Objective: Burr hole trephination is a common treatment for chronic subdural hematoma, intracranial hematoma, and intraventricular hematoma due to its effective drainage of hematoma, minimal invasiveness and short operation time. However, cosmetic complications such as scalp depression can occur. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of an allogenic acellular dermal matrix (ADM) to prevent scalp depression at the burr hole site. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed with 75 cases in 66 patients who were treated with burr hole trephination from January 2018 to December 2019. These cases divided into 2 groups; based on the method used to cover the burr hole site: Gelfoam packing only (GPO) and ADM. The degree of the scalp depression was measured from the more recent follow-up brain computed tomography scan. Results: There was a significant difference in the degree of scalp depression between GPO and ADM groups (p=0.003). No significant correlation between patient's age and the degree of scalp depression (GPO: p=0.419, ADM: p=0.790). There were no wound infection complication in either group. Conclusion ADM is a suitable material to prevent scalp depression after burr hole trephination.

A 69-year-old male presented with a week of worsening headache, mild dizziness and left side weakness,and the radiological work-up of his brain displayed an enhancing mass on the right frontal lobe.The tumor was totally resected. The patient was initially diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme. Hisneurologic symptoms recovered after surgery. He underwent adjuvant radiotherapy with concurrent temozolomide.Approximately 7 months after surgery, the patient complained of epigastric pains. AbdominalCT scan showed multiple hepatic metastasis and multiple lymphadenopathy. Chest CT andTorso positron emission tomography-CT scans for additional metastasis study revealed multiple metastaticlesions in the right lung, left pleura, liver, lymph nodes, bones, and muscles. Percutaneous liverbiopsy was performed, and associated pathology was consistent with sarcomatous component. Afterliver biopsy, brain tumor pathology was reviewed, which revealed typical gliomatous and sarcomatouscomponents. The patient was therefore diagnosed with metastatic gliosarcoma. The patient was in aseptic condition with aggravated pleural effusion. The patient died 9 months after the diagnosis of primarygliosarcoma.

Supratentorial extraventricular anaplastic ependymoma (SEAE) in adults is a relatively rare intracranial tumor. Because of the very low prevalence, only a few cases have been reported. According to a recent study, SEAE is associated with a poor prognosis and there is no definite consensus on optimal treatment. We report a case of an adult SEAE patient who had no recurrence until seven years after a gross total resection (GTR) followed by conventional radiotherapy. A 42-year-old male had a persistent mild headache, left facial palsy, dysarthria, and left hemiparesis. Preoperative neuroimaging revealed an anaplastic astrocytoma or supratentorial ependymoma in the right frontal lobe. A GTR was performed, followed by adjuvant radiotherapy. Histologic and immunohistochemical results revealed anaplastic ependymoma. After seven years of initial therapy, a regular follow-up MRI showed a 3-cm-sized partially cystic mass in the same area as the initial tumor. The patient underwent a craniotomy, and a GTR was performed. Histopathologic examination revealed recurrence of the SEAE. External radiotherapy was performed. The patient has been stable without any disease progression or complications for 12 months since the surgery for recurrent SEAE.
Adult ; Astrocytoma ; Consensus ; Craniotomy ; Disease Progression ; Dysarthria ; Ependymoma ; Facial Paralysis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Frontal Lobe ; Headache ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Neuroimaging ; Paresis ; Prevalence ; Prognosis ; Radiotherapy ; Radiotherapy, Adjuvant ; Recurrence ; Supratentorial Neoplasms

PURPOSE: Although quantification of amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) is important for evaluating patients with cognitive impairment, its routine clinical use is hampered by complicated preprocessing steps and required MRI. Here, we suggested a one-step quantification based on deep learning using native-space amyloid PET images of different radiotracers acquired from multiple centers.METHODS: Amyloid PET data of the Alzheimer Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) were used for this study. A training/validation consists of 850 florbetapir PET images. Three hundred sixty-six florbetapir and 89 florbetaben PET images were used as test sets to evaluate the model. Native-space amyloid PET images were used as inputs, and the outputs were standardized uptake value ratios (SUVRs) calculated by the conventional MR-based method.RESULTS: The mean absolute errors (MAEs) of the composite SUVR were 0.040, 0.060, and 0.050 of training/validation and test sets for florbetapir PETand a test set for florbetaben PET, respectively. The agreement of amyloid positivity measured by Cohen's kappa for test sets of florbetapir and florbetaben PET were 0.87 and 0.89, respectively.CONCLUSION: We suggest a one-step quantification method for amyloid PET via a deep learning model. The model is highly reliable to quantify the amyloid PET regardless of multicenter images and various radiotracers.
Alzheimer Disease ; Amyloid ; Cognition Disorders ; Humans ; Learning ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Methods ; Neuroimaging ; Positron-Emission Tomography

