Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify, compile, and report the technical specifications of current and historical intraoral digital radiographic systems and recommend standardised reporting practices for production companies. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive report was prepared on 150 intraoral digital radiographic systems, comprising 105 sensor-based (70%) and 45 phosphor storage plate (PSP)-based systems (30%). Technical specifi cations were obtained from official company sources and scientific articles to ensure a complete collection of available data. Results: These systems were produced by 55 companies across 11 countries, with the United States leading (35.3%), followed by France (12%). Among the sensor systems, 76.2% used complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology, with notable variations in sizes and resolutions. PSP systems were available in 7 plate sizes and displayed diverse resolutions and scanning times. Twenty-one companies produced both sensor- and PSP-based systems, 33 produced only sensor-based systems, and 1 produced exclusively PSP-based systems. Conclusion This report identified 150 digital radiographic systems, revealing wide variability in technicalspecifications and a lack of standardised reporting protocols. The comprehensive summary and recommendations forconsistent documentation provided here can help clinicians make informed decisions and encourage manufacturers and production companies to adopt uniform reporting standards aligned with local regulatory frameworks.

Purpose: This study was conducted to compare the objective image quality of radiographs acquired with a handheld X-ray device to those obtained with a wall-mounted X-ray device. Materials and Methods: Brightness, noise, uniformity, and contrast were evaluated. To assess the first 3 parameters,radiographs of an acrylic block were acquired with an unused photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plate from the VistaScan system (Mini Easy, Dürr Dental, Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany). Initially, 6 radiographs were taken with a Focus X-ray wall-mounted device (Instrumentarium, Tuusula, Finland) operating at 60 kVp, 7 mA, and 0.125 s.Another 6 radiographs were captured using an Eagle handheld X-ray device (Alliage, São Paulo, Brazil) at 60 kVp, 2.5 mA, and 0.35 s. The means and standard deviations of the gray values for all radiographs were calculated using ImageJ (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). For contrast assessment, radiographs of an aluminum step wedge were obtained using the same PSP plate, X-ray devices, and acquisition parameters. The percentage of contrast variation was determined. The impacts of the devices on image quality were compared using the Student t-test, with a significance level of 5% (P<0.05). Results: Compared with the wall-mounted device, the handheld device produced radiographs with higher brightness and noise, as indicated by mean values of 6.57 (0.49) and 3.49 (0.02), respectively. Furthermore, it demonstrated lower uniformity and contrast, with respective means of 3.75 (0.02) and 35.48 (0.09) (P<0.05). Conclusion Radiographs obtained using a handheld X-ray device exhibit lower theoretical image quality than those acquired with a wall-mounted device.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify, compile, and report the technical specifications of current and historical intraoral digital radiographic systems and recommend standardised reporting practices for production companies. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive report was prepared on 150 intraoral digital radiographic systems, comprising 105 sensor-based (70%) and 45 phosphor storage plate (PSP)-based systems (30%). Technical specifi cations were obtained from official company sources and scientific articles to ensure a complete collection of available data. Results: These systems were produced by 55 companies across 11 countries, with the United States leading (35.3%), followed by France (12%). Among the sensor systems, 76.2% used complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology, with notable variations in sizes and resolutions. PSP systems were available in 7 plate sizes and displayed diverse resolutions and scanning times. Twenty-one companies produced both sensor- and PSP-based systems, 33 produced only sensor-based systems, and 1 produced exclusively PSP-based systems. Conclusion This report identified 150 digital radiographic systems, revealing wide variability in technicalspecifications and a lack of standardised reporting protocols. The comprehensive summary and recommendations forconsistent documentation provided here can help clinicians make informed decisions and encourage manufacturers and production companies to adopt uniform reporting standards aligned with local regulatory frameworks.

Purpose: This study was conducted to compare the objective image quality of radiographs acquired with a handheld X-ray device to those obtained with a wall-mounted X-ray device. Materials and Methods: Brightness, noise, uniformity, and contrast were evaluated. To assess the first 3 parameters,radiographs of an acrylic block were acquired with an unused photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plate from the VistaScan system (Mini Easy, Dürr Dental, Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany). Initially, 6 radiographs were taken with a Focus X-ray wall-mounted device (Instrumentarium, Tuusula, Finland) operating at 60 kVp, 7 mA, and 0.125 s.Another 6 radiographs were captured using an Eagle handheld X-ray device (Alliage, São Paulo, Brazil) at 60 kVp, 2.5 mA, and 0.35 s. The means and standard deviations of the gray values for all radiographs were calculated using ImageJ (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). For contrast assessment, radiographs of an aluminum step wedge were obtained using the same PSP plate, X-ray devices, and acquisition parameters. The percentage of contrast variation was determined. The impacts of the devices on image quality were compared using the Student t-test, with a significance level of 5% (P<0.05). Results: Compared with the wall-mounted device, the handheld device produced radiographs with higher brightness and noise, as indicated by mean values of 6.57 (0.49) and 3.49 (0.02), respectively. Furthermore, it demonstrated lower uniformity and contrast, with respective means of 3.75 (0.02) and 35.48 (0.09) (P<0.05). Conclusion Radiographs obtained using a handheld X-ray device exhibit lower theoretical image quality than those acquired with a wall-mounted device.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify, compile, and report the technical specifications of current and historical intraoral digital radiographic systems and recommend standardised reporting practices for production companies. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive report was prepared on 150 intraoral digital radiographic systems, comprising 105 sensor-based (70%) and 45 phosphor storage plate (PSP)-based systems (30%). Technical specifi cations were obtained from official company sources and scientific articles to ensure a complete collection of available data. Results: These systems were produced by 55 companies across 11 countries, with the United States leading (35.3%), followed by France (12%). Among the sensor systems, 76.2% used complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology, with notable variations in sizes and resolutions. PSP systems were available in 7 plate sizes and displayed diverse resolutions and scanning times. Twenty-one companies produced both sensor- and PSP-based systems, 33 produced only sensor-based systems, and 1 produced exclusively PSP-based systems. Conclusion This report identified 150 digital radiographic systems, revealing wide variability in technicalspecifications and a lack of standardised reporting protocols. The comprehensive summary and recommendations forconsistent documentation provided here can help clinicians make informed decisions and encourage manufacturers and production companies to adopt uniform reporting standards aligned with local regulatory frameworks.

Purpose: This study was conducted to compare the objective image quality of radiographs acquired with a handheld X-ray device to those obtained with a wall-mounted X-ray device. Materials and Methods: Brightness, noise, uniformity, and contrast were evaluated. To assess the first 3 parameters,radiographs of an acrylic block were acquired with an unused photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plate from the VistaScan system (Mini Easy, Dürr Dental, Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany). Initially, 6 radiographs were taken with a Focus X-ray wall-mounted device (Instrumentarium, Tuusula, Finland) operating at 60 kVp, 7 mA, and 0.125 s.Another 6 radiographs were captured using an Eagle handheld X-ray device (Alliage, São Paulo, Brazil) at 60 kVp, 2.5 mA, and 0.35 s. The means and standard deviations of the gray values for all radiographs were calculated using ImageJ (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). For contrast assessment, radiographs of an aluminum step wedge were obtained using the same PSP plate, X-ray devices, and acquisition parameters. The percentage of contrast variation was determined. The impacts of the devices on image quality were compared using the Student t-test, with a significance level of 5% (P<0.05). Results: Compared with the wall-mounted device, the handheld device produced radiographs with higher brightness and noise, as indicated by mean values of 6.57 (0.49) and 3.49 (0.02), respectively. Furthermore, it demonstrated lower uniformity and contrast, with respective means of 3.75 (0.02) and 35.48 (0.09) (P<0.05). Conclusion Radiographs obtained using a handheld X-ray device exhibit lower theoretical image quality than those acquired with a wall-mounted device.

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the expression of beam hardening artifacts generated by high atomic number materials in stitched cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images, compared to the traditional acquisition mode. Materials and Methods: CBCT volumes were acquired using an acrylic resin phantom embedded with pairs of cylinders made from amalgam dental alloy, cobalt-chromium alloy, gutta-percha, titanium, and zirconium.These cylinders were placed within the overlapping zones of the stitching reconstruction area. For each material, 3 acquisitions were conducted: 1 utilizing the automatic stitching process with a FOV of 80 × 37 mm, and 2 with smaller FOVs of 50 × 37 mm. For the smaller FOVs, 1 scan targeted the anterior region, while the other focused on the left posterior region. Thus, 3 groups were formed: stitched FOV, anterior FOV, and posterior FOV. Artifact expression was assessed by calculating the means and standard deviations (SDs) of the gray values in 4 regions of interest located anteriorly, posteriorly, medially, and laterally to the cylinders. Analysis of variance was used to compare the data, with an alpha level of 5%. Results: The stitched FOV exhibited lower SD values than the posterior and anterior FOVs (P<0.05). Regarding the materials evaluated, amalgam, cobalt-chromium, and zirconium generally demonstrated higher SDs of the gray values than gutta-percha and titanium (P<0.05). Conclusion Horizontally stitched CBCT images demonstrated lower artifact expression compared to the traditional mode of acquisition.

