cause, accounting for 78.0% of all prevalent CLD cases (1234.7 million) and 87.2% of incident cases (41.5 million). Correspondingly, NAFLD had the highest age-standardized prevalence (15,017.5 per 100,000 population) and incidence (876.5 per 100,000 population) rates among CLDs. In addition, China's CLD age-standardized prevalence rate was 21,659.5 per 100,000 population, and the age-standardized incidence rate was 752.6 per 100,000 population, higher than the global average. From 2011 to 2021, the global prevalence rate of CLD increased slowly (AAPC = 0.17), consistent with the trend in China (AAPC = 0.23). Furthermore, the prevalence rate of NAFLD rose significantly in China (AAPC = 1.30) compared with the global average (AAPC = 0.91). Decomposition analysis also showed the worldwide increase in deaths and DALYs for NAFLD, which were primarily attributable to population growth and aging. CONCLUSIONS The burden of CLD and NAFLD remains substantial globally and within China in terms of high prevalence and incidence. As such, this underscores the need for targeted prevention and treatment strategies. These findings emphasize the importance of continued surveillance and research to mitigate the growing impact of liver diseases on global and Chinese health systems.
Humans ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/mortality* ; Global Burden of Disease ; China/epidemiology* ; Prevalence ; Male ; Disability-Adjusted Life Years ; Female ; Incidence ; Middle Aged ; Chronic Disease ; Adult ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years ; Liver Diseases/epidemiology* ; Aged

Concrete is the most widely used modern building material. It is easy to crack under the action of stress, which makes the concrete structure permeable, affecting the durability and integrity of the structure, and thus shortening its service life. Microbial in-situ remediation technology is a low cost, effective and green way for concrete crack repairing. Due to its excellent biocompatibility, service life elongation, economic losses and environmental pollution reduction, microbial in-situ remediation technology has been intensively investigated. Bacillus has attracted much attention because of its excellent biomineralization ability, extremely strong environmental tolerance and long-term survival ability of its spores. In order to promote the research, development and large-scale application of microbial in-situ healing of concrete, the paper reviews the mechanism of spore-based in-situ healing of concrete, the survival of spores exposed in concrete, the influence of spores and external additives on the mechanical properties of concrete, progress in research and development of healing agent as well as healing effects. Moreover, future research focuses such as improving the survival ability of spores in the harsh environment of concrete, reducing the influence of external additives on the mechanical properties of concrete, and strengthening the healing effect of actual field applications are also summarized.
Bacillus ; Calcium Carbonate ; Construction Materials ; Spores, Bacterial ; Technology

OBJECTIVE： To screen and characterize effective components of immunopotentiating activity in Senecionis cannabifolii Herba. METHODS： The polysaccharide components were obtained by water extraction and alcohol precipitation method to yield 50％ alcohol precipitation sample （SCHE-1） and 80％ alcohol precipitation sample （SCHE-2）. The cells from mice mononuclear macrophage line RAW264.7 were divided into blank group （medium without serum）， negative control group （medium with serum）， lipopolysaccharide group （LPS， positive control drug， 1 μg/mL）， SCHE-1 and SCHE-2 low-dose and high-dose groups （0.5， 1 mg/mL）. The cell viability of RAW264.7 cells was detected by MTT assay. The levels of IL-1β， IL-6 and TNF-α in RAW264.7 were detected by ELISA. These were used to investigate the effects of SCHE-1 and SCHE-2 on the immunological enhancing activity of RAW264.7 cells. The molecular weight and distribution of SCHE-1 were determined by size exclusion chromatography； the monosaccharide composition of SCHE-1 was determined by HPLC pre-column derivatization. Methylation analysis of SCHE-1 was conducted by NaOH method. RESULTS： Compared with negative control group， the activity of RAW264.7 cells was enhanced significantly in SCHE-1 groups and LPS group， which also significantly increased the levels of IL-1β， IL-6 and TNF-α in cell culture fluids （P＜0.01）. SCHE-1 was an effective component with immunopotentiating activity. The neutral sugar content of SCHE-1 was 40.05％， the uronic acid was 35.62％， and the protein was 8.89％. SCHE-1 was a mixture， molecular weight of which was 62-6 119 Da； monosaccharide was mainly composed of galacturonic acid， arabinose （Ara） and galactose （Gal）. The results of methylation analysis showed that the backbone was composed of 1→3， 1→4 and 1→6 linked Gal， and branches were on the O-6 position of the 1→3 linked Gal， and the non-reducing terminals were Ara. CONCLUSIONS： SCHE-1 may be the effective component of immuno potentiating activity， and main component of SCHE-1 is polysaccharide. SCHE-1 may regulate the immune function by activating macrophages to release IL-1β， IL-6 and TNF-α.

Objective To discuss primary experience the clinical use of "All-seeing needle set" combined with Holmium laser to treat the single renal stone lesser than 2 cm in diameter through a super minimal tract (F12).Methods From January 2015 to December 2016,43 patients were enrolled into this retrospective study.There were 23 males and 20 females who were diagnosed as single renal stone less than 2 cm in diameter(age range from 23-65 years).There were 8 upper pole renal stones,13 lower pole renal stones and 22 renal pelvis stones.The mean stone size was (1.63 ± 0.32) cm in diameter (range from 1.2 cm to 2.0 cm)."All-seeing needle system" was applied during percutaneous puncture.After building a F12 minimal tract by fascia dilator,all patients received lithotripsy with Holmium laser.Indwelling catheters for 3 days and an F6 double-J tube was left for 2 weeks without a tube in the percutaneous tract after operation.Finally,KUB and/or urinary CT were used to check the results on day 1.Result All operations were completed successfully.The operation time was 23-65min [averaged (31.0 ±9.2) min].41 cases' renal stones were store free,and the 2 stone residues was clear with later extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.No severe complications occurred.Conclusion As an alternative to standard procedures for treatment of renal stones less than 2 cm in diameter,adopting "All-seeing needle set" with Holmium laser through a super minimal tract (F12) is safe,minimally invasive,fast and effective with a low complication rate.

Objective To discuss the clinical application of reverse dorsal metatarsal artery perforator flap for reconstruction of forefoot soft tissue defects.Methods Since January,2008 to March,2016,43 patients with forefoot soft tissue defect due to various causes were reconstructed with the flap based on dorsal metatarsal artery perforator.Dorsal pedis was used as a donor site with dorsal metatarsal artery perforator as the donor artery.The flap size varied from 2.0 cm × 4.0 cm to 6.0 cm × 8.0 cm.Among them,27,8,4 and 4 cases were reconstructed with flap based on first,second,third and fourth dorsal metatarsal artery perforator flap respectively.Results All the patients were followed-up which ranged from 3 months to 24 months.Six flaps suffered from post operative venous congestion.Out of 6,4 survived with early emergency management while the remaining 2 suffered epidermal necrosis which survived with regular dressing change.Eventually,all the flaps survived.They had good texture and they were elastic,good-looking and very wear-resisting.Walking function was normal.Conclusion Reverse dorsal metatarsal artery perforator flap is an ideal choice in reconstruction of small to medium sized soft tissue defects of forefoot.

Objective To investigate the clinical value of re-using ultrafiltrated and concentrated ascites fluid for refractory ascites in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis. Methods A retrospective study was conducted, one hundred and thirteen patients with intractable ascites (all patients received intraperitoneal reinfusion of ultrafiltrated and concentrated ascites fluid therapy) admitted to the Department of Gastroenterology of No.254 Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army from December 2013 to November 2016 were enrolled and assigned as the study group, fifty-two patients with intractable ascites admitted in the same period as above group in this hospital without undergoing above ascites fluid reinsfusion were served as the control group. Both groups were given conventional therapies, including measures for hepatoprotection, increase of plasma osmotic pressure, correction of hypoproteinemia (intravenous injection albumin 10 g, 3 times a week), reduction of portal venous pressure (octreotide 0.2 mg, q8 h), improvement of microcirculation, correction of water and electrolyte balance disorders, diuresis (furosemide 100 mg/d), etc. On the basis of the above conventional treatment, the system with ascites ultrafiltration, concentration and reinfusion into abdominal cavity was applied to carry out the concentrated ascites fluid reinfusion therapy in the study group. The relieve of abdominal bloating, conscious, blood pressure, 24-hour urine output, endogenous creatinine clearance rate (CCr), serum potassium ion (K+), serum sodium ion (Na+), ascites albumin quantity, serum albumin levels before treatment and after treatment for 1 week, abdominal infection situation after treatment for 1 week were observed in the study group. The difference in incidence of abdominal infection between the study group and control group (at the end of 12 weeks after treatment) was compared. Results In the study group, after treatment, the patients with abdominal bloating had different degrees of relief, 24-hour urine output was increased compared with that before treatment (mL: 1291.3±123.4 vs. 1265.0±61.5, P = 0.051), no cases with conscious changes, blood pressure instable. There were no statistical significant difference in blood K+ and Na+ (P > 0.05). And ascites albumin concentration was increased compared with before treatment (g/L: 19.1±2.9 vs. 17.2±4.1, P = 0.000); 1 week after treatment, CCr was significantly higher than that before treatment (μmol/L: 71.2±8.7 vs. 56.1±5.4, P = 0.000); serum albumin was increased after 3 times of treatment in 1 week (g/L: 25.7±4.4 vs. 24.6±3.0), but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.054). No abdominal infection occurred within 1 week after treatment were observed in patients of study group. There was no statistical significant difference in the incidence of abdominal infection between the study group and control group in 12 weeks after treatment [9.7% (11/113) vs. 13.6% (7/52), P = 0.476]. Conclusions The re-using of ultrafiltrated and concentrated ascites fluid can effectively relieve the abdominal bloating symptom, improve CCr, be beneficial to the re-use of ascites albumin, and does not increase the incidence of abdominal infection within 12 weeks after the therapy, therefore the treatment has relatively high therapeutic value for intractable ascites in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis.