Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major global health issue, with glycated hemoglobin levels serving as the gold standard for evaluating glucose level control in DM patients. However, it has limitations in reflecting glucose oscillations (i.e. glycemic variability, GV). Increasing evidence suggests that GV is closely related to the progression of diabetes complications and patient prognosis. As people realize the importance of avoiding hypoglycemia while achieving target glycated hemoglobin levels in treatment, the clinical significance of GV becomes more obvious. This article systematically reviewed the concept and connotation of GV, summarized the latest research on its role in the complications of diabetes, and revealed the biochemical and pathophysiological abnormalities caused by excessive glycemic oscillation, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the risk warning and early intervention of DM patients.
Humans ; Blood Glucose/metabolism* ; Diabetes Complications/physiopathology* ; Glycated Hemoglobin/metabolism* ; Hypoglycemia ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications*

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are common diseases. The global prevalence of OSA is between 2% and 7% in general population cohorts. The worldwide prevalence of T2DM among adults (aged 20-79 years) was estimated to be 6.4%. The concurrent presence of OSA and T2DM can be expected in the same patient, given their high prevalence and similar predisposition. We reviewed the overlapping pathophysiology of OSA and T2DM in this article.
Adult ; Aged ; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; complications ; epidemiology ; physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive ; complications ; epidemiology ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Young Adult

Catheter ablation has been recommended as a treatment option for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) patients complicated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). PAF patients with T2DM have a higher recurrence rate after catheter ablation. Prolongation of corrected QT (QTc) interval has been linked to poor outcomes in T2DM patients. Whether the abnormal QTc interval is associated with the ablation outcome in the PAF patients with T2DM remains unknown. In this study, 134 PAF patients with T2DM undergoing primary catheter ablation were retrospectively enrolled. Pre-procedural QTc interval was corrected by using the Bazett's formula. Cox proportional hazards models were constructed to assess the relationship between QTc interval and the recurrence of AF. After a 29.1-month follow-up period, 61 patients experienced atrial tachyarrhythmia recurrence. Recurrent patients had a longer QTc interval than non-recurrent patients (425.2±21.5 ms vs. 414.1±13.4 ms, P=0.002). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that QTc interval [hazard ratio (HR)=1.026, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.012-1.040, P=0.005] and left atrial diameter (LAD) (HR=1.125, 95% CI 1.062-1.192, P=0.003) were independent predictors of recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmia. Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that the cut-off value of QTc (418 ms) predicted arrhythmia recurrence with a sensitivity of 55.7% and a specificity of 69.9%. A combination of LAD and QTc was more effective than LAD alone (P<0.001) in predicting arrhythmia recurrence after the procedure. QTc interval could be used as an independent predictor of arrhythmia recurrence in T2DM patients undergoing AF ablation, thus providing a simple method to identify those patients who likely have a better outcome following the procedure.
Aged ; Atrial Fibrillation ; complications ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Catheter Ablation ; adverse effects ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; complications ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Heart Atria ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Risk Factors ; Tachycardia ; physiopathology ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVETo compare the clinical efficacy between acupuncture and intravenous administration of lipoic acid and alprostadil for distal symmetric multiple peripheral neuropathy of diabetes mellitus.

METHODSSixty patients were randomly divided into an acupuncture group (31 cases) and a medication group (29 cases). Patients in the two groups received basic treatment to control blood sugar within a safe range. On this basis, patients in the acupuncture group were treated with acupuncture at Geshu (BL 17), Weiwanxiashu (EX-B 3), Ganshu (BL 18), Pishu (BL 20), Shenshu (BL 23), Zusanli (ST 36), Taixi (KI 3), ashi points, etc. Patients in the medication group were treated with intravenous administration of lipoic acid (0.6 g) and alprostadil (10 mg). The treatment was given once a day, 10 days for a course of treatment; there was an interval of 2 days between courses, and totally 3 courses were given. The score of peripheral neuropathy of diabetes mellitus, the change of nerve conduction: velocity and clinical efficacy before and after treatment in the two groups were observed.

