PURPOSE: In epidemiologic and animal studies, a high fat diet (HFD) has been shown to be associated with lower bone mineral density (BMD) and a higher risk of osteoporotic fractures. Meanwhile, consuming a HFD containing diacylglycerol (DAG) instead of triacylglycerol (TAG) is known to offer metabolically beneficial effects of reductions in body weight and abdominal fat. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a HFD containing DAG (HFD-DAG) on bone in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four-week-old male C57BL/6J mice (n=39) were divided into three weight-matched groups based on diet type: a chow diet group, a HFD containing TAG (HFD-TAG) group, and a HFD-DAG group. After 20 weeks, body composition and bone microstructure were analyzed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and micro-computed tomography. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR of bone marrow cells were performed to investigate the expressions of transcription factors for osteogenesis or adipogenesis. RESULTS: The HFD-DAG group exhibited lower body weight, higher BMD, and superior microstructural bone parameters, compared to the HFD-TAG group. The HFD-DAG group showed increased expression of Runx2 and decreased expression of PPARgamma in bone marrow cells, compared to the HFD-TAG group. The HFD-DAG group also had lower levels of plasma glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, and triglyceride than the HFD-TAG group. CONCLUSION: Compared to HFD-TAG, HFD-DAG showed beneficial effects on bone and bone metabolism in C57BL/6J mice.
Absorptiometry, Photon ; Adipogenesis ; Animals ; Body Composition ; Body Weight ; Bone Density/*drug effects ; Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism ; Diet, High-Fat/*adverse effects ; Dietary Fats/*pharmacology ; Diglycerides/administration & dosage/*adverse effects ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Osteogenesis/*drug effects ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Triglycerides ; X-Ray Microtomography

The study objectives were to investigate the relationship between early exposure to genistein and obesity in young adulthood and to evaluate changes in reproductive health during puberty and adulthood following in utero exposure to genistein. Thirty-two female rats were randomized into four groups; low dose 400 mg genistein/kg diet group (LG), mid-dose 1200 mg genistein/kg diet group (MG), high dose 3600 mg genistein/kg diet group (HG), and control group without genistein diet (CON). Rats were fed genistein at the beginning of pregnancy along with a high-fat diet. Pups were sacrificed at week 4 and week 8 after birth. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results showed a correlation between maternal genistein intake and genistein concentration in pups' plasma. Compared to CON, body weight reduced significantly in male HG group at week 8. No statistical differences were found in plasma estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), interleukin (IL)-6, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels with early genistein exposure. Furthermore, uterine histopathology showed notable changes in groups HG and MG compared with CON at week 4 and week 8. In conclusion, maternal genistein supplement could reduce body weight in male pups and alter uterine histopathology in female pups.
Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Body Weight ; drug effects ; Dietary Fats ; administration & dosage ; Female ; Genistein ; administration & dosage ; blood ; pharmacology ; Male ; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Uterus ; growth & development

OBJECTIVETo investigate activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) stimulated by medium-chain triglyceride (MCT).

METHODS30 Male C57BL/6J obese mice induced by fed high fat diet (HFD) were divided into 2 groups, and fed another HFD with 2% MCT or long-chain triglyceride (LCT) respectively for 12 weeks. Body weight, blood biochemical variables, interscapular brown fat tissue (IBAT) mass, expressions of mRNA and protein of beta 3-adrenergic receptors (β3-AR), uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1), hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), protein kinase A (PKA), and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) in IBAT were measured.

RESULTSSignificant decrease in body weight and body fat mass was observed in MCT group as compared with LCT group (P<0.05) after 12 weeks. Greater increases in IBAT mass was observed in MCT group than in LCT group (P<0.05). Blood TG, TC, LDL-C in MCT group were decreased significantly, meanwhile blood HDL-C, ratio of HDL-C/LDL-C and norepinephrine were increased markedly. Expressions of mRNA and protein of β3-AR, UCP1, PKA, HSL, ATGL in BAT were greater in MCT group than in LCT group (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONOur results suggest that MCT stimulated the activation of BAT, possible via norepinephrine pathway, which might partially contribute to reduction of the body fat mass in obese mice fed high fat diet.

