Preventing bioweapons is an important component of biosecurity,and the Biosecurity Law of the People's Republic of China has a chapter devoted to"Preventing Biological Terrorism and the Threat of Bioweapons".A good knowledge of the history plays a positive role in effective protection against bioweapons.This article analyzes history of bioweapons based on books and literature that have been published in order to provide reference for professionals in the sphere of biosecurity.

Based on the information of China Postgraduate Admissions Information Network and the official website of the enrollment unit, this study statistically analyzed the enrollment of master's and doctoral students in the first-level discipline of public health and preventive medicine in China in 2022. The results showed a regional imbalance in the enrollment of postgraduate students of public health and preventive medicine, research fields to be further expanded, a lack of international top colleges or institutions for public health and preventive medicine postgraduate cultivation, a weakening phenomenon in the cultivation of postgraduates related to infectious disease prevention and control, and the interdiscipline to be further strengthened. It is suggested to pay attention to the regional balance in the enrollment of public health and preventive medicine postgraduate students; the research field of postgraduate enrollment in public health and preventive medicine should be further expanded; the high-level public health colleges constructed needs to attach importance to postgraduate enrollment and cultivation, and to balance infectious and non-infectious disease research; public health and preventive medicine should be combined with life science, biosafety/biosecurity, and social sciences.

Like Yellow fever virus, Dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and West Nile virus, Zika virus is also a mosquito-borne flavivirus. Since it was isolated in 1947, there has been little concern over Zika virus due to its limited distribution and mild symptoms. In recent years, especially since 2015, Zika virus has become a global concern because of its outbreak in Brazil and associated microcephaly. Vaccines against Zika virus, regarded as the effective measures to control Zika fever epidemic, are being developed in nearly thirty institutions worldwide. In this paper, biology, epidemiology and clinical features of Zika virus were reviewed along with current research and development of different types of Zika vaccines. In addition, several other flavivirus vaccines approved or in clinical trials were briefly introduced, to provide valuable reference for Zika vaccines researchers.

Objective To analyze the papers published by domestic scientific research workers in order to improve the academic level of their papers. Methods The papers published by over 3000 domestic scientific research workers were investigated with questionnaires. Their motives to publish papers and the relation between the number of pub-lished papers and the assessment of their performance were analyzed. Results The number of papers published by domestic scientific research workers was increased. However, their academic level was to be further improved. Over quantization of the assessment mechanisms for scientific research increased the external motives to publish papers, thus leading to the insufficient internal motives of them to engage in scientific research. Conclusion A loose and comfortable academic environment should be created for the scientific research workers in order to initiate their in-ternal motives to publish papers. Over quantization of the assessment mechanisms for scientific research should be changed in order to reduce the external motives of domestic scientific research workers to publish papers. Innovative and cultural environment should be created in order to improve the soft power of scientific research in our country.

Maintain technological superiority and prevent technological surpriseis the mission of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA) of the United States.Over the recent years, DARPA has strengthened biotechnology research,including infective disease response.This paper analyzed the biotechnology development strategy of DARPA, as well as funded projects relating to infectious disease response.Also, the main characteristics of DARPA were summarized.

Chinese Association for Science and Technology in conjunction with Beijing Institute of Biotechnology and Beijing Science and Technology Consulting Center carried out a survey of the research publications by science and technology professionals in China in year 2014.Based on the overall survey data,we selected the group of medical professionals,including medical organization personal according to the classification of different types of units and health care personals according to the job type,and analyzed the status of research publications,including the number of papers published,motivation,stress,evaluation mechanisms,journal selection,and compared with other classification groups.

Research on dual-use of life sciences can promote human health and social development .However,potential harm is also gradually recognized .This article introduces the definition of dual-use life sciences research , major develop-ments and risk samples , trends of development and surveillance , and proposes some considerations in future efforts to strengthen the oversight of dual-use life sciences research .

Due to the large population and relatively closed space environment , the subway system is vulnerable to bioterrorist attacks.This paper analyzes the technological response measures against subway bioterrorism in the United States, including Detect to Protect program of Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and PROTECTS program of Depart-ment of Energy ( DOE) .We also put forward some proposals on how to improve China′s capability of prevention of and response to subway bioterrorism .

Biosecurity is defined as effectively responding to biological damage associated with various destructive fac -tors and threats ,maintaining and protecting national interests ,security and public health in the era of globalization .This pa-per analyzes the overall situation of biosecurity capability building since the SARS outbreak in 2003 before concluding that remarkable progress has been made in China , but the gap remains great compared with the need of national security envi -ronment and the capacity building of developed countries .This paper outlines four considcrations regarding the development of biosecurity research strategic planning and offer eight tips on strengthening research on biosecurity technology in China .

The 2013 Meeting of Experts from States Parties to the Biological Weapons Convention ( BWC) was held in Geneva from August 12 to 16 in 2013 .This paper reviews the main topics and results of the meeting , analyzes the current situation of biological arms control , and proposes some methods to strengthen implementation .