RESULTSAfter treatment, the score of peripheral neuropathy was significantly reduced in the two groups (both P < 0.05), which was more significant in the acupuncture group (P < 0.05). After treatment, the sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV) and motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) of median nerve and common peroneal nerve were significantly increased in the two groups (all P < 0.05). Compared between two groups, the SNCV and MNCV of common peroneal nerve in the acupuncture group were significantly superior to those in the medication group (both P < 0.05); the MNCV of median nerve in the acupuncture group was significantly superior to that in the medication group (P < 0.05); the SNCV of median nerve in the acupuncture group was not significantly different from that in the medication group (P > 0.05). The total effective rate was 83.9% (26/31) in the acupuncture group, which was significantly superior to 62.1% (18/29) in the medication group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONAcupuncture and conventional medication both have satisfied effects for distal symmetric multiple peripheral neuropathy of diabetes mellitus, and acupuncture is superior to medication on improving clinical signs of sensory disorder, reflection disturbance and muscle weakness, nerve conduction and clinical curative effect.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Adult ; Aged ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; complications ; Diabetic Neuropathies ; etiology ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Peripheral Nerves ; physiopathology ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases ; etiology ; physiopathology ; therapy

OBJECTIVETo compare the efficacy between acupuncture at stellate ganglion combined with intravenous administration of alprostadil and simple intravenous administration of alprostadil on lower limb atherosclerosis of early diabetes mellitus.

METHODSSixty patients of lower limb atherosclerosis of early diabetes mellitus were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 30 cases in each one. Patients in the two groups were treated with basic treatment to control blood glucose and lipid. In addition, patients in the control group were treated with intravenous administration of alprostadil (10 µg) and sodium chloride solution (100 mL); based on this, patients in the observation group were treated with acupuncture at stellate ganglion. The treatment was given once a day; the consecutive treatment of two weeks constituted one session, and totally 4 sessions were given. The total syndrome score, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), blood flow of posterior tibial artery and dorsal artery of foot were observed before and after treatment; the clinical efficacy was compared between the two groups.

RESULTSCompared before treatment, the total syndrome score, HbA1c, blood flow of posterior tibial artery and dorsal artery of foot were significantly improved after treatment (all P < 0.05), which were more obvious in the observation group (all P < 0.05). After treatment, the total effective rate was 93.3% (28/30) in the observation group, which was significantly superior to 86.7% (26/30) in the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Acupuncture at stellate ganglion combined with intravenous administration of alprostadil achieve better effect than simple intravenous administration of alprostadil for lower limb atherosclerosis of early diabetes mellitus, which improve the clinical symptoms, regulate blood sugar and increase the blood flow of lower limb.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Aged ; Atherosclerosis ; etiology ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; complications ; Female ; Humans ; Lower Extremity ; blood supply ; innervation ; physiopathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Stellate Ganglion ; physiopathology ; Treatment Outcome

