Objective:To explore the strategies and technical points for breast reconstruction using free lower abdominal skin flap transplantation through lateral chest incision.Methods:The data of patients who underwent unilateral breast reconstruction with free lower abdominal flap transplantation using lateral thoracic incision in Hunan Cancer Hospital from October 2022 to March 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Lateral thoracic incision was used in the recipient area. Firstly suitable radical mastectomy was performed for patients with early onset of breast cancer or recurrence after breast-conserving surgery, and prosthetic dilator removal or breast capsule release was performed for patients with dilator removed or capsular contracture after breast cancer prosthesis reconstruction. After that, the free lower abdominal skin flap breast reconstruction was completed under the same incision. During the operation, blood vessel preparation in the recipient area, skin flap preparation in the donor area, blood vessel anastomosis and breast shaping were completed successively according to the actual situation of the patient. Postoperative observation of complications, follow-up evaluation of reconstructed breast appearance and donor site healing were carred out.Results:A total of 15 female patients were included, aged range from 24 to 57 years old, with an average of 42.3 years old. There were 9 cases of early breast cancer, 2 cases of breast cancer recurrence after breast conserving surgery, 2 cases of breast cancer with dilator removed after breast reconstruction, and 2 cases of capsule contracture after breast cancer prosthesis reconstruction. The length of the lateral chest incision was 7.5-11.2 cm, with an average of 8.7 cm. Six cases were performed with 3/4 of the lower abdominal skin flaps, using a unilateral inferior abdominal vascular pedicle. The volume of the flaps ranged from 19.0 cm × 10.0 cm × 4.5 cm to 23.0 cm × 13.0 cm × 6.0 cm. The weight ranged from 280 to 510 g, with an average of 370 g. Nine cases were performed by cutting the entire lower abdominal skin flap and using bilateral inferior abdominal vascular pedicle. The volume of the skin flaps ranged from 27.0 cm × 11.0 cm × 5.0 cm to 30.0 cm × 14.0 cm × 6.5 cm. The weight ranged from 420 to 730 g, with an average of 530 g. Nine cases were selected as the main trunk of the thoracic and dorsal blood vessels, 4 cases were selected as the anterior serratus branch of the thoracic and dorsal blood vessels, and 2 cases were selected as the main trunk of the thoracic and dorsal blood vessels combined with the anterior serratus branch. One flap experienced venous crisis and the surgery failed, while the remaining 14 flaps survived smoothly. Follow-up period was 6-17 months, with an average of 10.4 months. The reconstructed breast had a satisfactory appearance and texture, without skin flap contraction or deformation. The skin flap donor area and breast recipient area only had linear scars, and there was no significant impact on abdominal wall and shoulder joint function. There was no tumor recurrence or metastasis during follow-up.Conclusion:When the side chest incision is used to perform the related operations of breast cancer radical resection, the free lower abdominal skin flap can be transplanted into the same incision for breast reconstruction. The effect is satisfactory, and the damage of the affected area is further reduced.

Objective:To explore the clinical value and therapeutic effects of endoscopic nipple-sparing mastectomy combined with immediate breast reconstruction using an oblique pedicled rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap(ORAMF).Methods:The data of patients admitted to Hunan Cancer Hospital from May to September 2023 who underwent breast cancer resection followed by immediate breast reconstruction with ORAMF were analyzed retrospectively. Surgical methods: firstly, axillary anterior sentinel lymph node biopsy and subcutaneous glandular excision for breast cancer were performed through a lateral chest incision using an endoscopic technique. Subsequently, a unilateral ORAMF was prepared by removing the epidermis and creating subcutaneous tunnels on the surface of the rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap under direct visualization. The subcutaneous tunnel of the flap was then extended to the deep surface of the breast with the assistance of an endoscope, allowing for the transfer of the ORAMF to reconstruct the breast. Post surgery, the flap survival was monitored, and after discharge, patients received enhanced anti-scar treatment and functional rehabilitation exercises. Follow-up assessments included the evaluation of the reconstructed breast shape, incision scarring in both the donor and recipient areas, abdominal wall function, tumor recurrence and metastasis.Results:A total of 8 female patients with unilateral breast cancer were included in this study, aged between 27 and 52 years, with a mean age of 41.7 years old. The body mass index of the patients ranged from 19.1 to 22.5 kg/m 2. All patients had early-stage breast cancer. During the operation the average mass of the resected breast was 245 g(ranging from 220 to 285 g). The length of the lateral thoracotomy incision varied from 6.9 to 9.5 cm, with a mean length of 7.7 cm. In 3 cases, the ipsilateral ORAMF was used for breast reconstruction, while in 5 cases, the contralateral ORAMF was utilized. The dimensions of the flap were as follows: length (20.4±0.7) cm, width (10.8±1.5) cm, thickness (5.4±0.9) cm, with the volume of the flap cutting ranging from 19.7 cm×9.2 cm×4.4 cm to 21.2 cm×11.8 cm×5.9 cm. All of the flaps exhibited good blood supply and survived successfully without the need for additional anastomotic vessels. The patients were followed up for a period of 8 to 10 months post-operation, with an average follow-up of 8.7 months. The reconstructed breasts maintained a good shape and texture, showing no contracture or deformation of the flap, and were generally symmetrical with the healthy breast. The incisions in both the flap donor area and the recipient area had healed well, leaving only linear scars, and the function of the abdominal wall was not significantly compromised. No recurrence or metastasis was observed during the follow-up period. Conclusion:The endoscopic technique helps to preserve the integrity of the breast skin tissue to the greatest extent possible, reducing scarring and assisting in the creation of subcutaneous tunnels to facilitate the transposition of the ORAMF for breast reconstruction. For carefully selected patients with moderately small breasts and ample subcutaneous tissue in the lower abdomen, the preparation of a unilateral ORAMF for breast reconstruction can yield superior results. This approach minimizes additional damage to the donor area, enhancing the safety of the surgery while significantly reducing the complexity of the operation.

Objective:To explore the strategies and technical points for breast reconstruction using free lower abdominal skin flap transplantation through lateral chest incision.Methods:The data of patients who underwent unilateral breast reconstruction with free lower abdominal flap transplantation using lateral thoracic incision in Hunan Cancer Hospital from October 2022 to March 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Lateral thoracic incision was used in the recipient area. Firstly suitable radical mastectomy was performed for patients with early onset of breast cancer or recurrence after breast-conserving surgery, and prosthetic dilator removal or breast capsule release was performed for patients with dilator removed or capsular contracture after breast cancer prosthesis reconstruction. After that, the free lower abdominal skin flap breast reconstruction was completed under the same incision. During the operation, blood vessel preparation in the recipient area, skin flap preparation in the donor area, blood vessel anastomosis and breast shaping were completed successively according to the actual situation of the patient. Postoperative observation of complications, follow-up evaluation of reconstructed breast appearance and donor site healing were carred out.Results:A total of 15 female patients were included, aged range from 24 to 57 years old, with an average of 42.3 years old. There were 9 cases of early breast cancer, 2 cases of breast cancer recurrence after breast conserving surgery, 2 cases of breast cancer with dilator removed after breast reconstruction, and 2 cases of capsule contracture after breast cancer prosthesis reconstruction. The length of the lateral chest incision was 7.5-11.2 cm, with an average of 8.7 cm. Six cases were performed with 3/4 of the lower abdominal skin flaps, using a unilateral inferior abdominal vascular pedicle. The volume of the flaps ranged from 19.0 cm × 10.0 cm × 4.5 cm to 23.0 cm × 13.0 cm × 6.0 cm. The weight ranged from 280 to 510 g, with an average of 370 g. Nine cases were performed by cutting the entire lower abdominal skin flap and using bilateral inferior abdominal vascular pedicle. The volume of the skin flaps ranged from 27.0 cm × 11.0 cm × 5.0 cm to 30.0 cm × 14.0 cm × 6.5 cm. The weight ranged from 420 to 730 g, with an average of 530 g. Nine cases were selected as the main trunk of the thoracic and dorsal blood vessels, 4 cases were selected as the anterior serratus branch of the thoracic and dorsal blood vessels, and 2 cases were selected as the main trunk of the thoracic and dorsal blood vessels combined with the anterior serratus branch. One flap experienced venous crisis and the surgery failed, while the remaining 14 flaps survived smoothly. Follow-up period was 6-17 months, with an average of 10.4 months. The reconstructed breast had a satisfactory appearance and texture, without skin flap contraction or deformation. The skin flap donor area and breast recipient area only had linear scars, and there was no significant impact on abdominal wall and shoulder joint function. There was no tumor recurrence or metastasis during follow-up.Conclusion:When the side chest incision is used to perform the related operations of breast cancer radical resection, the free lower abdominal skin flap can be transplanted into the same incision for breast reconstruction. The effect is satisfactory, and the damage of the affected area is further reduced.

Objective:To explore the clinical value and therapeutic effects of endoscopic nipple-sparing mastectomy combined with immediate breast reconstruction using an oblique pedicled rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap(ORAMF).Methods:The data of patients admitted to Hunan Cancer Hospital from May to September 2023 who underwent breast cancer resection followed by immediate breast reconstruction with ORAMF were analyzed retrospectively. Surgical methods: firstly, axillary anterior sentinel lymph node biopsy and subcutaneous glandular excision for breast cancer were performed through a lateral chest incision using an endoscopic technique. Subsequently, a unilateral ORAMF was prepared by removing the epidermis and creating subcutaneous tunnels on the surface of the rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap under direct visualization. The subcutaneous tunnel of the flap was then extended to the deep surface of the breast with the assistance of an endoscope, allowing for the transfer of the ORAMF to reconstruct the breast. Post surgery, the flap survival was monitored, and after discharge, patients received enhanced anti-scar treatment and functional rehabilitation exercises. Follow-up assessments included the evaluation of the reconstructed breast shape, incision scarring in both the donor and recipient areas, abdominal wall function, tumor recurrence and metastasis.Results:A total of 8 female patients with unilateral breast cancer were included in this study, aged between 27 and 52 years, with a mean age of 41.7 years old. The body mass index of the patients ranged from 19.1 to 22.5 kg/m 2. All patients had early-stage breast cancer. During the operation the average mass of the resected breast was 245 g(ranging from 220 to 285 g). The length of the lateral thoracotomy incision varied from 6.9 to 9.5 cm, with a mean length of 7.7 cm. In 3 cases, the ipsilateral ORAMF was used for breast reconstruction, while in 5 cases, the contralateral ORAMF was utilized. The dimensions of the flap were as follows: length (20.4±0.7) cm, width (10.8±1.5) cm, thickness (5.4±0.9) cm, with the volume of the flap cutting ranging from 19.7 cm×9.2 cm×4.4 cm to 21.2 cm×11.8 cm×5.9 cm. All of the flaps exhibited good blood supply and survived successfully without the need for additional anastomotic vessels. The patients were followed up for a period of 8 to 10 months post-operation, with an average follow-up of 8.7 months. The reconstructed breasts maintained a good shape and texture, showing no contracture or deformation of the flap, and were generally symmetrical with the healthy breast. The incisions in both the flap donor area and the recipient area had healed well, leaving only linear scars, and the function of the abdominal wall was not significantly compromised. No recurrence or metastasis was observed during the follow-up period. Conclusion:The endoscopic technique helps to preserve the integrity of the breast skin tissue to the greatest extent possible, reducing scarring and assisting in the creation of subcutaneous tunnels to facilitate the transposition of the ORAMF for breast reconstruction. For carefully selected patients with moderately small breasts and ample subcutaneous tissue in the lower abdomen, the preparation of a unilateral ORAMF for breast reconstruction can yield superior results. This approach minimizes additional damage to the donor area, enhancing the safety of the surgery while significantly reducing the complexity of the operation.

Objective:To investigate the clinical effects of combined tissue flap transplantation in repairing giant chest wall defects.Methods:This study was a retrospective observational study. From August 2013 to December 2020, 31 patients with chest wall tumor or radiation ulcer after radical resection of chest wall tumor and conformed to the inclusion criteria were admitted to the Department of Breast Oncoplastic Surgery of Hunan Cancer Hospital, including 12 males and 19 females, aged 25-71 years. After resection of tumor or ulcer and wound debridement, the area of secondary chest wall defect was 300-600 cm 2 with length of 16-35 cm and width of 16-32 cm. According to the actual situation of the patients and the preoperative design, the chest wall defects were repaired with the flexible combination of perforator flaps and myocutaneous flaps from different donor sites, and the area of the combined tissue flap was 260-540 cm 2 with length of 20-30 cm and width of 13-20 cm. Free posteromedial thigh perforator flap+free anterolateral thigh myocutaneous flap were used in 2 patients, free deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap+free anterolateral thigh myocutaneous flap were used in 5 patients, free deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap+pedicled rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap+free anterolateral thigh myocutaneous flap were used in 7 patients, free deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap+pedicled rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap+pedicled latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap were used in 2 patients, and bilateral free anterolateral thigh myocutaneous flaps were used in 15 patients. For the remaining small area of superficial tissue defect after being repaired by combined tissue flaps, skin graft was used to repair or delayed local flap transfering was performed after the tissue flaps survived and edema subsided. The appropriate blood vessels in the donor and recipient sites were selected for anastomosis to reconstruct the blood supply of tissue flaps. The wounds in the donor sites of tissue flaps that can be directly sutured were sutured directly; for those that cannot be sutured directly, the skin grafting or delayed suture was performed. The anastomosis of blood vessels in the recipient sites, operation length, and postoperative hospital stay were recorded. The survivals of tissue flaps and skin grafts, the shape and texture of reconstructed chest wall, the wound healing, scar formation, and function of donor sites of tissue flaps, and the scar formation of the donor sites of skin grafts were observed after operation. Tumor recurrence and death of recurrent patients were followed up after operation. Results:The blood vessels in the recipient sites were anastomosed as follows: proximal internal thoracic vessels for 24 times, distal internal thoracic vessels for 12 times, trunk of thoracodorsal vessels for 4 times, anterior serratus branches of thoracodorsal vessels for 8 times, and thoracoacromial vessels for 12 times. The operation length was 6.0 to 8.5 hours, and the postoperative hospital stay was 9 to 21 days. Necrosis at the edge of partial tissue flaps occurred in 4 patients after operation, which healed after dressing change, and the tissue flaps and skin grafts of the other patients survived completely. The shape and texture of the reconstructed chest wall were good. Four patients had poor wound healing in the donor sites of abdominal tissue flaps, which healed after dressing change and local drainage. Only linear scar was left in the donor sites of all tissue flaps, and there was no obvious dysfunction in the donor sites of tissue flaps. Mild hypertrophic scar was left in the donor sites of skin grafts. During follow-up of 9 to 36 months after operation, 6 patients had tumor recurrence, and the recurrence time was 5 to 20 months after operation. After comprehensive treatment for patients with tumor recurrence, 3 patients died.Conclusions:Transplantation of combined tissue flaps in repairing the giant chest wall defects can shorten the time of total operation and hospital stay, and avoid multiple operations. After operation, patients had good chest wall appearance, with reduced tumor recurrence in patients with chest wall tumor.

Objective:To summarize the serious complications and salvage methods and experience of breast reconstruction with free flap transplantation.Methods:Different techniques of free flap transplantation were used for breast reconstruction in 395 breast cancer patients who came to Hunan Cancer Hospital from September 2015 to December 2021. 45 complications occurred during and after surgery, including 21 serious complications. Corresponding salvage method was used for complications and flap failure. Salvage methods included free gracilis myocutaneous flap combined with adductor magnus perforator flap, free adductor magnus perforator flap transplantation, pedicled rectus abdominis flap transplantation, pedicled latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap, prosthetic replacement, vascular grafting, vascular reanastomosis and release of vascular tension area.Results:The specific causes and salvage methods in 21 cases of reoperation included: 3 cases of excessive tension or compression of vascular pedicle, of which 1 case was successfully salvaged; in 2 cases flap failure was occurred, of which 1 case was replaced with prosthesis, and 1 case was salvaged with free gracilis myocutaneous flap combined with adductor magnus perforator flap; one case of vascular embolism caused by poor quality of vascular anastomosis was successfully salveged by vascular re anastomosis. One case had poor recipient vessels, and the flap failure was salvaged with pedicled latissimus dorsi flap. Three patients had poor compliance, of which one case was successfully salvaged, and the other two cases had total flap failure, which were repaired by free adductor magnus perforator flap and free gracilis myocutaneous flap combined with adductor magnus perforator flap respectively. Two patients had menstrual postoperatively, resulting in flap failure. Free gracilis myocutaneous flap combined with adductor magnus perforator flap and free adductor magnus perforator flap were used for breast reconstruction respectively. In 1 case, the blood supply was affected by excessive flap trimming, and the flap failure was salvaged by free adductor magnus perforator flap. 10 cases of subcutaneous hematoma were treated with debridement and exploration, and all were successfully salvaged.Conclusions:The complications and failure of free flap for breast reconstruction cannot be completely avoided. It is very important to master the corresponding salvage methods.

Photothermal therapy has the characteristics of minimal invasiveness, controllability, high efficiency, and strong specificity, which can effectively make up for the toxic side effects and tumor resistance caused by traditional drug treatment. However, due to the limited tissue penetration of infrared light, it is difficult to promote and apply in clinical practice. The eye is the only transparent tissue in human, and infrared light can easily penetrate the eye tissue, so it is expected that photothermal therapy can be used to treat fundus diseases. Here in, a new nano-platform assembled by liposome and indocyanine green (ICG) was used to treat retinoblastoma. ICG was assembled in liposomes to overcome some problems of ICG itself. For example, ICG is easily quenched, self-aggregating and instability. Moreover, liposomes can prevent free ICG from being cleared through the systemic circulation. The construction of the nano-platform not only ensured the stability of ICG in vivo, but also realized imaging-guide photothermal therapy, which created a new strategy for the treatment of retinoblastoma.

Recent advancement in natural language processing (NLP) and medical imaging empowers the wide applicability of deep learning models. These developments have increased not only data understanding, but also knowledge of state-of-the-art architectures and their real-world potentials. Medical imaging researchers have recognized the limitations of only targeting images, as well as the importance of integrating multimodal inputs into medical image analysis. The lack of comprehensive surveys of the current literature, however, impedes the progress of this domain. Existing research perspectives, as well as the architectures, tasks, datasets, and performance measures examined in the present literature, are reviewed in this work, and we also provide a brief description of possible future directions in the field, aiming to provide researchers and healthcare professionals with a detailed summary of existing academic research and to provide rational insights to facilitate future research.
Humans ; Natural Language Processing ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Objective:To create AAPM TG 119 test plans for intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) in order to evaluate the accuracy of the United Imaging Healthcare′s URT treatment planning system (URT-TPS). The plans were delivered to the phantom using the United Imaging Healthcare′s URT-Linac 506C.Methods:The overall accuracy of IMRT and VMAT planning, measurement, and analysis were evaluated for four test geometries provided by American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Task Group Report 119(TG-119) on multi-target, prostate, head and neck and C-shape (easy). The dose distributions were measured in the coronal plane. The point measurements were measured by a Farmer type ion chamber and fluence measurements were completed with film and Delta4 phantom, respectively. Measured planar dose distributions were analyzed using gamma index with criteria 3%/3 mm.Results:For IMRT and VMAT plans, the planning results matched the TG-119 planning results. Measured point doses of IMRT and VMAT were within 2.62% and 3.90% of the planned doses, respectively. Measured film dosimetry gamma values of IMRT and VMAT were> 97.50% and> 93.27%, respectively.Conclusion:Based on these analyses which were performed in line with the TG119 recommendations, it is evident that the URT treatment planning system and URT-Linac 506C have commissioned IMRT and VMAT techniques with adequate accuracy.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between satisfaction and quality of life of patients with breast reconstruction after mastectomy, and analyze the influencing factors of satisfaction.Methods:In this study, 157 female breast reconstruction patients who were treated in Hunan Cancer Hospital from January 2016 to June 2019 were selected as the object of this study. The BRECON-31 and QLQ-BR23 were used to assess satisfaction and quality of life respectively, and the clinical and demographic data were collected, Pearson correlation test was applied to analyze the correlation between satisfaction and quality of life, univariate analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were performed to investigate the influence factors of satisfaction.Results:A total of 157 patients, whose age was (41.8±8.3) years and median follow-up time was 11 months were included and 147 valid questionnaires were collected. The satisfaction score was 74.44±6.29, which meant patients with breast reconstruction after mastectomy had high satisfaction. There was a significant correlation between intimacy and body image ( r=-0.183, P=0.043), sexual function ( r=0.201, P=0.026), sexual interest ( r=0.204, P=0.029), breast symptoms ( r=-0.247, P=0.006) and arm symptoms ( r=-0.246, P=0.006) in patients with breast reconstruction after mastectomy, the patient’s self-awareness was significantly influenced by factors such as body shape ( r=-0.228, P=0.006), sexual function ( r=-0.293, P<0.001), sexual interest ( r=-0.258, P=0.003), breast symptoms ( r=-0.183, P=0.029), hair loss-induced annoyance ( r=-0.187, P=0.027). The result of univariate analysis showed that age ( P=0.047), tumor stage ( P=0.004), reconstruction method ( P<0.001), chemoradiotherapy ( P=0.043) were the influencing factors of total satisfaction score, multiple linear regression result showed that the reconstruction method ( P<0.001) was an independent influence factor of satisfaction score. The total satisfaction score of patients with autologous tissue reconstruction (75.99±5.94) was better than that of patients with autologous tissue combined prosthesis (71.08±4.99) and patients with simple prosthesis implantation (70.81±8.54). Conclusions:Mutual impact was identified for life quality and satisfaction among patients with breast reconstruction after mastectomy. In addition, age, tumor stage, reconstruction method and chemoradiotherapy are the influence factor of satisfaction. Among them, the reconstruction method is independent influence factor, and the breast reconstruction with autologous tissue is a better choice.