PURPOSE: Although quantification of amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) is important for evaluating patients with cognitive impairment, its routine clinical use is hampered by complicated preprocessing steps and required MRI. Here, we suggested a one-step quantification based on deep learning using native-space amyloid PET images of different radiotracers acquired from multiple centers. METHODS: Amyloid PET data of the Alzheimer Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) were used for this study. A training/validation consists of 850 florbetapir PET images. Three hundred sixty-six florbetapir and 89 florbetaben PET images were used as test sets to evaluate the model. Native-space amyloid PET images were used as inputs, and the outputs were standardized uptake value ratios (SUVRs) calculated by the conventional MR-based method. RESULTS: The mean absolute errors (MAEs) of the composite SUVR were 0.040, 0.060, and 0.050 of training/validation and test sets for florbetapir PETand a test set for florbetaben PET, respectively. The agreement of amyloid positivity measured by Cohen's kappa for test sets of florbetapir and florbetaben PET were 0.87 and 0.89, respectively. CONCLUSION We suggest a one-step quantification method for amyloid PET via a deep learning model. The model is highly reliable to quantify the amyloid PET regardless of multicenter images and various radiotracers.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with traumatic acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) often require surgical treatment. Among patients who primarily underwent craniotomy for the removal of hematoma, some consequently developed aggressive intracranial hypertension and brain edema, and required secondary decompressive craniectomy (DC). To avoid reoperation, we investigated factors which predict the requirement of DC by comparing groups of ASDH patients who did and did not require DC after craniotomy. METHODS: The 129 patients with ASDH who underwent craniotomy from September 2007 to September 2017 were reviewed. Among these patients, 19 patients who needed additional DC (group A) and 105 patients who underwent primary craniotomy only without reoperation (group B) were evaluated. A total of 17 preoperative and intraoperative factors were analyzed and compared statistically. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to compare these factors. RESULTS: Five factors showed significant differences between the two groups. They were the length of midline shifting to maximal subdural hematoma thickness ratio (magnetization transfer [MT] ratio) greater than 1 (p < 0.001), coexistence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) (p < 0.001), traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (TICH) (p=0.001), intraoperative findings showing intracranial hypertension combined with brain edema (p < 0.001), and bleeding tendency (p=0.02). An average value of 2.74±1.52 was obtained for these factors for group A, which was significantly different from that for group B (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: An MT ratio >1, IVH, and TICH on preoperative brain computed tomography images, intraoperative signs of intracranial hypertension, brain edema, and bleeding tendency were identified as factors indicating that DC would be required. The necessity for preemptive DC must be carefully considered in patients with such risk factors.
Brain ; Brain Edema ; Cerebral Hemorrhage, Traumatic ; Craniotomy* ; Decompressive Craniectomy* ; Hematoma ; Hematoma, Subdural ; Hematoma, Subdural, Acute* ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Intracranial Hypertension ; Multivariate Analysis ; Reoperation ; Risk Factors

Dural arteriovenous fistula (D-AVF) at the foramen magnum is an extremely rare disease entity. It produces venous hypertension, and can lead to progressive cervical myelopathy thereafter. On the other hand, the venous hypertension may lead to formation of a venous varix, and it can rarely result in an abrupt onset of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) when the venous varix is ruptured. The diagnosis of D-AVF at the foramen magnum as a cause of SAH may be difficult due to its low incidence. Furthermore, when the D-AVF is fed solely by the ascending pharyngeal artery (APA), it may be missed if the external carotid angiography is not performed. The outcome could be fatal if the fistula is unrecognized. Herein, we report on a rare case of SAH caused by ruptured venous varix due to D-AVF at the foramen magnum fed solely by the APA. A review of relevant literatures is provided, and the treatment modalities and outcomes are also discussed.
Angiography ; Arteries* ; Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations* ; Diagnosis ; Fistula ; Foramen Magnum* ; Hand ; Hypertension ; Incidence ; Rare Diseases ; Spinal Cord Diseases ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage* ; Varicose Veins*

Community-acquired pneumonia is common and important infectious disease in adults. This work represents an update to 2009 treatment guideline for community-acquired pneumonia in Korea. The present clinical practice guideline provides revised recommendations on the appropriate diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of community-acquired pneumonia in adults aged 19 years or older, taking into account the current situation regarding community-acquired pneumonia in Korea. This guideline may help reduce the difference in the level of treatment between medical institutions and medical staff, and enable efficient treatment. It may also reduce antibiotic resistance by preventing antibiotic misuse against acute lower respiratory tract infection in Korea.
Adult* ; Communicable Diseases ; Community-Acquired Infections ; Diagnosis ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Humans ; Korea ; Medical Staff ; Pneumonia* ; Respiratory Tract Infections

Community-acquired pneumonia is common and important infectious disease in adults. This work represents an update to 2009 treatment guideline for community-acquired pneumonia in Korea. The present clinical practice guideline provides revised recommendations on the appropriate diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of community-acquired pneumonia in adults aged 19 years or older, taking into account the current situation regarding community-acquired pneumonia in Korea. This guideline may help reduce the difference in the level of treatment between medical institutions and medical staff, and enable efficient treatment. It may also reduce antibiotic resistance by preventing antibiotic misuse against acute lower respiratory tract infection in Korea.
Adult* ; Communicable Diseases ; Community-Acquired Infections ; Diagnosis ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Humans ; Korea ; Medical Staff ; Pneumonia* ; Respiratory Tract Infections

Although the Codman-Hakim programmable valve is one of most popular shunt systems used in the clinical practice for the treatment of hydrocephalus, malfunctions related with this system have been also reported which lead to underdrainage or overdrainage of the cerebrospinal fluid. While obstruction of the ventricular catheter by tissue materials or hematoma and catheter disconnection are relatively common, the malfunction of the valve itself is rare. Herein, we report on a rare case of shunt overdrainage caused by displacement of the pressure control cam after pressure adjustment. A 57-year-old female, who underwent a ventriculoperitoneal shunt eight years ago, experienced aggravating symptoms of shunt overdrainage after pressure adjustment. Displacement of the pressure control cam was revealed on the X-ray, and a shunt revision was performed. The purpose of this report is to provide a working knowledge of the valve structure and to enhance the ability to interpret the valve setting on an X-ray for diagnosis of valve malfunction.
Catheters ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts ; Diagnosis ; Equipment Failure ; Female ; Hematoma ; Humans ; Hydrocephalus ; Middle Aged ; Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt