Purpose: To evaluate the differences in the level of concerns regarding exotropia surgery according to the perspectives regarding surgery and basic characteristics of parents of pediatric patients with intermittent exotropia in South Korea. Methods: This study included the parents of pediatric patients with intermittent exotropia who underwent surgery at five hospitals, between June 2022 and February 2023. Parental perspectives, basic characteristics, and levels of concern regarding surgery were assessed using a questionnaire. We investigated the differences in concern levels according to perspectives regarding surgery and basic characteristics among parents, such as sex, age, residential area, and the most influential factors in the decision-making for surgery. Results: A total of 266 parents were included (228 mothers; age, 40.0±4.7 years). Parents who chose surgery for subjective symptoms had higher levels of concern about hemorrhage, conjunctival redness, and persistent overcorrection than did those who chose surgery for cosmetic reasons (all p < 0.05). Fathers were more concerned about postoperative pain, compared to mothers (p = 0.039). Parents in their 40s and 50s had higher levels of concern about the hospital environment compared with those in their 20s and 30s (p = 0.003). Concern did not significantly differ by residential area. Conclusions The level of concern regarding surgery differed according to the perspectives and characteristics of the parents of pediatric patients with intermittent exotropia. Parents who chose surgery for subjective symptoms of exotropia had a higher level of concern than did those who chose surgery for cosmetic reasons. The concern level differed according to the parents’ sex and age but not their residential area.

Objective: The primary purpose of this literature review is to explore and integrate findings from various psychological autopsy (PA) studies to identify critical risk factors associated with adolescent suicide and evaluate the methodologies employed in these investigations. Methods: A systematic review of 15 studies reporting psychological autopsies of adolescent suicides was conducted. Data sources included databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and RISS. Studies were selected based on empirical research focused on adolescent suicides, conducted since 1970, and written in English. Two reviewers independently screened and selected studies, with a third reviewer resolving any disagreements. The studies were analyzed for sample characteristics, included variables, and specific features of the PA methodology. Results: The review identified consistent findings across studies, highlighting the significant role of mental illnesses and sociodemographic factors in adolescent suicides. Methodological variations were noted in interview timing, source selection, and the use of semi-structured interviews. The review also emphasized the importance of comprehensive data collection, including social network and mobile activity data, to better understand suicide risk factors. Key challenges identified include retrospective data bias and cultural differences affecting the generalizability of findings. Conclusion The review underscores the need for standardized PA procedures, particularly tailored to adolescents, to improve the reliability and validity of findings. The consistent association of psychiatric disorders with suicide risk emphasizes the urgent need for effective mental health interventions. Future research should focus on developing ethical, culturally sensitive, and methodologically rigorous approaches to enhance the understanding and prevention of adolescent suicide.

Purpose: To evaluate the differences in the level of concerns regarding exotropia surgery according to the perspectives regarding surgery and basic characteristics of parents of pediatric patients with intermittent exotropia in South Korea. Methods: This study included the parents of pediatric patients with intermittent exotropia who underwent surgery at five hospitals, between June 2022 and February 2023. Parental perspectives, basic characteristics, and levels of concern regarding surgery were assessed using a questionnaire. We investigated the differences in concern levels according to perspectives regarding surgery and basic characteristics among parents, such as sex, age, residential area, and the most influential factors in the decision-making for surgery. Results: A total of 266 parents were included (228 mothers; age, 40.0±4.7 years). Parents who chose surgery for subjective symptoms had higher levels of concern about hemorrhage, conjunctival redness, and persistent overcorrection than did those who chose surgery for cosmetic reasons (all p < 0.05). Fathers were more concerned about postoperative pain, compared to mothers (p = 0.039). Parents in their 40s and 50s had higher levels of concern about the hospital environment compared with those in their 20s and 30s (p = 0.003). Concern did not significantly differ by residential area. Conclusions The level of concern regarding surgery differed according to the perspectives and characteristics of the parents of pediatric patients with intermittent exotropia. Parents who chose surgery for subjective symptoms of exotropia had a higher level of concern than did those who chose surgery for cosmetic reasons. The concern level differed according to the parents’ sex and age but not their residential area.

Objective: The primary purpose of this literature review is to explore and integrate findings from various psychological autopsy (PA) studies to identify critical risk factors associated with adolescent suicide and evaluate the methodologies employed in these investigations. Methods: A systematic review of 15 studies reporting psychological autopsies of adolescent suicides was conducted. Data sources included databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and RISS. Studies were selected based on empirical research focused on adolescent suicides, conducted since 1970, and written in English. Two reviewers independently screened and selected studies, with a third reviewer resolving any disagreements. The studies were analyzed for sample characteristics, included variables, and specific features of the PA methodology. Results: The review identified consistent findings across studies, highlighting the significant role of mental illnesses and sociodemographic factors in adolescent suicides. Methodological variations were noted in interview timing, source selection, and the use of semi-structured interviews. The review also emphasized the importance of comprehensive data collection, including social network and mobile activity data, to better understand suicide risk factors. Key challenges identified include retrospective data bias and cultural differences affecting the generalizability of findings. Conclusion The review underscores the need for standardized PA procedures, particularly tailored to adolescents, to improve the reliability and validity of findings. The consistent association of psychiatric disorders with suicide risk emphasizes the urgent need for effective mental health interventions. Future research should focus on developing ethical, culturally sensitive, and methodologically rigorous approaches to enhance the understanding and prevention of adolescent suicide.

Purpose: To evaluate the differences in the level of concerns regarding exotropia surgery according to the perspectives regarding surgery and basic characteristics of parents of pediatric patients with intermittent exotropia in South Korea. Methods: This study included the parents of pediatric patients with intermittent exotropia who underwent surgery at five hospitals, between June 2022 and February 2023. Parental perspectives, basic characteristics, and levels of concern regarding surgery were assessed using a questionnaire. We investigated the differences in concern levels according to perspectives regarding surgery and basic characteristics among parents, such as sex, age, residential area, and the most influential factors in the decision-making for surgery. Results: A total of 266 parents were included (228 mothers; age, 40.0±4.7 years). Parents who chose surgery for subjective symptoms had higher levels of concern about hemorrhage, conjunctival redness, and persistent overcorrection than did those who chose surgery for cosmetic reasons (all p < 0.05). Fathers were more concerned about postoperative pain, compared to mothers (p = 0.039). Parents in their 40s and 50s had higher levels of concern about the hospital environment compared with those in their 20s and 30s (p = 0.003). Concern did not significantly differ by residential area. Conclusions The level of concern regarding surgery differed according to the perspectives and characteristics of the parents of pediatric patients with intermittent exotropia. Parents who chose surgery for subjective symptoms of exotropia had a higher level of concern than did those who chose surgery for cosmetic reasons. The concern level differed according to the parents’ sex and age but not their residential area.

Objective: The primary purpose of this literature review is to explore and integrate findings from various psychological autopsy (PA) studies to identify critical risk factors associated with adolescent suicide and evaluate the methodologies employed in these investigations. Methods: A systematic review of 15 studies reporting psychological autopsies of adolescent suicides was conducted. Data sources included databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and RISS. Studies were selected based on empirical research focused on adolescent suicides, conducted since 1970, and written in English. Two reviewers independently screened and selected studies, with a third reviewer resolving any disagreements. The studies were analyzed for sample characteristics, included variables, and specific features of the PA methodology. Results: The review identified consistent findings across studies, highlighting the significant role of mental illnesses and sociodemographic factors in adolescent suicides. Methodological variations were noted in interview timing, source selection, and the use of semi-structured interviews. The review also emphasized the importance of comprehensive data collection, including social network and mobile activity data, to better understand suicide risk factors. Key challenges identified include retrospective data bias and cultural differences affecting the generalizability of findings. Conclusion The review underscores the need for standardized PA procedures, particularly tailored to adolescents, to improve the reliability and validity of findings. The consistent association of psychiatric disorders with suicide risk emphasizes the urgent need for effective mental health interventions. Future research should focus on developing ethical, culturally sensitive, and methodologically rigorous approaches to enhance the understanding and prevention of adolescent suicide.

Purpose: To evaluate the differences in the level of concerns regarding exotropia surgery according to the perspectives regarding surgery and basic characteristics of parents of pediatric patients with intermittent exotropia in South Korea. Methods: This study included the parents of pediatric patients with intermittent exotropia who underwent surgery at five hospitals, between June 2022 and February 2023. Parental perspectives, basic characteristics, and levels of concern regarding surgery were assessed using a questionnaire. We investigated the differences in concern levels according to perspectives regarding surgery and basic characteristics among parents, such as sex, age, residential area, and the most influential factors in the decision-making for surgery. Results: A total of 266 parents were included (228 mothers; age, 40.0±4.7 years). Parents who chose surgery for subjective symptoms had higher levels of concern about hemorrhage, conjunctival redness, and persistent overcorrection than did those who chose surgery for cosmetic reasons (all p < 0.05). Fathers were more concerned about postoperative pain, compared to mothers (p = 0.039). Parents in their 40s and 50s had higher levels of concern about the hospital environment compared with those in their 20s and 30s (p = 0.003). Concern did not significantly differ by residential area. Conclusions The level of concern regarding surgery differed according to the perspectives and characteristics of the parents of pediatric patients with intermittent exotropia. Parents who chose surgery for subjective symptoms of exotropia had a higher level of concern than did those who chose surgery for cosmetic reasons. The concern level differed according to the parents’ sex and age but not their residential area.

Objective: The primary purpose of this literature review is to explore and integrate findings from various psychological autopsy (PA) studies to identify critical risk factors associated with adolescent suicide and evaluate the methodologies employed in these investigations. Methods: A systematic review of 15 studies reporting psychological autopsies of adolescent suicides was conducted. Data sources included databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and RISS. Studies were selected based on empirical research focused on adolescent suicides, conducted since 1970, and written in English. Two reviewers independently screened and selected studies, with a third reviewer resolving any disagreements. The studies were analyzed for sample characteristics, included variables, and specific features of the PA methodology. Results: The review identified consistent findings across studies, highlighting the significant role of mental illnesses and sociodemographic factors in adolescent suicides. Methodological variations were noted in interview timing, source selection, and the use of semi-structured interviews. The review also emphasized the importance of comprehensive data collection, including social network and mobile activity data, to better understand suicide risk factors. Key challenges identified include retrospective data bias and cultural differences affecting the generalizability of findings. Conclusion The review underscores the need for standardized PA procedures, particularly tailored to adolescents, to improve the reliability and validity of findings. The consistent association of psychiatric disorders with suicide risk emphasizes the urgent need for effective mental health interventions. Future research should focus on developing ethical, culturally sensitive, and methodologically rigorous approaches to enhance the understanding and prevention of adolescent suicide.

Purpose: To evaluate the differences in the level of concerns regarding exotropia surgery according to the perspectives regarding surgery and basic characteristics of parents of pediatric patients with intermittent exotropia in South Korea. Methods: This study included the parents of pediatric patients with intermittent exotropia who underwent surgery at five hospitals, between June 2022 and February 2023. Parental perspectives, basic characteristics, and levels of concern regarding surgery were assessed using a questionnaire. We investigated the differences in concern levels according to perspectives regarding surgery and basic characteristics among parents, such as sex, age, residential area, and the most influential factors in the decision-making for surgery. Results: A total of 266 parents were included (228 mothers; age, 40.0±4.7 years). Parents who chose surgery for subjective symptoms had higher levels of concern about hemorrhage, conjunctival redness, and persistent overcorrection than did those who chose surgery for cosmetic reasons (all p < 0.05). Fathers were more concerned about postoperative pain, compared to mothers (p = 0.039). Parents in their 40s and 50s had higher levels of concern about the hospital environment compared with those in their 20s and 30s (p = 0.003). Concern did not significantly differ by residential area. Conclusions The level of concern regarding surgery differed according to the perspectives and characteristics of the parents of pediatric patients with intermittent exotropia. Parents who chose surgery for subjective symptoms of exotropia had a higher level of concern than did those who chose surgery for cosmetic reasons. The concern level differed according to the parents’ sex and age but not their residential area.

Objective: The primary purpose of this literature review is to explore and integrate findings from various psychological autopsy (PA) studies to identify critical risk factors associated with adolescent suicide and evaluate the methodologies employed in these investigations. Methods: A systematic review of 15 studies reporting psychological autopsies of adolescent suicides was conducted. Data sources included databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and RISS. Studies were selected based on empirical research focused on adolescent suicides, conducted since 1970, and written in English. Two reviewers independently screened and selected studies, with a third reviewer resolving any disagreements. The studies were analyzed for sample characteristics, included variables, and specific features of the PA methodology. Results: The review identified consistent findings across studies, highlighting the significant role of mental illnesses and sociodemographic factors in adolescent suicides. Methodological variations were noted in interview timing, source selection, and the use of semi-structured interviews. The review also emphasized the importance of comprehensive data collection, including social network and mobile activity data, to better understand suicide risk factors. Key challenges identified include retrospective data bias and cultural differences affecting the generalizability of findings. Conclusion The review underscores the need for standardized PA procedures, particularly tailored to adolescents, to improve the reliability and validity of findings. The consistent association of psychiatric disorders with suicide risk emphasizes the urgent need for effective mental health interventions. Future research should focus on developing ethical, culturally sensitive, and methodologically rigorous approaches to enhance the understanding and prevention of adolescent suicide.