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the expression of beam hardening artifacts generated by high atomic number materials in stitched cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images, compared to the traditional acquisition mode. Materials and Methods: CBCT volumes were acquired using an acrylic resin phantom embedded with pairs of cylinders made from amalgam dental alloy, cobalt-chromium alloy, gutta-percha, titanium, and zirconium.These cylinders were placed within the overlapping zones of the stitching reconstruction area. For each material, 3 acquisitions were conducted: 1 utilizing the automatic stitching process with a FOV of 80 × 37 mm, and 2 with smaller FOVs of 50 × 37 mm. For the smaller FOVs, 1 scan targeted the anterior region, while the other focused on the left posterior region. Thus, 3 groups were formed: stitched FOV, anterior FOV, and posterior FOV. Artifact expression was assessed by calculating the means and standard deviations (SDs) of the gray values in 4 regions of interest located anteriorly, posteriorly, medially, and laterally to the cylinders. Analysis of variance was used to compare the data, with an alpha level of 5%. Results: The stitched FOV exhibited lower SD values than the posterior and anterior FOVs (P<0.05). Regarding the materials evaluated, amalgam, cobalt-chromium, and zirconium generally demonstrated higher SDs of the gray values than gutta-percha and titanium (P<0.05). Conclusion Horizontally stitched CBCT images demonstrated lower artifact expression compared to the traditional mode of acquisition.

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the expression of beam hardening artifacts generated by high atomic number materials in stitched cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images, compared to the traditional acquisition mode. Materials and Methods: CBCT volumes were acquired using an acrylic resin phantom embedded with pairs of cylinders made from amalgam dental alloy, cobalt-chromium alloy, gutta-percha, titanium, and zirconium.These cylinders were placed within the overlapping zones of the stitching reconstruction area. For each material, 3 acquisitions were conducted: 1 utilizing the automatic stitching process with a FOV of 80 × 37 mm, and 2 with smaller FOVs of 50 × 37 mm. For the smaller FOVs, 1 scan targeted the anterior region, while the other focused on the left posterior region. Thus, 3 groups were formed: stitched FOV, anterior FOV, and posterior FOV. Artifact expression was assessed by calculating the means and standard deviations (SDs) of the gray values in 4 regions of interest located anteriorly, posteriorly, medially, and laterally to the cylinders. Analysis of variance was used to compare the data, with an alpha level of 5%. Results: The stitched FOV exhibited lower SD values than the posterior and anterior FOVs (P<0.05). Regarding the materials evaluated, amalgam, cobalt-chromium, and zirconium generally demonstrated higher SDs of the gray values than gutta-percha and titanium (P<0.05). Conclusion Horizontally stitched CBCT images demonstrated lower artifact expression compared to the traditional mode of acquisition.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) acquisition protocols on reducing the effective radiation dose while maintaining image quality. Materials and Methods: The effective dose emitted by a CBCT device was calculated using thermoluminescent dosimeters placed in a Rando Alderson phantom. Image quality was assessed by 3 experienced evaluators. The relation-ship between image quality and confidence was evaluated using the Fisher exact test, and the agreement among raters was assessed using the kappa test. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to investigate whether the technical parameters could predict the effective dose. P-values<0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. Results: The optimized protocol (3 mA, 99 kVp, and 450 projection images) demonstrated good image quality and a lower effective dose for radiation-sensitive organs. Image quality and confidence had consistent values for all structures (P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis resulted in a statistically significant model. The milliamperage (b = 0.504; t = 3.406; P = 0.027), kilovoltage peak (b = 0.589; t = 3.979; P = 0.016) and number of projection images (b = 0.557; t = 3.762; P = 0.020) were predictors of the effective dose. Conclusion Optimized CBCT acquisition protocols can significantly reduce the effective radiation dose while maintaining acceptable image quality by adjusting the milliamperage and projection images.