BACKGROUND: Abnormal scarring imposes considerable challenges and burdens on the lives of patients and healthcare system. Macrophages at the wound site are found to be of great concern to overall wound healing. There have been many studies indicating an inextricably link between dysfunctional macrophages and fibrotic scars. Macrophages are not only related to pathogen destruction and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, but also involved in angiogenesis, keratinization and collagen deposition. These abundant cell functions are attributed to specific heterogeneity and plasticity of macrophages, which also add an extra layer of complexity to correlational researches. METHODS: This article summarizes current understanding of macrophage polarization in scar formation and several prevention and treatment strategies on pathological scarring related to regulation of macrophage behaviors by utilizing databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar and so on. RESULTS: There are many studies proving that macrophages participate in the course of wound healing by converting their predominant phenotype. The potential of macrophages in managing hypertrophic scars and keloid lesions have been underscored. CONCLUSION Macrophage polarization offers new prevention strategies for pathological scarring. Learning about and targeting at macrophages may be helpful in achieving optimum wound healing.

Cellular senescence and fibrosis are two biological processes that are closely related to the development of many diseases.Cellular senescence can occur through mechanisms such as telomere shortening,DNA damage,and oxidative stress,leading to degradation of cell function and decreased ability to repair damage.More and more studies have shown that fibrosis and cell senescence are closely related,and cell senescence has been confirmed to be involved in the occurrence and development of scar fibrosis diseases.An in-depth understand-ing of the relationship between cellular senescence and scar fibrosis is helpful to find new therapeutic strategies and develop targeted drugs to reduce the process of scar fibrosis.

Exosomes(Exos)are nano-sized mem-brane vesicles actively secreted by adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells(ADSCs),carrying bioactive molecules such as long non-coding RNA(lncRNA),microRNA(miRNA),and circular RNA(circRNA),which are non-coding RNAs(ncRNA)that enter into the corresponding target cells and participate in in-tercellular communication.ADSC-Exo-ncRNA can regulate the immune and inflammatory response,angiogenesis,accelerate skin cell proliferation and epithelialization,and regulate collagen remodeling,thereby enhancing wound repair ability.Therefore,ADSC-Exo-ncRNA exerts an significant role in the process of wound repair and provides a promising strategy for treatment.In this paper,we review the role of ADSC-Exo-ncRNA in wound healing and its application prospects in recent year.

Objective:To explore and compare the image quality and radiation dose between the spiral scanning and the axial scanning for skull phantom based on specific conditions.Methods:The position of the orbitomeatal base line(OBL)of the skull phantom was marked,and the different angles of elevation of skull were adjusted.The angles between OBL and bed surface were respectively set as 90°,100°,110° and 120°.The axial scanning and spiral scanning were respective adopted to conduct 24 times of image acquisition when the computed tomography dose index(CTDIvol)of fixed volume were respectively 40,50 and 60 mGy.The cross section of axial scanning was vertical to OBL,and the images of spiral scanning used the reconstructed technique of image quality enhancement(IQE)of removing spiral artifacts to conduct reconstruction along the OBL direction.The CT value(HU)and standard deviation(SD)of the bilateral cerebellum,temporal lobe,frontal lobe and parietal lobe of the phantom were measured,and the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of each lobe of the phantom was calculated.The CTDIvol and dose-length product(DLP)were recorded,and the effective dose(ED)of lens was calculated.Results:The differences of the SNR values of cerebellum and occipital lobe(R),cerebellum and occipital lobe(L),temporal lobe(R),temporal lobe(L),frontal lobe(R),frontal lobe(L),parietal lobe(R)and parietal lobe(L)between two kinds of scanning models were significant(F=6.48,5.83,7.00,6.20,7.30,8.26,5.72,5.83,P<0.05),respectively.There was significant difference in lens DLP between the two kinds of scanning models(F=10.96,P<0.05).The spiral scanning and IQE reconstructed technique were used to conduct image acquisition and processing.The SNR value of spiral scanning imaging was better than that of axial scanning,and the reconstructions of coronal and sagittal positions could be conducted,and the radiation doses of lens were similar,but the DLP value of spiral scanning was slightly higher than that of axial scanning at the same CTDIvol.Conclusion:Using the IQE reconstruction technique of spiral scanning can obtain satisfactory CT sectional images of skull under the situations that machine cannot change scanning angle or the scanning of axial position is unable to conduct cooperation.

