OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of two types of temperature rinses on body temperature, inflammatory cytokine levels, and bleeding volume in percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy. METHODS: Eighty patients underwent percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy from January 2018 to December 2020 were selected and divided into experimental group (40 cases) and control group(40 cases). In experimental group, there were 19 males and 21 females, aged (38.8±9.8) years old;7patients on L_4,5 and 33 patients on L₅S₁;Body msss index(BMI) was (27.8±7.2) kg·m^-2. In contral group, there were 18 males and 22 females, aged (41.5±10.9) years old, 5 patients on L_4,5 and 35 patients on L₅S₁;BMI was (26.4±6.2) kg·m^-2. The patients in the control group were received normal saline rinse at room temperature, and the patients in the experimental group were received normal saline rinse heated to 37 ℃. Body temperature, chills, nausea, vomiting, and other adverse reactions were recorded. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in two groups were recorded before and 2 hours after operation. Visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to evaluate the degree of lumbar pain in two groups before and 2 hours after surgery. Fibrinolytic-coagulation indexes with preoperative and 2 hours after surgery, including the D-dimer (DD), fibrinogen degradation products (FDP), activated partial thrombin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT) were recorder. Operation time and blood loss in two groups were recorded. RESULTS: The body temperature of both groups showed a downward trend, while the body temperature of the control group was lower than that of the experimental group. The levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 in two groups were increased 2 hours after surgery compared with those before surgery(P<0.05), while the levels in experimental group were lower than those in control group(P<0.05). Postoperative VAS in experimental group 2.19±1.13 was significantly lower than that in the control group 3.38±1.35(P<0.05). The levels of DD and FDP at 2 hours after surgery in both groups were higher than those before surgery (P<0.05), while the levels of DD and FDP in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in APTT and PT levels between two groups after operation (P>0.05). The blood loss in the experimental group of (45.2±14.1) ml was lower than that in the control group of (59.52±15.6) ml. The operation time of experimental group (46.7±13.8) min was less than that of control group (58.3±15.2) min(P<0.05). CONCLUSION Body temperature rinse can reduce the incidence of adverse reactions, alleviate local inflammatory reactions, reduce intraoperative blood loss and shorten the operation time.
Female ; Male ; Humans ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Diskectomy, Percutaneous ; Interleukin-10 ; Body Temperature ; Interleukin-6 ; Saline Solution ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement/surgery* ; Lumbar Vertebrae/surgery* ; Diskectomy

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of acupotomy on the fat infiltration degree of lumbar multifidus muscle (LMM) in patients with lumbar disc herniation after percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy (PTED). METHODS: A total of 104 patients with lumbar disc herniation treated with PTED were randomly divided into an observation group (52 cases, 3 cases dropped off) and a control group (52 cases, 4 cases dropped off). Patients of both groups received rehabilitation training of two weeks 48 h after PTED treatment. The observation group was treated with acupotomy (L₃-L₅ Jiaji [EX-B 2]) once within 24 h after PTED. In the two groups, the fat infiltration cross sectional area (CSA) of LMM was compared before and 6 months after PTED, the visual analogue scale (VAS) score and Oswestry disability index (ODI) score were observed before and 1, 6 months after PTED. The correlation between fat infiltration CSA of LMM in each segment and VAS score was analyzed. RESULTS: Six months after PTED, the fat infiltration CSA of LMM in L₄/L₅ and the total L₃-S₁ segments of the observation group was lower than that before PTED (P<0.05), and the fat infiltration CSA of LMM in L₄/L₅ of the observation group was lower than the control group (P<0.01). One month after PTED, the ODI and VAS scores of the two groups were lower than those before PTED (P<0.01), and those in the observation group were lower than the control group (P<0.05). Six months after PTED, the ODI and VAS scores of the two groups were lower than those before PTED and 1 month after PTED (P<0.01), and those in the observation group were lower than the control group (P<0.01). There was a positive correlation between the fat infiltration CSA of LMM in the total L₃-S₁ segments and VAS scores in the two groups before PTED (r = 0.64, P<0.01). Six months after PTED, there was no correlation between the fat infiltration CSA of LMM in each segment and VAS scores in the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSION Acupotomy can improve the fat infiltration degree of LMM, pain symptoms and activities of daily living in patients with lumbar disc herniation after PTED.
Humans ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement ; Activities of Daily Living ; Paraspinal Muscles ; Treatment Outcome ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; Retrospective Studies ; Endoscopy ; Diskectomy ; Acupuncture Therapy

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical efficacy of full endoscopic lamina fenestration discectomy (Endo-LOVE) with full endoscopic transforaminal approach discectomy in the treatment of degenerative lumbar lateral recess stenosis. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 48 patients with degenerative lumbar lateral recess stenosis between March 2018 and March 2019 was performed. There were 32 males and 16 females, aged from 60 to 83 years old with an average of (72.9±6.5) years, course of disease ranged from 5 to 16 years with an average of (8.0±2.8) years. The patients were divided into observation group and control group according to surgical approaches. There were 28 cases in observation group, underwent Endo-LOVE surgery;and 20 cases in control group, underwent full endoscopic foraminal approach discectomy. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, hospitalization day and complications were observed between two groups. Visual analgue scale (VAS), Japanese Orthopaedic Association(JOA), Oswestry Disability Index(ODI), lateral crypt angle were compared between two groups. And clinical effects were evaluated by modified Macnab standard. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in follow-up and operation time between two groups (P>0.05). Intraoperative blood loss was from 5 to 15 ml with an average of (8.4±3.6) ml in observation group and 5 to 25 ml with an average of (11.5±5.4) ml in control group. The hospitalization day was from 5 to 8 days with an average of (6.0±1.0) days in observation group and 6 to 9 days with an average (7.2±1.1) days in control group. Intraoperative blood loss and hospitalization day were significantly lower in observation group(P<0.05). There were no serious complications in both groups. The VAS, JOA scores, and ODI at 3-month and final follow-up were significantly improved in both groups (P<0.05), and observation group was significantly better than control group (P<0.05). The skeletal lateral crypt angle and soft lateral crypt angle were significantly greater than the preoperative angle at 3 days postoperatively(P<0.05), and observation group was significantly better than control group(P<0.05). At the final follow-up, the modified Macnab criteria was used to assess clinical efficacy, in observation group, 22 patients obtained excellent results, 5 good and 1 fair;while 11 excellent, 4 good and 5 fair in control group;the clinical efficacy of observation group was significantly better than that of control group(P<0.05). CONCLUSION Both surgical methods are performed under direct vision, with high safety and good clinical efficacy. However, Endo-LOVE enlarged the lateral crypt more fully.
Male ; Female ; Humans ; Child, Preschool ; Child ; Adolescent ; Retrospective Studies ; Blood Loss, Surgical ; Constriction, Pathologic/surgery* ; Lumbar Vertebrae/surgery* ; Endoscopy/methods* ; Diskectomy/methods* ; Treatment Outcome ; Spinal Stenosis/surgery* ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement/surgery* ; Diskectomy, Percutaneous/methods*

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical efficacy between visual trephine arthroplasty assisted percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy (VPTED) and traditional percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy(PTED) in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation. METHODS: The clinical data of 60 patients with lumbar disc herniation admitted from June 2019 to December, 2020 was retrospectively analyzed. There were 38 males and 22 females, aged from 26 to 58 years old with an average of (43.63±8.48) years, 47 cases were on L_4,5 segment and 13 cases were on L₅S₁ segment. Among them, 32 were treated with VPTED (group A) and 28 were treated with traditional PTED (group B). The general conditions of all the patients were recorded, including intraoperative fluoroscopy times, operation time, hospital stay and surgical complications during follow-up. The arthroplasty area ratio was observed by sagittal CT at the middle level of the intervertebral foramen. Visual analogue scale (VAS) and Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score of low back pain, Oswestry disability index (ODI) were used to evaluate the clinical efficacy between two groups. RESULTS: All patients were followed up from 9 to 15 months with an average of (12.10±1.16) months. There was no statistical difference of preoperative general data between two groups. The operation time, fluoroscopy times and hospital stay were (70.47±5.87) min, (13.66±1.34) times and (6.31±0.69) d in group A, and (90.71±7.66) min, (22.82±2.48) times and (6.54±0.92) d in group B. The operation time and intraoperative fluoroscopy times in group A were lower than those in group B(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in hospital stay between two groups (P>0.05). No obvious surgical complications were found during the follow-up in both groups. The arthroplasty area ratio in group A was (29.72±2.84)% and (29.57±2.20)% in group B, respectively, with no significant difference (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in VAS, ODI and JOA score between two groups before operation and at the final follow-up(P>0.05), but the final follow-up was significantly improved(P<0.05). CONCLUSION The two surgical methods have definite clinical efficacy in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation. Visual trephine arthroplasty assisted percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy has the advantages of high efficiency and rapidity when establishing the channel, and can significantly reduce the operation time and intraoperative fluoroscopy times.
Male ; Female ; Humans ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement/surgery* ; Retrospective Studies ; Lumbar Vertebrae/surgery* ; Endoscopy/methods* ; Diskectomy, Percutaneous/methods* ; Diskectomy/methods* ; Treatment Outcome ; Arthroplasty

OBJECTIVE: To observe clinical efficacy of percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal discectomy (PETD) and target radioffrequency thermal coblation nucleoplasty(CN) on inclusive lumbar disc herniation(LDH) in different age groups, and provide a basis for clinical formulation of precise and individualized treatments. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 219 patients with lumbar disc herniation treated with PETD and CN between January 2018 and June 2021 was performed, in which 107 patients were treated with PETD and 112 with CN. Patients were stratified by age into young group(≤45 years old), middle-aged group(>45 years old and <60 years old) and older group(≥60 years old). Before treatment, 3 days, 1 month and 6 months after treatment, visual analogue scale (VAS), Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, infrared thermal imaging temperature difference (△T) and lumbar range of motion (ROM) were evaluated and clinical efficacy were compared in the different age groups between two treatment methods. RESULTS: ①VAS and JOA score outcomes, in the same age group and the same treatment method, the VAS and JOA scores at different time points postoperatively were obviously improved (P<0.05). For the same age group and the different treatment methods, the older group had lower VAS and higher JOA scores after PETD than after CN (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between the young group and middle-aged group (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in VAS and JOA scores at the same time between age groups by PETD treatment (P>0.05). The VAS was higher and the JOA score was lower in older group than in young group and middle-aged group at 1, 6 months after CN treatment(P<0.05). ②△T and ROM outcomes, in the same age group and same treatment method, postoperative △T and ROM at different time points were obviously improved(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in △T between two methods of PETD and CN at the same age(P>0.05), there was no significant difference in ROM between young group and middle-aged group(P>0.05), ROM was higher after PETD treatment than after CN treatment(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in △T and ROM at the same time between age groups by PETD treatment(P>0.05). There was no significant difference in △T between age groups by CN treatment, but the ROM was smaller in older group than in young group and middle-aged group after CN treatment(P<0.05). CONCLUSION Both PETD and CN for inclusive LDH have good efficacy, the curative benefit for older patients receiving PETD within 6 months after surgery more than CN, and CN is more appropriate for young and middle-aged patients.
Middle Aged ; Humans ; Aged ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement/surgery* ; Retrospective Studies ; Lumbar Vertebrae/surgery* ; Diskectomy, Percutaneous/methods* ; Treatment Outcome ; Endoscopy/methods* ; Diskectomy/methods*

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of spinal endoscopy in the treatment of severe free lumbar disc herniation and explore the feasibility and application of microscopic drills to expand ventral space. METHODS: Thirty patients with severe free lumbar intervertebral disc herniation treated by spinal endoscopic technique from April 2019 to March 2021 were collected, including 19 males and 11 females;aged from 19 to 76 years with an average of (44.03±16.92) years old. All patients had a single segmental lesion with prolapse of the nucleus pulposus. Among them, there were 3 cases on L_2,3, 3 cases on L_3,4, 15 cases on L_4,5, and 9 cases on L₅S₁. During operation, posterior bone of vertebral body and pedicle notch were removed by a drill under the endoscope to enlarge the ventral space. And the free nucleus pulposus was exposed and completely removed. The intraoperative blood loss, operation time, hospital stay and postoperative neurological complications were recorded, and Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and visual analogue scale (VAS) were compared before operation, 2 days, 3 months and 1 year after operation, and Macnab standard was used to evaluate clinical efficacy. RESULTS: All operations were successful and the free nucleus pulposus was completely removed. Pain in the lower back and legs was significantly relieved on the day after operation. Two patients experienced transient pain and numbness in lower limbs after operation, and no serious nerve injury complications occurred. ODI and VAS at each time point after surgery were significantly lower than those before surgery (P<0.01), and JOA score was significantly higher than before surgery (P<0.01). The excellent and good rates of Macnab were 66.67% (20/30), 83.33% (25/30) and 90.00% (27/30) on 2 days, 3 months and 1 year after operation, respectively. CONCLUSION For severe free lumbar intervertebral disc herniation, using of a drill under endoscope to expand the ventral space can smoothly remove the free nucleus pulposus and avoid nerve damage.
Male ; Female ; Humans ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement/surgery* ; Feasibility Studies ; Diskectomy, Percutaneous/methods* ; Lumbar Vertebrae/surgery* ; Retrospective Studies ; Endoscopy/methods* ; Treatment Outcome ; Pain/surgery*

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical efficacy of posterior percutaneous endoscopic discectomy(PPECD) in the treatment of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy. METHODS: A total of 56 patiens with single segment cervical spondylotic radiculopathy from December 2017 to October 2020, were randomly divided into observation group and control group. In observation group, there were 16 males and 11 females, including 8 cases of C_4,5, 13 cases of C_5,6 and 6 cases of C_6,7 performed posterior percutaneous endoscopic discectomy, aged from 34 to 61 years old with an average of (51.15±6.29) years old. In control group, there were 19 males and 10 females with single segment cervical spondylotic radiculopathy including 10 cases of C_4,5, 14 cases of C_5,6 and 5 cases of C_6,7 performed anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, aged from 40 to 65 years old with an average of (53.24±5.31) years old. The operative time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative time of lying in bed and length of postoperative hospital stay were recorded. Visual analogue scale(VAS) and neck disability index(NDI) were used to evaluate the clinical efficacy. Cervical plain films or MRIs, CTs were taken for re-visiting patients. RESULTS: All patients were followed up more than 2 years. The observation group patients were followed up, the duration ranged from 24 to 42 months with an average of (30.48±4.91) months. The control group patients were followed up, the duration ranged from 25 to 47 months, with an average of (32.76±4.53) months. Compared with control group, operative time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative time of lying in bed and length of postoperative hospital stay were decreased(P<0.05). Compared with pre-operation, VAS of neck and upper limb and NDI at the latest follow-up between two groups were significantly improved(P<0.05). Compared with control group, VAS of neck and upper limb at 1 day after operation in observation group were significantly reduced(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in VAS of neck and upper limb and NID at 1, 3 months and the latest follow-up after operation between two groups(P>0.05). In the observation group, one patient's deltoid muscle strength was weakened to grade 4 after operation, and returned to normal after 12 weeks of conservative treatment. In control group, there was 1 case of postoperative adjacent spondylosis with symptoms of spinal compression after 2 years operation, then underwent cervical artificial intervertebral disc replacement. And there was 1 case of dysphagia after operation in control group and improved after 1 year. There was no significant difference in incidence of complications between two groups. CONCLUSION PPECD has advantages of shortening operative time, decreasing intraoperative blood loss, reducing postoperative time of lying in bed and length of postoperative hospital stay. However, applicable age range of patients and long-term clinical efficacy needs further study.
Male ; Female ; Humans ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Radiculopathy/surgery* ; Cervical Vertebrae/surgery* ; Treatment Outcome ; Diskectomy ; Spondylosis/surgery* ; Blood Loss, Surgical ; Postoperative Hemorrhage ; Retrospective Studies ; Spinal Fusion

OBJECTIVE: To explore the influential factors associated with functional status of those patients who undertook a full-endoscopic lumbar discectomy operation. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted. A total of 96 patients who undertook a full-endoscopic lumbar discectomy operation and met inclusive criteria were enrolled in the study. The postoperative follow-up was held 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after operation. The self-developed record file was used to collect the patient's information and medical history. Visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Oswestry disability index (ODI) score, Gene-ralised anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale score and patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scale score were applied to measure pain intensity, functional status, anxiety status and depression status. Repeated measurement analysis of variance was used to explore the ODI score 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after operation. Multiple linear regression was recruited to illuminate the influential factors associated with functional status after the operation. Logistic regression was employed to explore the independent risk factors related to return to work 6 months after operation. RESULTS: The postoperative functional status of the patients improved gradually. The functional status of the patients 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after operation were highly positively correlated with the current average pain intensity. The factors influencing the postoperative functional status of the patients were different according to the recovery stage. One month and 3 months after operation, the factors influencing the postoperative functional status were the current average pain intensity; 6 months after operation, the factors influencing the postoperative functional status included the current average pain intensity, preoperative average pain intensity, gender and educational level. The risk factors influencing return to work 6 months after operation included women, young age, preoperative depression status and high average pain intensity 3 months after operation. CONCLUSION It is feasible to treat chronic low back pain with full-endoscopic lumbar discectomy operation. In the process of postoperative functional status recovery, medical staffs should not only take analgesic mea-sures to reduce the pain intensity experienced by the patients, but also pay attention to the impact of psychosocial factors on the recovery. Women, young age, preoperative depression status, and high average pain intensity 3 months after operation may delay return to work after the operation.
Humans ; Female ; Infant ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement/etiology* ; Prospective Studies ; Functional Status ; Treatment Outcome ; Diskectomy/adverse effects* ; Endoscopy ; Pain ; Lumbar Vertebrae/surgery* ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical significance and related factors of drainage tube after percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy(PELD). METHODS: The clinical data of 151 patients with lumbar disc herniation who underwent PELD from January 2019 to September 2019 was retrospectively analyzed. According to whether the drainage tube was used after operation, the patients were divided into drainage tube group and non drainage tube group. The placement time and total drainage volume were recorded. The characteristics of patients, such as age, gender, body mass index, lumbar disc herniation segment, smoking history, basic diseases and whether taking anticoagulants, were analyzed by single factor and multiple factor. RESULTS: Drainage tubes were used in 32 patients after PELD. There were statistical differences in visual analogue scale(VAS) and Japanese Orthopaedic Assiciation(JOA) scores between postoperative and preoperative of that in two groups(P<0.05). There were statistical differences in VAS and JOA scores at discharge between two groups(P<0.05), while there were no statistical differences at other time points(P>0.05). Univariate analysis showed that age, basic diseases and whether taking anticoagulants were related to the use of drainage tube, but gender, body mass index, lumbar disc herniation segment and smoking history were not significantly related to the use of drainage tube. Multivariate analysis showed that elderly patients, complicated with hypertension and diabetes, taking anticoagulants were related to the use of drainage tube. CONCLUSION The use of drainage tube after percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy can improve the symptoms of lumbar and leg pain in early stage. For elderly patients with hypertension, diabetes and taking anticoagulants drugs, drainage tube can be considered after transforaminal endoscopy.
Aged ; Diskectomy/adverse effects* ; Diskectomy, Percutaneous/adverse effects* ; Drainage ; Endoscopy ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement/surgery* ; Lumbar Vertebrae/surgery* ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome

Decompression, Surgical ; Diskectomy, Percutaneous ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement/surgery* ; Laser Therapy ; Lumbar Vertebrae/surgery* ; Robotic Surgical Procedures ; Treatment Outcome