Adipose Tissue, Brown ; drug effects ; Adiposity ; drug effects ; Animals ; Dietary Fats ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Ion Channels ; genetics ; metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mitochondrial Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; Triglycerides ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Uncoupling Protein 1 ; Weight Loss

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of different dietary fat and oils (differing in their degree of saturation and unsaturation) on lipid peroxidation in liver and blood of rats.

METHODSThe study was conducted on 50 albino rats that were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10 animals. The groups were fed on dietary butter (Group I), margarine (Group II), olive oil (Group III), sunflower oil (Group IV) and corn oil (Group V) for 7 weeks. After 12 h of diet removal, livers were excised and blood was collected to measure malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the supernatant of liver homogenate and in blood. Blood superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx), serum vitamin E and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels were also measured to determine the effects of fats and oils on lipid peroxidation.

RESULTSThe results indicated that no significant differences were observed in SOD activity, vitamin E and TAC levels between the five groups. However, there was significant decrease of GPx activity in groups IV and V when compared with other groups. The results indicated that feeding corn oil caused significant increases in liver and blood MDA levels as compared with other oils and fats. There were positive correlations between SOD and GPx, vitamin E and TAC as well as between GPx and TAC (r: 0.743; P<0.001) and between blood MDA and liver MDA (r: 0.897; P<0.001). The results showed also negative correlations between blood MDA on one hand and SOD, GPx, vitamin E and TAC on the other hand.

CONCLUSIONSThe results demonstrated that feeding oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increases lipid peroxidation significantly and may raise the susceptibility of tissues to free radical oxidative damage.

Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Diet ; Dietary Fats ; pharmacology ; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated ; pharmacology ; Female ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; blood ; Lipid Peroxidation ; drug effects ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; blood ; Plant Oils ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Superoxide Dismutase ; blood

Animals ; Body Weight ; drug effects ; Dietary Fats ; adverse effects ; Female ; Insulin Resistance ; Isoflavones ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Ovariectomy ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Soybeans ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of Huanglian Jiedu IJecoction (HJU) on systemic and vascular immune responses of high fat diet fed apoE deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice.

METHODSEight wild type C57BL6 mice were recruited as the wild type common food group. Totally 24 apoE(-/-) mice were randomly divided into the ApoE'common food group, the ApoE(-/-) hyperlipidemia group, and the ApoE(-/-) hyperlipidemia plus HJD group, 8 in each group. In the present study, the common food mice and high fat fed mice were fed with a chow diet or a high cholesterol diet for 4 weeks. HJD was given to mice in the ApoE(-/-) hyperlipidemia plus HJD group at the daily dose of 5 g/kg by gastrogavage, while equal volume of pure water was given to mice in the rest groups by gastrogavage. Four weeks later, the plasma levels of blood lipids, the ratio of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and expressions of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and CD36 on the monocytes were detected. The pathological changes and expressions of cytokines in local aorta were detected. The plasma cytokine levels in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were analyzed. Results (1) Compared with the wild type common food group, TO, TG, and LDL-O significantly increased in the ApoE(-/-) common food group (P < 0. 05, P < 0.01). Compared with the ApoE(-/-) common food group, TC and LDL-C significantly increased in the hyperlipidemia group (P < 0. 05). There was no statistical difference in each index between the ApoE(-/-) hyperlipidemia group and the ApoE(-/-) hyperlipidemia plus HJD group (P > 0.05). (2) Compared with the wild type common food group, no obvious change of the ratio of peripheral blood mononuclear cells happened, the TLR4 expression level significantly increased in the ApoE'common food group (P < 0. 05). Compared with the ApoE common food group, the ratio of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the TLR4 expression level significantly increased in the ApoE' hyperlipidemia group (P < 0.05). Compared with the ApoE(-/-) hyperlipidemia group, the ratio of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the TLR4 expression level significantly decreased. Besides, the CD36 expression level also significantly decreased (P<0.05). (3) After stimulated by LPS for 3 h, compared with the wild type common food group, plasma TNF-ct and IL-b expressions significantly increased in the ApoE(-/-) common food group (P < 0.05). Compared with the ApoE(-/-) common food group, plasma expressions of IL-12, TNF-alpha, MCP-1, and IL-10 increased, but with no statistical difference in the ApoE(-/-) hyperlipidemia group (P > 0.05). After 4-week intervention of HJD, compared with the ApoE(-/-) hyperlipidemia group, the MCP-1 expression was significantly down-regulated, while the IL-10 expression significantly increased, showing statistical difference (P < 0.05). Compared with the wild type common food group, mRNA expression levels of IFN-gamma, MCP-1 , TNF-alpha, IL-10, and IL-1beta significantly increased (P < 0. 05, P < 0.01). Compared with the ApoE(-/-) common food group, not only mRNA expression levels of IFN-gamma, MCP-1, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta, further significantly increased, but also IL-12, IL-10, and TGF-beta significantly increased (P < 0. 05, P < 0. 01). After 4-week intervention of HJD, compared with the ApoE(-/-) hyperlipidemia group, mRNA expression levels of MCP-1, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-12 significantly decreased in the ApoE(-/-) hyperlipidemia plus HJD group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSHigh fat diet induced systemic reaction and inflammatory reactions of local vessels. The local inflammatory response of vessels exceeded systemic inflammatory response. Intervention of HJD could attenuate inflammatory response, especially in local arteries. Meanwhile, it enhanced systemic anti-inflammatory reactions.

