With the progress of information technology and intelligent technology,the intelligent development of urine testing instruments is facing new opportunities.Using the disease cybernetics theory model to analyze the business process and current urine testing instruments of clinical urine analyzer,a generational theoretical model of urine testing instruments has been constructed,which is conducive to guiding the intelligent development direction of urine testing instruments.The study divides urine testing instruments into one to four generations of products,with the first-generation of products being operated by doctors.The second-generation products are currently available for laboratory technicians to use various urine analyzers.The third-generation products further optimize the testing process and intelligence,without the need for inspectors to operate.The fourth-generation products are unmanned and do not require sampling.It can be seen that with the development of technology,urine analysis has indeed become more convenient,but after all,various instruments have their limitations.Therefore,the establishment of a theoretical model for the generation of urine testing instruments should be applied in clinical urine testing,which can not only improve the efficiency of urine analysis but also improve its quality.

Objective:To explore the correlation between cervical curve and ossification of ligaments in cranio-cervical junction and cervical spine in patients with cervical degenerative diseases.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted among 458 patients with cervical degenerative disease who underwent cervical spine X-ray and CT examinations at the Orthopedics Department of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University between January 2016 and July 2020. There were 265 males and 193 females, with an average age of 57.02±10.41 years (range, 22-87 years). Patients were divided into 5 types (lordosis, straight, S-type degenerative kyphosis, R-type degenerative kyphosis and C-type degenerative kyphosis). Cervical lordosis was defined as C 2-C 7 curve <-4°, cervical kyphosis was defined as >4°, cervical straight was defined as -4° to 4°. C 2-C 7 curve, C 0-C 2 curve were measured respectively, and correlations among these imaging parameters were analyzed. CT images were used to assess the presence of ossification of ligaments in cranio-cervical and cervical spine, including ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, nuchal ligament, ligamentum flavum, transverse ligament, apical ligament, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH), as well as capped dens sign (CDS), and correlations between these cervical curve and presence of ossification of ligaments were analyzed. The different grades were based on the length of the ossification of interest with respect to the distance from the posterosuperior rim of the anterior arch of the atlas to the inferior margin of the foramen magnum on mid-sagittal cervical spine CT images, Grade 3 CDS was determined when the length was more than two-thirds. Results:There were 245 patients with cervical lordosis, 114 patients with straight, 53 patients with S-type degenerative cervical kyphosis, 36 patients with R-type degenerative cervical kyphosis and 10 patients with C-type degenerative cervical kyphosis. C 0-C 2 curve showed a negative correlation with C 2-C 7 curve in all enrolled patients ( r=-0.45, P<0.001) and R-type degenerative kyphosis group ( r=-0.58, P<0.001); C 0-C 2 curve showed no correlation with C 2-C 7 curve in lordosis ( r=-0.10, P=0.124), straight ( r=-0.11, P=0.233), S-type degenerative kyphosis ( r=-0.01, P=0.943) or C-type degenerative kyphosis groups ( r=0.03, P=0.946). CDS was detected in 38.4% (176/458) of patients, and Grade 3 was detected in 17.9% (82/458) of patients. The prevalence of CDS was correlated with R-type degenerative cervical kyphosis ( r=0.10, P=0.030). Cervical kyphosis, S-type degenerative kyphosis, C-type degenerative kyphosis, C 2-C 7 curve and C 0-C 2 curve showed no correlation with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, nuchal ligament, ligamentum flavum, transverse ligament, apical ligament, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) or different grades CDS ( P>0.05). Conclusion:R-type degenerative cervical kyphosis are more likely to correlate with the cranio-cervical curve and CDS, which is an ossification of ligament in cranio-cervical junction.

Objective:This work developed a novel and convenient detection method which realized rapid and sensitive detection of the viral nucleic acid.Methods:Here we established a novel nucleic acid detection method based on a graphene field effect transistor (g-FET). By anchoring a chemical molecule on the sensing interface and then modifying with the highly sensitive DNA tetrahedral probes, it realized accomplish highly sensitive detection of the viral nucleic acid. By measuring the transfer curve of the devices, it can make the biological signal of the hybridization for the probe molecule and the target RNA converted into an electrical signal of the g-FET devices. Then through the signal amplification of the field effect transistor (FET) device, it realized a high-sensitive detection of the viral RNA.Results:The DNA tetrahedron probe we designed was targeted at the ORF1 ab gene region of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) RNA. The target RNA was hybridized and bound by the principle of base-pair complementation. Then we tested the 2019-nCoV simulative RNA samples with different concentrations in saliva, when the concentration of target RNA increased, the Dirac point of the devices presented a regular leftward offset. The limited of detection concentration of this sensor can reach 0.05 copy/μl, and the response time was shorter than 5 minutes in 100 μl volume of tested liquid. Conclusions:In this work, we developed a novel g-FET sensor based on DNA tetrahedral probes, which realized a rapid and sensitive detection of viral nucleic acid.

Objective:To analyze the change rules of quantitative parameters of magnetic resonance-perfusion weighted imaging (MR-PWI) in cynomolgus monkeys with different degrees of liver fibrosis, and to explore the best parameter of MR-PWI in evaluating the severity of liver fibrosis.Methods:Liver fibrosis models of twenty-two cynomolgus monkeys were successfully established by subcutaneous injection of carbon tetrachloride and feeding with high-fat food. Among them, 15 cynomolgus monkeys developed into early liver cirrhosis (stage S4 of liver fibrosis). Compatibility group design was adopted, the comparative study on MR-PWI of exchange double blood supply model of liver was carried out in these 15 cynomolgus monkeys with a complete development process of liver fibrosis. The quantitative parameters of MR-PWI included endothelial transfer constant ( ktrans), reflux rate constant ( kep), extravascular extracellular space fractional volume ( ve), fractional plasma volume ( vp) and hepatic artery perfusion index (HPI). The change rules of the above parameters and their correlation with the severity of hepatic fibrosis were analyzed. The best parameter of MR-PWI was explored. Compatibility group design (randomized block design), analysis of variance, SNK- q test, Spearman rank correlation analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results:ktrans and kep of MR-PWI of cynomolgus monkeys decreased along with the progress of hepatic fibrosis, and the differences were statistically significant ( F=685.228, 99.718, both P<0.01). There were statistically significant differences between each stage of hepatic fibrosis (S1 to S4) and normal liver tissue (S0) ((0.527±0.038), (0.479±0.035), (0.432±0.032) and (0.387±0.031) mL/min vs.(0.584±0.044) mL/min, all P<0.01; (2.193±0.307), (1.997±0.301), (1.624±0.174) and (1.532±0.130) mL/min vs. (2.565±0.482) mL/min, all P<0.01). There were statistically significant in ktrans and kep between stage S3, S4 severe liver fibrosis and stage S1 mild liver fibrosis, stage S2 moderate liver fibrosis (all P<0.01), however there were no statistically significant differences between stage S3 and stage S4 liver fibrosis, between stage S1 and stage S2 liver fibrosis (all P>0.05). Along with the development of the severity of liver fibrosis, HPIs increased gradually, and the differences were statistically significant ( F=839.883, P<0.01). The HPIs of stage S0 to S4 were 0.244±0.022, 0.317±0.035, 0.421±0.046, 0.546±0.043 and 0.651±0.058, respectively, and there were statistically significant differences between groups (all P<0.01). Along with the progression of the severity of liver fibrosis, vp decreased while ve increased gradually, but there were no statistically significant differences among groups (all P>0.05). The results of Spearman rank correlation analysis indicated that ktrans and kep were negatively correlated with the severity of liver fibrosis ( rs=-0.875 and -0.797, both P<0.01), however HPI was positively correlated with the severity of liver fibrosis ( rs=0.959, P<0.01). The results of ROC curve analysis showed that area under curves (AUCs) of ktrans, kep and HPI in the diagnosis of early cirrhosis were 0.852 (95% CI 0.767 to 0.937), 0.799 (95% CI 0.700 to 0.897) and 0.967 (95% CI 0.932 to 1.002), respectively. The best cut-off values were 0.395 mL/min, 1.561 mL/min and 0.590, respectively. The sensitivity was 86.7%, 79.6% and 97.4%, respectively and the specificity was 77.4%, 71.9% and 93.1%, respectively. The thresholds of HPI in the diagnosis of liver fibrosis at stage S1, stage S2, stage S3 and stage S4 were 0.291, 0.376, 0.503 and 0.590, respectively; the sensitivity was 95.7%, 93.8% and 94.4% and 97.4%, respectively and the specificity was 89.5%, 84.7%, 91.3% and 92.7%, respectively. Conclusions:The parameters of MR-PWI change regularly with the development of liver fibrosis in the cynomolgus monkey model, among which HPI is the best parameter for quantitative evaluation of the severity of liver fibrosis.

Objective:To identify the potential impact of cervical spine kyphosis on muscle parameters, the correlation between life quality score and muscle parameters, the correlation between cervical sagittal parameters and muscle parameters.Methods:From September 30, 2019 to September 30, 2020, 30 patients diagnosed with cervical kyphosis and 34 volunteers with normal cervical curvature were enrolled in this case control study. Kyphosis group and control group were matched with sex (χ 2=0.23, P=0.75), age ( t=0.13, P=0.73), BMI ( t=0.26, P=0.20) and neck pain duration time ( t=4.67, P=0.68). Visual analogue scale (VAS) and the neck disability index (NDI) were applied. Cervical sagittal parameters and cervical range of motion (ROM) were measured on lateral radiographs of cervical spine, which included C 2-C 7 lordosis (CL), cervical sagittal vertical axis (C 2-C 7 SVA), T 1-slope (T 1S) and spinal canal angle (SCA). To evaluate muscle functions, Co-contraction ratio (CCR) was measured by surface electromyography (SEMG). Spearman method was used to analyze the correlation between life quality score, cervical sagittal parameters and CCR. Results:VAS in control group 1.4±0.9 was lower than that in kyphosis group (2.3±0.7), and therewasno statistically significant difference ( t=3.71, P=0.30). NDI in control group (4.3%±2.5%) was significantly lower than that in kyphosis group (5.8%±1.7%), and the difference was statistically significant ( t=2.60, P=0.04). CL in control group (-18.76°±2.43°) was significantly lower than that in kyphosis group (13.80°±7.59°) ( t=3.43, P<0.01). SCA in control group (85.94°±4.52°) was significantly higher than that in kyphosis group (84.07°±10.44°) ( t=0.95, P<0.01). T 1S in control group (24.00°±2.85°) was significantly higher than that of kyphosis group (15.47°±11.33°) ( t=4.25, P<0.01), and C 2-C 7 SVA of control group (30.35±6.59 mm) was significantly higher than that in kyphosis group (19.08±14.47 mm) ( t=4.09, P<0.01). ROM in control group (50.23°±3.07°) was significantly higher than that in kyphosis group (45.63°±11.73°) ( t=2.21, P<0.01). CCR from neutral to flexion movement (CCRNF) was significantly lower in control group (0.46±0.20) than kyphosis group (0.84±0.13)( t=12.61, P=0.005), CCR from extension to neutral movement (CCREN) was significantly lower in control group (0.55±0.21) than in kyphosis group (0.79±0.16) ( t=7.10, P=0.042). CCRNF was significantly correlated with VAS ( r=0.504), NDI ( r=0.322), CL ( r=-0.240), T 1S ( r=-0.591), C 2-C 7 SVA ( r=-0.474) and ROM ( r=-0.303, P<0.05). There were significant correlations between CCREN and VAS ( r=0.339), NDI ( r=0.243), CL ( r=-0.347), T 1S ( r=-0.341), C 2-C 7 SVA ( r=-0.346) and ROM ( r=-0.065) ( P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between CCR and SCA ( P>0.05). Conclusion:SEMG canbe an objective tool to evaluate the degree of neck pain and neck disability index. During cervical flexion movement, patients with cervical kyphosis had more tensional cervical extensor muscle and worse muscle function.

Objective:To explore sagittal parameters change of upper cervical spine after anterior cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF) and analyze the influential factors by comparison between single-, double- and multi-level surgery.Methods:In this retrospective study, 126 patients (include 60 patients with radiculopathy, 41 patients with myelopathy and 25 patients with myeloradiculopathy) who underwent ACDF between December 2016 and December 2018, were followed up at least 1year ranged from14 to 38 months, with the average of 25.6±7.2 months. 20 patients were operated by single-level ACDF, 45 patients were operated by double-level ACDF and 61 patients were operated by 3- or 4-level ACDF. Standing radiographs of cervical spine and the flexion and extension cervical X-rays were obtained in all patients at 1week before, 3 months after and 1year after operation. The Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) Scores, visual analogue scale (VAS) and neck disability index (NDI) were used to evaluate the clinical effectiveness. Cervical sagittal parameters were assessed with the following parameters: the platform angle of axis (C2Slope), the cobb angle and the range of motion (ROM) of C2-7, C0-1 and C1-2.Results:All the patients obtained satisfactory clinical effects. The mean operative time of single-, double- and multi-level group were 86.4±15.5 min, 117.6±15.6 min and 170.2±28.7 min, respectively. The intraoperative blood loss of 3 groups were 16.5±5.2 ml, 37.2±30.5 ml and 63.4±41.5 ml, respectively. There was statistically significant difference between the 3 groups ( P<0.05). In the single- and double-level groups, the changes of the cobb angle and ROM of upper cervical spine between 1 week before operation and 1 year after operation was no significant difference ( P>0.05). In the multi-level group, the ROM of atlantooccipital joint (C0-1) increased significantly from 11.5°±6.1° before operation to 16.1°±13.9° 3 months and 15.3°±4.8° 1 year after operation ( P<0.05). The cobb angle of upper cervical spine and C2Slpoe was decreased significantly from 21.0°±7.6°, 6.1°±6.7° before operation to 18.6°±7.7°, 4.3°±6.9° 3 months and 19.7°±7.2°, 5.6°±6.3° 1 year after operation respectively ( P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference of cobb angle ofatlantooccipital joint between 1 week before operation and 1 year after operation ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Single- and double-level surgery makes a better ability of preserving the restoration of cervical lordosis, with little impact on the upper cervical spine, meanwhile multi-level fusion shows a negative influence on the restoration and limits the range of motion, also increases risk of surgical operation and degeneration of the atlantooccipital joint, with the increased stress distribution and range of motion.

Objective:To investigate the safety and feasibility of endoscopic cholecystolithotomy after endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)-guided lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS) implantation in animals.Methods:Six miniature pigs of 30-35 kg were selected to laparotomy under intravenous anesthesia. Two to four sterile human stones with diameter of 0.8-2.0 cm were implanted in their gallbladder. After successful modeling, LAMS was implanted between the stomach and gallbladder under the guidance of EUS. Ultrafine endoscope was used to search and remove stones after passing the gastric stent into the gallbladder. Endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) and endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage (ERBD) was performed to prevent bile leakage. And then ordinary endoscope was used to remove LAMS and close the wound. The success rate, operation time, and incidence of complications were analyzed.Results:Five pigs were successfully implanted with LAMS, and the ultrafine endoscope entered the gallbladder smoothly. Small stones were removed from the stone basket, and large stones were completely removed after laser lithotripsy. The total operation time was 87-128 min. No postoperative complications such as bleeding, perforation, infection, or biliary fistula were observed. Failure in 1 pig was due to the first EST plus ERBD, resulting in rapid reduction of gallbladder volume and away from the gastric cavity leading to puncture difficulties.Conclusion:Endoscopic cholecystolithotomy after EUS-guided LAMS implantation is safe and feasible, and may provide animal experimental evidence for potential therapeutic approach for patients with difficulty in cholecystectomy.

Yeast autolysis under solid-state fermentation can effectively promote the release of various active substances, thereby improving the quality of yeast products. The optimal process for yeast autolysis under solid-state fermentation was obtained by optimizing the autolysis temperature, autolysis time and the zinc ion concentration. We analyzed the indexes of free amino acid, soluble protein and α-amino nitrogen in the fermentation material, as well as A₂₆₀/A₂₈₀ ratio to determine yeast autolysis process conditions in the solid-state fermentation. On the basis of the obtained data, L₉ (3³) orthogonal test was designed to optimize the solid-state fermentation parameters for yeast autolysis: temperature at 40, 50 and 55 °C; time 12, 18 and 24 h; zinc ion concentration 2, 4 and 8 mg/kg. The optimum process conditions for yeast autolysis were: autolysis temperature 55 °C, time 18 h, zinc ion concentration 2 mg/kg, and soluble protein content reached 9.31 mg/g, free amino acid 14.36 mg/g, α-amino nitrogen 10.16 μg/g and A₂₆₀/A₂₈₀ 1.73. After optimization of the process, the soluble protein, free amino acid and α-amino nitrogen contents of the yeast autolysis production can be significantly increased, thereby obviously improving the quality of the composite culture.
Amino Acids ; Autolysis ; Fermentation ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Nitrogen ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Temperature

Objective To develop a model of malignant risk prediction of solitary pulmonary nodules(SPN) with the metabolic characteristics of the lesion.Methods A total of 362 patients (291 malignant cases and 71 benign cases;194 males,168 females;median age:61 years) who underwent PET/CT imaging from January 2013 to July 2017 were analyzed.The diagnosis of malignant SPN was based on pathological results,and that of benign SPN was based on pathological or follow-up results.Differences of clinical/imaging characteristics in patients with benign and those with malignant SPN were analyzed.Risk factors were screened by multivariate non-conditional logistic regression analysis.The self-verification of the model was done by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis,out-of-group verification was performed by k-fold cross-validation.Results There were statistically significant differences in age,maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax),size,lobulation,spiculation,pleural traction,vessel connection,calcification,vacuole,and emphysema between patients with benign and malignant nodules (all P＜0.05).The risk factors for malignant nodules included age,SUVmax,size,lobulation,calcification and vacuole.The odds ratio (OR) values (95％ CI) were 1.040(1.007-1.075),1.612(1.287-2.017),1.149(1.074-1.230),4.650(2.138-10.115),0.216(0.085-0.548),and 3.043(1.302-7.111),respectively.The logistic regression model was as follows:P=1/(1+e-x),x=-5.583+0.039×age+0.477×SUVmaxx+0.139×size+1.537×lobulation-1.532×calcification+ 1.1 13×vacuole.The estimated area under the curve (AUC) for the model was 0.915(95％ CI:0.883-0.947),sensitivity was 89.7％,specificity was 78.9％.K-fold cross-validation showed that the training accuracy was 0.899±0.011,the predictive accuracy was 0.873±0.053.Conclusions The risk factors for malignant nodules included age,SUVmax,size,lobulation,calcification and vacuole.After verification,the model has a satisfactory accuracy.It may help clinics make accurate decisions.