In order to provide a reference basis for the development of relevant compound preparations， this article takes a comprehensive analysis of the usage and dosage of famous classical formulas in Han dynasty from various perspectives， and gives corresponding countermeasures on this basis. Through the comprehensive analysis of the classification and statistics of Zhongjing's medication characteristics， decoction methods， administration and dosage， and combining conversion methods of weights and measures by ancient medical practitioners， along with the dosage and administration of the listed Han dynasty famous classical formulas， it was found that the "Jiangxi method" served as a general guideline for administration according to Zhongjing's original text. This method allowed for flexible dosing based on the conversion of the ancient measurements to modern equivalents［13.8 g per Liang（两）］， ensuring the safe and effective medication of these formulas. After combing， it is found that although the dosage of single medicine is large in famous classical formulas from Han dynasty， the administration is flexible. The crude drug amount per administration serves as the foundational dose， with the frequency of administration adjusted flexibly according to the condition. This dosing approach becomes the key for the rational development of compound formulations of famous classical formulas. Based on the conclusions of the study， it is recommended that when developing compound formulations of famous classical formulas in Han dynasty， the original administration method and dosage should be respected. The original crude drug amount per administration should be considered as the daily foundational dose， with the frequency of administration described within a range（1 to N times per day， where N is the maximum number of administrations as per the original text）. The specific frequency of administration can be adjusted flexibly by clinical practitioners based on the individual condition. This approach should also be adopted in toxicological studies， where the dosage per administration serves as the basis for toxicity research， and the toxicity profile at the maximum administration frequency should be observed， providing guidance on the clinical safety range. Corresponding drug labels should provide information within a range to indicate toxicological risk intervals.

ObjectiveTo discriminate the age of Arisaema Cum Bile， the combination of headspace solid-phase microextraction （HS-SPME） with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） was applied to explore the differences of volatile components of unfermented， 1-year fermented， 2-year fermented， and 3-year fermented Arisaema Cum Bile. MethodSamples with different fermentation durations were collected and HS-SPME-GC-MS technology was employed to detect the volatile components of each sample. The relative contents of detected volatile components were processed and analyzed by chemometrics methods such as principal component analysis （PCA）， hierarchical cluster analysis （HCA）， and partial least squares discriminant analysis （PLS-DA）. ResultThe results showed that 145 volatile components were identified. Among these volatile components， the relative contents of heterocyclic， alcohols， aldehydes and aromatics were high. PCA， HCA， and PLS-DA can effectively separate Arisaema Cum Bile with four different ages. Based on variable importance in projection （VIP） value > 1， 73 markers of differential volatile components were identified. The content of 2，6，11-trimethyldodecane and m-xylene in unfermented samples was the highest， and the content difference between them and those in fermented samples was significant （P<0.05）. 2，3-butanediol was detected only in 1-year samples， octane was detected only in 2-year samples， and ethyl heptanoate was detected only in 3-year samples. These components can be used as odor markers for Arisaema Cum Bile with different fermentation years. ConclusionThe identification method of volatile components of Arisaema Cum Bile was established by HS-SPME-GC-MS technology， which can realize the rapid identification of unfermented， 1-year fermented， 2-year fermented， and 3-year fermented samples， and provide a scientific basis for the standardization of processing technology and quality standards of Arisaema Cum Bile.

The clinical data of one child with metanephric stromal tumor (MST) and BRAF V600E gene mutation admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University in June 2022 was analyzed retrospectively.Literature was reviewed.The patient, a 2-year-old girl, was diagnosed with a tumor in the left abdomen.The maximum diameter of the tumor was 10.5 cm.A radical nephrectomy was performed on the left kidney, and postoperative pathology revealed MST.Microscopically, the tumor had no envelope and exhibited expansive growth.The tumor cells were fusiform or stellate, and nuclear division was visible in the cell-rich region.Dysplastic blood vessels were seen inside the tumor.The tumor cells around the blood vessels and invaginated renal tubules were arranged like onion skin.CD34 was detected positive by immunohistochemical staining, and BRAF V600E mutation was also detected positive by fluorescent polymerase chain reaction.A total of 21 relevant case reports were retrieved, including 16 in English and 5 in Chinese.Fifty-eight MST patients, including the one in this report were analyzed.These patients were aged 2 days to 15 years, with a median age of 2 years.Except for 2 patients with unknown sex, the ratio of male to female was about 1.4∶1.0.Most MST patients were asymptomatic, with an average tumor size of 5.3 cm.The tumor cell CD34 showed positive expression in different degrees.Eight patients received the BRAF V600E mutation detection, and the results were all positive.Fifty-eight patients underwent nephrectomy and were followed up for 0-156 months, of which 7 patients were assisted with radiotherapy and chemotherapy.During the follow-up, 1 patient died, and 1 patient had a relapse.MST is a rare benign renal stromal tumor. BRAF V600E mutations are detected in a variety of malignancies.This paper is the first to report MST with BRAF V600E mutation in China and points out the importance of molecular detection of BRAF mutation for accurate diagnosis of MST.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of neck-shoulder-waist-leg pain cataplasms combined with electroacupuncture in the treatment of acute cervical radiculopathy(CR)with qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome;To evaluate the synergistic effect and safety of neck-shoulder-waist-leg pain cataplasms.Methods Totally 132 CR patients with qi stagnation and blood stasis type in acute stage were randomly divided into treatment group(66 cases)and control group(66 cases).The treatment group was treated with electroacupuncture combined with neck-shoulder-waist-leg pain cataplasms,and the control group was treated with electroacupuncture combined with placebo.Both groups were treated once a day for 5 days and then rested for 2 days for 3 weeks,and follow-up was performed at 1 and 2 weeks after treatment.Clinical efficacy of both groups was observed.The short-form McGill pain questionnaire(SF-MPQ)score,neck disability index(NDI)score,and the F-wave conduction velocity of the median nerve and ulnar nerve were compared before and after treatment and at follow-up.Results 5 and 7 cases were lost in the treatment group and the control group,respectively.The total effective rate of the treatment group was 91.80%(56/61),and the recovery rate was 36.07%(22/61).The total effective rate of the control group was 84.75%(50/59),and the recovery rate was 18.65%(11/59).The difference in recovery rates between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05).Compared with before treatment,the SF-MPQ score and NDI score in both groups improved significantly(P<0.05)after treatment and at 1 and 2 weeks of follow-up,and the F-wave conduction velocity of the median and ulnar nerves increased significantly(P<0.05)after treatment.Comparison between two groups at the same time points showed that the SF-MPQ score and NDI score of the treatment group were better than those of the control group(P<0.05)after treatment and at 1 and 2 weeks of follow-up,and the F-wave conduction velocity of the median and ulnar nerves was faster than that of the control group(P<0.05)after treatment.There were no serious adverse reactions in the two groups.Conclusion Neck-shoulder-waist-leg pain cataplasms combined with electroacupuncture can improve the clinical symptoms of CR with qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome in acute stage.Electroacupuncture plus neck-shoulder-waist-leg pain cataplasms can speed up the recovery process of the disease,which has synergistic effect.

The clinical efficacy advantages of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） compound prescriptions have always been inadequately characterized in experimental research，which has become a bottleneck restricting the development of TCM pharmacology and even the progress of TCM. The concept of simultaneous treatment/regulation，guided by the theory of mutual generation and restriction of five zang-organs，has guiding significance in the clinical practice of TCM throughout history and is still widely used in the current clinical practice. However，this unique and clinically valuable diagnostic and therapeutic medication system based on the syndrome differentiation has been completely ignored in the modern research of TCM pharmacology，which might be one of the key factors restricting the pharmacological characterization of the therapeutic advantages of TCM compound prescriptions. On the basis of systematically summarizing the phased progress and achievements of the efficacy evaluation of TCM compound prescriptions，this article explores the path of exploring the pharmacological advantages of TCM compound prescriptions on simultaneous treatment/regulation on the basis of the correlation patterns of five zang-organs，from the theory of Zangxiang，the core concept of five zang-organs，and the TCM disease recognition based on the theory of mutual generation and restriction of five zang-organs. With the heart-lung correlation as a breakthrough point，this study explored a new characterization method for the pharmacological advantages of TCM，aiming to provide new ideas for evaluating the efficacy of TCM compound prescriptions.

ObjectiveTo systematically and objectively characterize the pharmacological effects of Fufang Biejia Ruangan pills （FBRP） in the intervention of alcoholic liver disease （ALD） using acute and chronic ALD mouse models and to elucidate its molecular mechanisms. MethodFifty SPF-grade male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into the normal group， model group， and FBRP low-， medium-， and high-dose groups （9.6， 19.2， 38.4 mg·kg^-1）. Except for the normal group， the remaining groups were given 56° white wine by gavage to establish the acute ALD model， with samples collected after 4 weeks. Thirty SPF-grade male C57BL/6N mice were randomly divided into the normal group， model group， and FBRP medium-dose group （19.2 mg·kg^-1）. The chronic ALD mouse model was established using the Lieber-DeCarli method over a 10-week period. Inflammatory markers in liver tissues were assessed using hematoxylin-eosin （HE）， Sirius Red， oil red O staining， and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Intoxication behaviors of each group were objectively evaluated through sobering-up time， net-catching， and pole-climbing tests. Further bioinformatics analyses based on clinical transcriptomic data were conducted to identify key targets and molecular mechanisms of FBRP in alleviating ALD through liver-brain dialogue， with experimental validation by ELISA， Western blot， and immunohistochemical staining. ResultCompared with the normal group, the levels of aspartate aminotransferase （AST） and alanine aminotransferase （ALT） in liver tissues of mice in the acute and chronic ALD model groups were significantly increased （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the levels of AST and ALT in liver tissue of mice in FBRP groups were significantly decreased （P<0.05）. Compared with the normal group， the time of grasping the net and climbing the pole in the acute ALD model group was significantly decreased within 4 weeks （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the grasping and climbing time of FBRP high dose groups increased significantly within 4 weeks （P<0.05）. Compared with the normal group， the expression of high mobility group protein B1 （HMGB1） protein in liver tissue and prefrontal lobe tissue of mice in the chronic ALD model group was significantly increased （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the expression of HMGB1 protein in FBRP medium dose group was significantly decreased （P<0.05，P<0.01）. Compared with the normal group， the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） protein and the release of γ-aminobutyric acid （GABA） in the prefrontal cortex of the model group were significantly decreased （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group, the expression of BDNF protein and the release of GABA in the FBRP medium dose group were significantly increased （P<0.05）. ConclusionThis study revealed that FBRP improved key pathological changes in ALD by modulating liver-brain dialogue mediated by the HMGB1-BDNF axis. These findings provide experimental evidence for the clinical use of FBRP in treating ALD and offer new insights for the development of ALD therapeutic agents.

Baby Boom(BBM) gene is a key regulatory factor in embryonic development and regeneration, cell proliferation, callus growth, and differentiation promotion. Since the genetic transformation system of Panax quinquefolius is unstable with low efficiency and long period, this study attempted to transfer BBM gene of Zea mays to P. quinquefolius callus by gene gunship to investigate its effect on the callus growth and ginsenoside content, laying a foundation for establishing efficient genetic transformation system of P. quinquefolius. Four transgenic callus of P. quinquefolius with different transformation events were obtained by screening for glufosinate ammonium resistance and molecular identification by PCR. The growth state and growth rate of wild-type and transgenic callus were compared in the same growth period. The content of ginsenoside in transgenic callus was determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS). The results showed that transgenic callus growth rate was significantly higher than that of wild-type callus. In addition, the content of ginsenoside Rb_1, Rg_1, Ro, and Re was significantly higher than that in wild-type callus. The paper preliminarily proved the function of BBM gene in promoting growth rate and increasing ginsenoside content, which provided a scientific basis to establish a stable and efficient genetic transformation system for Panax plants in the future.
Female ; Pregnancy ; Humans ; Ginsenosides ; Panax/genetics* ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Cell Proliferation

Humans ; Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology* ; Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology* ; World Health Organization ; Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/pathology*

Complicated chemical reactions occur in the decoction of traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs) which features complex components, influencing the safety, efficacy, and quality controllability of TCMs. Therefore, it is particularly important to clarify the chemical reaction mechanism of TCMs in the decoction. This study summarized eight typical chemical reactions in the decoction of TCMs, such as substitution reaction, redox reaction, isomerization/stereoselective reaction, complexation, and supramolecular reaction. With the "toxicity attenuation and efficiency enhancement" of aconitines and other examples, this study reviewed the reactions in decoction of TCMs, which was expected to clarify the variation mechanisms of key chemical components in this process and to help guide medicine preparation and safe and rational use of medicine in clinical settings. The current main research methods for chemical reaction mechanisms of decoction of TCMs were also summed up and compared. The novel real-time analysis device of decoction system for TCMs was found to be efficient and simple without the pre-treatment of samples. This device provides a promising solution, which has great potential in quantity evaluation and control of TCMs. Moreover, it is expected to become a foundational and exemplary research tool, which can advance the research in this field.
Medicine ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Research Design

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of death among urban and rural residents in China, and elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a risk factor for ASCVD. Considering the increasing burden of ASCVD, lipid management is of the utmost importance. In recent years, research on blood lipids has made breakthroughs around the world, hence a revision of China guidelines for lipid management is imperative, especially since the target lipid levels in the general population vary in respect to the risk of ASCVD. The level of LDL-C, which can be regarded as appropriate in a population without frisk factors, can be considered abnormal in people at high risk of developing ASCVD. As a result, the "Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia" were adapted into the "China Guidelines for Lipid Management" (henceforth referred to as the new guidelines) by an Experts' committee after careful deliberation. The new guidelines still recommend LDL-C as the primary target for lipid control, with CVD risk stratification to determine its target value. These guidelines recommend that moderate intensity statin therapy in adjunct with a heart-healthy lifestyle, be used as an initial line of treatment, followed by cholesterol absorption inhibitors or/and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, as necessary. The new guidelines provide guidance for lipid management across various age groups, from children to the elderly. The aim of these guidelines is to comprehensively improve the management of lipids and promote the prevention and treatment of ASCVD by guiding clinical practice.