Animals ; Aorta ; pathology ; Apolipoproteins E ; genetics ; CD36 Antigens ; metabolism ; Chemokine CCL2 ; metabolism ; Dietary Fats ; adverse effects ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Female ; Hyperlipidemias ; blood ; etiology ; immunology ; Inflammation ; Interleukin-10 ; blood ; Interleukin-12 ; blood ; Interleukin-1beta ; blood ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear ; metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ; blood ; etiology ; immunology ; Toll-Like Receptor 4 ; metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; blood ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; blood

PURPOSE: Changes in human body composition can affect the accuracy of spine bone mineral density (BMD) measurements. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether fat and water in the soft tissue of the abdomen influence lumbar spine BMD measurements obtained using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Duplicate BMD measurements were carried out on healthy volunteers (10 men and 10 women) and the Hologic anthropomorphic spine phantom had on the same day before and after placement of following 3 materials in the abdominal area: lard 900 g, 1.5 cm thick; oil 1.4 liters in a vinyl bag; and water 1.2 liters in a vinyl bag. RESULTS: In the case of human participants, following the placement of exogenous water to mimic extracellular fluid (ECF), there was a significant decrease in lumbar spine BMD (-0.012 g/cm2, p=0.006), whereas the placement of exogenous lard and oil to mimic abdominal fat produced a slight increase in lumbar spine BMD (0.006 g/cm2, p=0.301; 0.008 g/cm2, p=0.250, respectively). The average percentage of lumbar spine BMD change with and without exogenous lard, oil, and water showed increase of 0.51%, and 0.67%, and decrease of 1.02%, respectively. Using the phantom, BMD decreased with the placement of both lard (-0.002 g/cm2, p=0.699) and water (-0.006 g/cm2, p=0.153); however, there was no difference in BMD after oil placement. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that in cases where changes in fat and ECF volume are similar, ECF exerts a greater influence than fat on DXA lumbar BMD measurements.
Absorptiometry, Photon ; Adult ; Bone Density/*drug effects ; Dietary Fats/pharmacology ; Fats/*pharmacology ; Female ; Humans ; Lumbar Vertebrae/*drug effects/*metabolism ; Male ; Water/*pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of Qiyao Xiaoke Capsule (QXC, a Chinese preparation for invigorating qi and nourishing yin) on glycolipid metabolism in the liver and skeletal muscle of rats with catch-up growth (CUG) induced by high-fat diet.

METHODSCUG model rats were made by limiting forge followed by high-fat diet, and intervened with different dosages [1.8 (g/kg x d), 0.6 g/(kg x d)] of QXC. And the experiment was controlled with pioglitazone. Levels of blood glucose, serum free fatty acid (FFA), serum insulin (Fins), plasma adiponcetin (AC) and insulin resistance index (IRI) as well as the weights of peri-epididymis and peri-renal fat and their ratio to body weight were observed 8 weeks later. The contents of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and liver were also determined.