BACKGROUND: Abnormal scarring imposes considerable challenges and burdens on the lives of patients and healthcare system. Macrophages at the wound site are found to be of great concern to overall wound healing. There have been many studies indicating an inextricably link between dysfunctional macrophages and fibrotic scars. Macrophages are not only related to pathogen destruction and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, but also involved in angiogenesis, keratinization and collagen deposition. These abundant cell functions are attributed to specific heterogeneity and plasticity of macrophages, which also add an extra layer of complexity to correlational researches. METHODS: This article summarizes current understanding of macrophage polarization in scar formation and several prevention and treatment strategies on pathological scarring related to regulation of macrophage behaviors by utilizing databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar and so on. RESULTS: There are many studies proving that macrophages participate in the course of wound healing by converting their predominant phenotype. The potential of macrophages in managing hypertrophic scars and keloid lesions have been underscored. CONCLUSION Macrophage polarization offers new prevention strategies for pathological scarring. Learning about and targeting at macrophages may be helpful in achieving optimum wound healing.

BACKGROUND: Abnormal scarring imposes considerable challenges and burdens on the lives of patients and healthcare system. Macrophages at the wound site are found to be of great concern to overall wound healing. There have been many studies indicating an inextricably link between dysfunctional macrophages and fibrotic scars. Macrophages are not only related to pathogen destruction and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, but also involved in angiogenesis, keratinization and collagen deposition. These abundant cell functions are attributed to specific heterogeneity and plasticity of macrophages, which also add an extra layer of complexity to correlational researches. METHODS: This article summarizes current understanding of macrophage polarization in scar formation and several prevention and treatment strategies on pathological scarring related to regulation of macrophage behaviors by utilizing databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar and so on. RESULTS: There are many studies proving that macrophages participate in the course of wound healing by converting their predominant phenotype. The potential of macrophages in managing hypertrophic scars and keloid lesions have been underscored. CONCLUSION Macrophage polarization offers new prevention strategies for pathological scarring. Learning about and targeting at macrophages may be helpful in achieving optimum wound healing.

BACKGROUND: Abnormal scarring imposes considerable challenges and burdens on the lives of patients and healthcare system. Macrophages at the wound site are found to be of great concern to overall wound healing. There have been many studies indicating an inextricably link between dysfunctional macrophages and fibrotic scars. Macrophages are not only related to pathogen destruction and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, but also involved in angiogenesis, keratinization and collagen deposition. These abundant cell functions are attributed to specific heterogeneity and plasticity of macrophages, which also add an extra layer of complexity to correlational researches. METHODS: This article summarizes current understanding of macrophage polarization in scar formation and several prevention and treatment strategies on pathological scarring related to regulation of macrophage behaviors by utilizing databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar and so on. RESULTS: There are many studies proving that macrophages participate in the course of wound healing by converting their predominant phenotype. The potential of macrophages in managing hypertrophic scars and keloid lesions have been underscored. CONCLUSION Macrophage polarization offers new prevention strategies for pathological scarring. Learning about and targeting at macrophages may be helpful in achieving optimum wound healing.

BACKGROUND: Abnormal scarring imposes considerable challenges and burdens on the lives of patients and healthcare system. Macrophages at the wound site are found to be of great concern to overall wound healing. There have been many studies indicating an inextricably link between dysfunctional macrophages and fibrotic scars. Macrophages are not only related to pathogen destruction and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, but also involved in angiogenesis, keratinization and collagen deposition. These abundant cell functions are attributed to specific heterogeneity and plasticity of macrophages, which also add an extra layer of complexity to correlational researches. METHODS: This article summarizes current understanding of macrophage polarization in scar formation and several prevention and treatment strategies on pathological scarring related to regulation of macrophage behaviors by utilizing databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar and so on. RESULTS: There are many studies proving that macrophages participate in the course of wound healing by converting their predominant phenotype. The potential of macrophages in managing hypertrophic scars and keloid lesions have been underscored. CONCLUSION Macrophage polarization offers new prevention strategies for pathological scarring. Learning about and targeting at macrophages may be helpful in achieving optimum wound healing.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic wound healing remains a major challenge due to the impaired functionality of angiogenesis by persistent hyperglycemia. Mesenchymal stem cell exosomes are appropriate candidates for regulating the formation of angiogenesis in tissue repair and regeneration. Here, we explored the effects of exosomes derived from human amniotic mesenchymal stem cell (hAMSC-Exos) on the biological activities of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with high glucose and on diabetic wound healing and investigate lncRNAs related to angiogenesis in hAMSC-Exos. METHODS: hAMSCs and hAMSC-Exos were isolated and identified by flow cytometry or western blot. A series of functional assays such as cell counting kit-8, scratching, transwell and tube formation assays were performed to evaluate the potential effect of hAMSC-Exos on high glucose-treated HUVECs. The effect of hAMSC-Exos on diabetic wound healing were tested by measuring wound closure rates and immunohistochemical staining of CD31. Subsequently, the lncRNAs profiles in hAMSC-Exos and hAMSCs were examined to screen the lncRNAs related to angiogenesis. RESULTS: The isolated hAMSC-Exos had a size range of 30–150 nm and were positive for CD9, CD63 and CD81. The hAMSC-Exos facilitate the functional properties of high glucose-treated HUVECs including the proliferation, migration and the angiogenic activities as well as wound closure and angiogenesis in diabetic wound. hAMSC-Exos were enriched lncRNAs that related to angiogenesis, including PANTR1, H19, OIP5-AS1 and NR2F1-AS1. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated hAMSC-Exos facilitate diabetic wound healing by angiogenesis and contain several exosomal lncRNAs related to angiogenesis, which may represent a promising strategy for diabetic wound healing.

BACKGROUND: Wound healing is a complicated biological process that leads to the regeneration of damaged skin tissue. Determining the methods to promote wound healing has become a hot topic in medical cosmetology and tissue repair research. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a group of stem cells with the potential of self-renewal and multidifferentiation. MSCs transplantation has a broad application prospect in wound healing therapy. Many studies have demonstrated that the therapeutic capacity of MSCs is mainly mediated by paracrine actions. Exosomes (EXOs), which are nanosized vesicles carrying a variety of nucleic acids, proteins and lipids, are an important component of paracrine secretion. It has been demonstrated that exosomal microRNAs (EXO-miRNAs) play a key role in the function of exosomes. METHODS: In this review, we focus on current research on miRNAs from MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-EXO miRNAs) in terms of sorting, releasing and function and their effects on inflammation regulation, epidermal cell function, fibroblast function, and extracellular matrix formation. At last, we discuss the current attempts to improve the treatment of MSC-EXO-miRNAs. RESULTS: Many studies have demonstrated that MSC-EXO miRNAs play a key role in promoting wound healing. They have been shown to regulate inflammation response, enhance epidermal cell proliferation and migration, stimulate fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis, and regulate extracellular matrix formation. Besides, there have been a number of strategies developed to promote MSC-EXO and MSC-EXO miRNAs for wound healing treatment. CONCLUSION Utilizing the association of exosomes from MSCs with miRNAs may be a promising strategy to promote trauma healing. MSC-EXO miRNAs may provide a new approach to promote wound healing and improve the quality of life for patients with skin injuries.