PURPOSE: Diabetic nephropathy is a serious complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and delaying the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus is very important. In this study, we investigated inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid metabolism to assess whether curcumin ameliorates diabetic nephropathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Animals were divided into three groups: Long-Evans-Tokushima-Otsuka rats for normal controls, Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats for the diabetic group, and curcumin-treated (100 mg/kg/day) OLETF rats. We measured body and epididymal fat weights, and examined plasma glucose, adiponectin, and lipid profiles at 45 weeks. To confirm renal damage, we measured albumin-creatinine ratio, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in urine samples. Glomerular basement membrane thickness and slit pore density were evaluated in the renal cortex tissue of rats. Furthermore, we conducted adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling and oxidative stress-related nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) signaling to investigate mechanisms of lipotoxicity in kidneys. RESULTS: Curcumin ameliorated albuminuria, pathophysiologic changes on the glomerulus, urinary MDA, and urinary SOD related with elevated Nrf2 signaling, as well as serum lipid-related index and ectopic lipid accumulation through activation of AMPK signaling. CONCLUSION: Collectively, these findings indicate that curcumin exerts renoprotective effects by inhibiting renal lipid accumulation and oxidative stress through AMPK and Nrf2 signaling pathway.
Albuminuria ; Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/*therapeutic use ; Curcumin/*pharmacology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*metabolism/urine ; Diabetic Nephropathies/complications/*drug therapy/metabolism/pathology ; Gene Expression/drug effects ; Inflammation ; Kidney/drug effects/metabolism/physiopathology ; Kidney Glomerulus/metabolism/physiopathology ; Lipid Metabolism/*drug effects ; Male ; Malondialdehyde/metabolism/urine ; Oxidative Stress/*drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred OLETF ; Rats, Long-Evans ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation and analyze the characteristics of balance function in patients with type 2 diabetes, and to find out the importance of proprioception, vision and vestibular in postural control. METHOD: All subjects were divided into two groups, 37 normal individuals, 33 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. All were assessed by computerized posturography under six upright stance.conditions: including standing on the firm surface and foam with eyes open and closed. RESULT: (1) On anteroposterior,the scores of proprioception, vision and vestibular were 93.96 ± 7.95, 80.22 ± 16.24, 70.87 ± 20.99, the normal were 98.00 ± 2.18, 91.44 ± 6.01, 80.44 ± 7.81. There were significances between diabetes mellitus group and normal control group (P < 0.05) respectively. (2) On lateral, the scores of vision and vestibular were 80.39 ± 12.60, 73.96 ± 16.04, and the normal were 92.11 ± 4.50, 83.18 ± 9.45. There were significances with P < 0.05 between diabetes mellitus group and normal control group. However, there was no obvious difference in proprioception scores between the two groups. (3) The limit of stability of normal group were (176.47 ± 44.13) mm²; diabetic group was (143.13 ± 62.30) mm². There was statistical significance between the group with P < 0.05. (In diabetic patients, there was no significant difference between the no dizziness group and the dizziness group of the scores of proprioceptive, visual, vestibular as well as stable limits, P > 0.05. CONCLUSION The balance function of patients with type 2 diabetes decreased. It is the main characteristic that the vision and vestibular decreased more significantly in the postural control.
Case-Control Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; physiopathology ; Dizziness ; complications ; Humans ; Postural Balance ; Proprioception ; Vertigo ; complications ; Vestibule, Labyrinth ; physiopathology ; Vision, Ocular

To study the protective effect of Arctigenin in goto-kakizaki (GK) rats combined with hypertension macroangiopathy. Six-week-old GK rats were divided randomly according to blood glucose level into four groups: the model group and low, middle and high dose arctigenin groups (12.5, 25, 50 mg x kg(-1)), with Wistar rats as the normal group. All of GK rats were given high-glucose and high-fat diet. After 16 weeks, GK rats were orally administrated with 10 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) N-Ω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester for eight weeks. During the modeling, all of arctigenin groups were orally administrated with different dose of arctigenin twice a day; The model group and the normal group were given solvents. At the beginning, mid-term and end of the experiment, blood glucose was measured. At the end of the experiment, efforts were made to detect blood pressure, collect abdominal aortic blood after anesthesia, fix thoracic aorta after bloodletting to make paraffin sections, observe morphological characteristics and detect the expression of VEGF by immunohistochemistry. According to the results, the blood glucose rose in all GK rats, with no significant difference between the drug group and the model group. At the end of the experiment, the blood pressure significantly increased in GK rats, indicating that Arctigenin could notably reduce the blood pressure in GK rats in a dose-dependent manner. The blood routine test showed increases in both the total white blood cell count and differential blood count, MPV and PDW, abnormal blood platelet parameters and decrease in PLT in GK rats, suggesting that Arctigenin could remarkably reduce the total white blood cell count and differential blood count, MPV and PDW. The thoracic aortic morphological observation revealed obvious endangium lesions in GK rats, demonstrating that Arctigenin could ameliorate the lesion extent. VEGF immumohistochemical staining showed a higher VEGF expression in the model group but lower expression in Arctigenin groups. In conclusion, Arctigenin had a protective effect on aorta in GK rats. Its mechanism may be related to blood pressure lowering, anti-inflammation, improvement in blood platelet function and reduction of VEGF expression.
Animals ; Blood Glucose ; metabolism ; Blood Pressure ; drug effects ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; complications ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Diabetic Angiopathies ; etiology ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; prevention & control ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Furans ; administration & dosage ; Humans ; Hypertension ; etiology ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; prevention & control ; Lignans ; administration & dosage ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect and mechanism of curcumin derivative B06 on kidney from rats with hyperlipidemia and type 2 diabetes.

METHODSThirty five male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups(n = 7): the normal control group, high-fat group, high-fat + B06-treatd group, diabetic group, diabetic + B06-treated group. After fed with high-fat diet for 4 weeks, the later two groups were in- jected with streptozotocin intraperitoneally to induce type 2 diabetes mellitus. B06-treated groups were given B06 by gavage at a dosage of 0.2 mg/kg . d for 8 weeks. After the treatment, the serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and uric acid were detected biochemically, the morphology of kidney was observed with light and transmission electron microscopy, the expression of collagen fibers was observed with Masson staining, the protein expression of collogen IV and fibronectin in kidney were determined by Immunohistochemistry.

RESULTSIt was showed that the levels of the serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen elevated significantly in diabetic group. In high-fat and diabetic groups, increased glomerular mesangial matrix and collagen fiber and thicken glomerular basal membrane were observed under light microscopy, swelling and fusion of foot process were found under electron microscope; increased green matrix within glomeruli was observed under Masson staining. collogen IV and fibronectin protein expression were significantly enhanced in high-fat group and diabetic group. After B06's intervention, the levels of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were decreased in diabetic groups, the morphological change of kidney was obviously relieved, Collogen IV and fibronectin protein expression reduced.

CONCLUSIONCurcumin derivative B06 exerts a protective effect on kidney in type 2 diabetic rats, reduced expressions of collogen IV and fibronectin, inhibition of the accumulation of extracellular matrix and glomerular mesangial proliferation, and then prevention of renal fibrosis may be the mechanism.

Animals ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Collagen Type IV ; metabolism ; Creatinine ; blood ; Curcumin ; pharmacology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; complications ; drug therapy ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Fibronectins ; metabolism ; Kidney ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Kidney Diseases ; drug therapy ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Streptozocin ; Uric Acid ; blood

OBJECTIVETo observe the dynamic expression of calcium-sensing receptor(CaSR) in myocardium of diabetic rats.

METHODSThirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups including control, diabetic-4 week and diabetic-8 week groups(n = 10). The type 2 diabetes mellitus models were established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 30 mg/kg) after high-fat and high-sugar diet for one month. The cardiac morphology was observed by electron microscope. Western blot analyzed the expression of CaSR, phospholamban (PLN), a calcium handling regulator, and Ca+-ATPase(SERCA) in cardiac tissues.

RESULTSCompared with control group, the expressions of CaSR and SERCA were decreased, while the expression of PLN was significantly increased in a time-dependent manner in diabetic groups. Meanwhile diabetic rats displayed abnormal cardiac structure.

CONCLUSIONThese results indicate that the CaSR expression of myocardium is reduced in the progression of DCM, and its potential mechanism may be related to the imnaired intracellular calcium homeostasis.

Animals ; Calcium-Binding Proteins ; metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; complications ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Diabetic Cardiomyopathies ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Disease Progression ; Heart ; physiopathology ; Male ; Myocardium ; metabolism ; pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, Calcium-Sensing ; metabolism ; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases ; metabolism ; Streptozocin