RESULTSInsulin resistance in CUG rats can be induced by high-fat diet. Compared with the un-treated model rats, levels of Fins and AC were higher, IRI and FFA were lower in CUG rats after intervened by QXC (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Moreover, QXC at large dose showed the effects of reducing TG content in liver and skeletal muscle, advancing the glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, displaying an efficacy similar to that of pioglitazone (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONQXC could improve the glycolipid metabolism in high-fat diet-induced CUG rats through different pathways of intervention to alleviate/delay the occurrence and development of insulin resistance in the liver and skeletal muscle.

Animals ; Celiac Disease ; Diet, High-Fat ; Dietary Fats ; administration & dosage ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Glucose ; metabolism ; Insulin Resistance ; Lipid Metabolism ; Liver ; metabolism ; Male ; Muscle, Skeletal ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

OBJECTIVETo explore the effect of soy isoflavone on obesity in the light of hypothalamus and peripheral orexigenic gene regulation.

METHODSFifty-four female rats were randomly assigned to 6 groups: one sham-operated group (SHAM), one ovariectomized (OVX) control group, three OVX groups fed with 400 ppm (L-SI), 1200 ppm (M-SI) and 3600 ppm (H-SI) isoflavone respectively, and one OVX group receiving 0.45 ppm diethylstilbestrol (EC). All rats were allowed to take high-fat diet for 4 weeks. Some neuropeptides were measured by RT-PCR. These neuropeptides included NPY, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART), orexin, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), melanin-concentrating hormone precursor (P-MCH), ghrelin, and leptin.

RESULTSCompared with the OVX control group, the body weight and food intake in the H-SI group were reduced significantly and there was a significant dose-dependent manner in the 3 isoflavone groups. The results of RT-PCR showed that the NPY level in the 3 isoflavone groups was significantly increased and the POMC/CART gene expression decreased significantly in rats' hypothalamus compared with that in the OVX control group. However, the expression of orexin, MCH and P-MCH had no change. The peripheral grelin mRNA expression was higher in the 3 isoflavone groups, while leptin gene expression in the fat was not consistent.

CONCLUSIONSThis research showed that isoflavone could prevent obesity induced by high-fat diet and ovariectomy through regulating hypothalamus and peripheral orexigenic gene expressions associated with food intake.

Animals ; Dietary Fats ; pharmacology ; Feeding Behavior ; drug effects ; physiology ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; drug effects ; Hypothalamus ; Isoflavones ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Neuropeptides ; genetics ; metabolism ; Obesity ; Ovariectomy ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; Rats ; Soybeans ; chemistry

This study was conducted to evaluate whether the composition of carbohydrate or fat diet affects insulin resistance by measuring the muscle glucose transport rate. Both high-sucrose and high-starch diet with or without high-fat decreased insulin-stimulated glucose transport, but there were no significant differences among groups. Calorie intake in both high-sucrose and high-starch diet groups was higher than in chow group. The high-fat high-sucrose diet induced decrease in insulin-stimulated glucose transport was partially improved by supplement with fish oil. Calorie intake in high-fat high-sucrose and fish oil supplemented groups was higher than in chow group. The decreased insulin-stimulated glucose transport was accompanied by the increase in visceral fat mass, plasma triglyceride and insulin levels. These changes were improved by the supplement with fish oil. These results demonstrate that the composition of fat in diet is clearly instrumental in the induction of muscle insulin resistance. However, in high carbohydrate diet, it is likely that the amount of calorie intake may be a more important factor in causing insulin resistance than the composition of carbohydrate. Thus, the compositions of carbohydrate and fat in diet differentially affect on muscle insulin resistance.
Animals ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Body Weight ; Diet ; Dietary Carbohydrates/*pharmacology ; Dietary Fats/*pharmacology ; Dietary Supplements ; Energy Intake/drug effects ; Fish Oils/pharmacology ; Insulin/blood ; Insulin Resistance/*physiology ; Intra-Abdominal Fat/drug effects/metabolism ; Male ; Muscle, Skeletal/*drug effects/physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley