Objective: To understand the prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis in clients in Ya'an of Sichuan province. Methods: A survey was conducted in clients recruited through snowball method in Ya'an of Sichuan from April 2014 to December 2015. The information of the clients, including basic demography characteristics, AIDS knowledge awareness, high-risk behaviors and others, were collected through face-to-face interviews. Blood sample (5 ml) was taken from each client to test antibodies against HIV and syphilis. Statistical software SPSS 18.0 was used for data analysis. Results: Among the 708 clients, the constituent ratio of those aged ≥50 years was 51.27% (363/708), those in Han ethnic group was 99.72% (706/708), those with junior high school educational level or below was 90.11% (638/708), those who got married or cohabitated with others was 74.15% (525/708), and those who used condoms at each sex was 27.40% (194/708). Seven HIV positive cases were detected and 4 cases were aged ≥50 years. Seven syphilis cases were detected and all the cases were aged ≥50 year. No HIV-syphilis co-infection case was detected. The prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis were all 0.99% (95%CI: 0.30%-1.70%). Results from the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the clients who had their first commercial sex behavior at age <30 years (OR=6.61, 95%CI: 1.09-40.18) would have higher HIV positive rate. Conclusion: The rate of condom use was low in the clients in Ya'an and they didn't pay enough attention to their self-protection in sexual activities. Especially the clients aged ≥50 years were with low educational level and had high risk commercial sexual behaviors for HIV infection and syphilis. Close attention needs to be paid to them.
Aged ; Coinfection/epidemiology* ; Condoms/statistics & numerical data* ; HIV Infections/ethnology* ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Sex Work ; Sexual Behavior/ethnology* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Syphilis/ethnology*

Objective: To understand the related risk behaviors, knowledge and status of HIV/AIDS infection among rural adults of Derung minority, to provide relevant messages for the development of HIV/AIDS intervention strategy in this minority group. Methods: We used system sampling method to conduct a cross-sectional survey in 6 administration villages of Derung Township, Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County in Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province, with a sample size estimated as 383. Adult residents with Derung minority in six villages of Gongshan County were involved, with relevant information collected through door-to-door visit. HIV antibody was tested and SPSS 17.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Information on 394 valid respondents was collected, with age as between 18 and 65 (34.39±9.74), 80.7% (318/394) as married, 54.0% (213/394) having had primary school education, 13.2% (52/394) as migrant workers. In this population, the overall HIV infection rate appeared as 0.5% (2/400), mainly through sexually transmission. The rate of awareness on HIV/AIDS was 69.8% (275/394), mainly through free publicized materials 50.0% (197/394). Rates on premarital sexual behavior on multiple sexual partners in the past year, on temporary sexual partners in the past year, having commercial sexual experiences in the past year and ever used condoms when engaging in casual sex, were 6.4% (60/366), 18.0%(66/366), 5.7%(21/366), 1.9%(7/366) and 8.0%(25/311), respectively. Conclusions: Few numbers of HIV infections were identified among the migrating workers with Derung minority, with sexual transmission as the major route, along with the increased number of rural migrant workers and the low rates both on AIDS knowledge and condom use, accompanied by the high risk sexual behavior appeared in this rural adult residents of Derung minority. Relative strategies on HIV/AIDS intervention and control should be developed.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Adult ; China/epidemiology* ; Condoms ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; HIV Infections/epidemiology* ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Infections ; Risk-Taking ; Rural Population/statistics & numerical data* ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexual Partners ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Transients and Migrants

Objectives: To undersand the outcomes of major intervention measures on sexual transmission among HIV sero-discordant couples. Methods: Bernoulli Process Model was applied to model the major influencing factors of HIV transmission among HIV sero-discordant couples. The major influencing factors appeared as consistent condom use, antiretroviral therapy, frequency of sexual behavior. These parameters were from the HIV sero-discordant couples in 30 counties in 4 provinces (Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Yunnan Province, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Henan provinces) from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2012. According to the main factors, modeling-intervention strategies and measures on reduction HIV transmission among serodiscordant couples were formed. Results: Data from the present proportion of consistent condom use (85%) modeling and the coverage of antiretroviral treatment (60%) showed that, the proportion of cumulative seroconversion among the spouses was 1.76%. Results from the sensitivity analysis on modeling the consistent condom use and the antiretroviral treatment showed that, when the coverage of antiretroviral treatment was as 90% and the proportion of consistent condom use increased from 50% to 90%, with 80.7% of the risk of spouse seroconversion could be reduced. Or, when the proportion of consistent condom use was as 90% and the coverage of antiretroviral treatment increased from 50% to 90%, with 64.5% of the risk of spouse seroconversion could be reduced. Conclusions: With measures as consistent condom use plus provision of timely antiretroviral therapy to HIV positive index spouses, the risk of sexual transmission among sero-discordant couples could be greatly reduced.
Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use* ; China/epidemiology* ; Condoms ; Female ; HIV Infections/virology* ; HIV Seronegativity ; HIV Seropositivity/epidemiology* ; Humans ; Male ; Safe Sex ; Sexual Behavior/statistics & numerical data* ; Sexual Partners ; Spouses

Heterosexual transmission has become the main route of HIV transmission in China. As the main body of commercial heterosexual transmission, female sex workers (FSW) have a high-risk behavior of inconsistent condom use that increase the risk of HIV infection and spread. This review summarizes associated factors of condom use among FSW such as demographic characteristics, condom negotiation, sexual partner type, sexual intercourse, violence and HIV testing, which can provide reference for the future prevention and research among the FSWs.
Adult ; China ; Coitus ; Condoms/statistics & numerical data* ; Female ; HIV Infections/prevention & control* ; Heterosexuality ; Humans ; Male ; Research/trends* ; Safe Sex ; Sex Work ; Sex Workers ; Sexual Partners

OBJECTIVETo understand the prevalence of high risk behaviors and influencing factors among HIV infected persons aged ≥50 years.

METHODSFace to face questionnaire interview was conducted among the HIV infected persons selected in Jianshui, Gejiu and Mengzi counties in Yunnan province through random sampling in June 2015. The sample size was 450.

RESULTSAmong the HIV infected persons surveyed, 41.2% (122/296) had sexual behaviors with their spouses during past year, and the consistent condom use rate was 66.4% (81/122). Among the HIV infected males, 8.9% (28/313) had commercial sexual behaviors during past year, and the consistent condom use rate was 17.9% (5/28). Among the HIV infected females, 0.7% were still engaged in commercial sex service during past year. Among the 450 HIV infected persons, 32 (7.1%) reported having casual sex behaviors during past years, and the consistent condom use rate was 18.7% (6/32). The rate of commercial sexual behavior in urban residents (13.4%, 19/115) was higher than that in rural residents (4.5%, 9/198), the difference was statistically significant (χ(2)=11.715, P=0.001). The risk factors for commercial sex behaviors included lack of family and social support, aged 50-59 years, living in urban area, higher income and being male. The risk factors for using no condom included living in rural area, lower education level, lack of family and social support and higher income.

CONCLUSIONSRisk sex behaviors are still prevalent in HIV infected people aged >50 years, which exacerbated HIV transmission. Further efforts should be focused on the education about AIDS prevention and control and promoting protected sexual behaviors. Additional effort should be done to improve the family and social support for HIV infected people aged >50 years. Moreover, comprehensive intervention for low-paid female sex workers also needs to be strengthened.

China ; epidemiology ; Condoms ; utilization ; Female ; HIV Infections ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Risk-Taking ; Sex Work ; psychology ; statistics & numerical data ; Sexual Behavior ; psychology ; statistics & numerical data ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVETo analyze the characteristics of risky behaviors among different age groups of HIV positive female sex workers, and to explore the strengthening of their management.

METHODSFrom January to June 2014, 22 814 female sex workers were investigated and tested HIV in 117 sentinel surveillance sites in Yunnan Province, and 181 were confirmed to be HIV antibody positive, who accepted questionnaire surveys. According to the age, the participants were divided into the < 35 years old age group and ≥ 35 years old age group. The demographic characteristics, knowledge about HIV/AIDS and related risk behaviors characteristics of the two groups were obtained via questionnaire surveys among 181 HIV positive female sex workers, and in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted from among 12 HIV positive sex workers.

RESULTSHIV antibody positive rate was 0.8% (181), the age of the 181 subjects were (35.83 ± 9.17) years old, 76 cases (42.0%) were < 35 years old, and 105 cases (58.0%) were ≥ 35 years old. The differences of marital status, workplace class, the last work site among two groups were statistically significant (χ(2) = 20.80, 28.32, 7.83; P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.020, respectively). Among 181 HIV, the proportion of AIDS awareness was 95.6% (173); the proportion of drug use among ≥ 35 years old age group was 51.4% (54), which was higher than that in < 35 years old age group (34.2%, 26/76) (χ(2) = 5.30, P = 0.021). 96.7% (175) received condom promotion or HIV counseling and testing in the past year. The proportion of continuing to engage in sexual services over 5 years after HIV infection was 48.5% (51/105) and the proportion of receiving antiretroviral treatment was 69.5% (73/105) in ≥ 35 years old age group, which were higher than those in the < 35 age group (30.2% (23/76), 52.6% (40/76); χ(2) = 12.26, 5.36; P = 0.002, 0.021, respectively). In-depth interviews among 12 HIV positive female sex workers found that regular clients, not consistent use of condoms were the main cause of no condom use. Economic and livelihood factors are important reasons for continuing to engage in sexual services among HIV positive sex workers.

CONCLUSIONHIV positive sex workers still have high risk behaviors including continuing to engage in commercial sexual service and no condom use after knowing their HIV infection status, and the proportion of using drugs in the ≥ 35 years old group was higher than that in < 35 years old group.

Adult ; China ; Condoms ; Female ; HIV Seropositivity ; Humans ; Marital Status ; Risk Factors ; Risk-Taking ; Safe Sex ; Sex Workers ; statistics & numerical data ; Sexual Behavior ; Substance-Related Disorders ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVETo estimate the relationship between migration and HIV risky behavior when controlling for gender, age, and educational levels and to evaluate the gender differences in migration, HIV knowledge, and HIV risky behaviors among rural youth in China.

METHODSA cross-sectional, anonymous, investigative questionnaire for 1710 unmarried, out-of-school rural youth, aged between 15 and 24 years, was handed out in Gongzhuling county of Jilin province, China.

RESULTS58.5% of participants had a history of migration, irrespective of gender. There were gender differences observed in other factors such as drug abuse (4.3% for males and 5.5% for females, P<0.01), multiple sexual partners (24.1% for males and 44.1% for females, P<0.01), and HIV knowledge rate (35.2% for males and 25.5% for females, P<0.001). While controlling for gender, age, and educational levels, the relationships between migration and drug abuse, selling sex, and non usage of condoms during last instance of sexual activity were found to be significant. The cases of premarital sex and multiple sexual partners were both not found to be related to migration.

CONCLUSIONAmong rural youth, the HIV risky behavior such as drug abuse, selling sex, and lack of condom use, is significantly related to migration, while premarital sex and multiple sexual partners seem unrelated to migration.

Adolescent ; China ; epidemiology ; Condoms ; utilization ; Female ; HIV Infections ; complications ; epidemiology ; transmission ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Human Migration ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Male ; Risk-Taking ; Rural Population ; statistics & numerical data ; Sex Factors ; Sex Work ; statistics & numerical data ; Substance-Related Disorders ; complications ; epidemiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Transients and Migrants ; psychology ; statistics & numerical data ; Unsafe Sex ; psychology ; statistics & numerical data ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo explore the prevalence of syphilis and HSV-2 among female sex workers (FSWs) who use new types of drugs in Jiaozhou city.

METHODSThrough convenient sampling, an anonymous questionnaire survey was conducted among female sex workers to collect demographic characteristics, new-type drugs abusing characteristics and related sexual behaviors from October to December, 2013. Blood specimens were drawn for serological tests of syphilis antibody and HSV-2 antibody. Urine specimens of the subjects surveyed were collected to test for methamphetamine. Differences in demographic characteristics, new-type drug abusing characteristics, and sexual behaviours between drug-abusing FSWs and non-drug-abusing FSWs were compared by t-test and χ(2)-test.

RESULTSA total of 460 FSWs were recruited in this study, and 105 FSWs admitted their drug abuse history. Among the 341 urine specimens confirmed to be methamphetamine positive, there were 3 FSWs claimed that they never abuse new-type drugs. The rate of new-type drug abuse was 23.5% (108/460). A total of 71.4% (75/105) of the new drug-abusing FSWs started using drugs under 25 years old. The main reasons for drug abuse were clients request (24, 22.9%), making more money (23, 21.9%) and companion temptations (22, 21.0%). Totally, 41.9% of them (44/105) took drugs with 4-5 persons, 32.4% (34/105) had sex with 2-3 men after taking drugs, and 60.2% of new-type drug-abusing FSWs (65/108) used condoms in the latest commercial intercourse, while only 7.4% FSWs (8/108) used condoms every time during their commercial sex activities in the recent month. Compared with FSWs having no drug abuse behavior, drug-abusing FSWs had higher single proportion (73.2% (79/108) vs 63.6% (224/352), χ(2) = 8.64, P < 0.05), lower condom use rate in the recent month (7.4% (8/108) vs 22.7% (80/352), χ(2) = 12.53, P < 0.01) and higher pregnancy rate in the recent 6 months (24.1% (26/108) vs 8.8% (31/352), χ(2) = 17.74, P < 0.01) and most of them come from the middle and high-level entertainmens (78.7% (85/108) vs 65.1% (229/352), χ(2) = 13.09, P < 0.01). Among the new-type drug-abusing FSWs, the prevalence rates of syphilis and HSV-2 were 12.0% (13/108) and 55.6% (60/108) , respectively. A total of 33 FSWs claimed that they were diagnosed with STDs in the recent year (30.6%) . The rates of syphilis(12.0% (13/108) vs 4.0% (14/352), χ(2) = 9.72, P < 0.01), HSV-2(55.6% (60/108) vs 39.2% (138/352), χ(2) = 9.01, P < 0.01) and diagnosed STDs (30.6% (33/108) vs 17.9% (63/352), χ(2) = 8.02, P < 0.01) among the drug-abusing FSWs were significantly higher than those of non-drug-abusing FSWs.

CONCLUSIONThere is a higher proportion of new-type drug abuse among the FSWs in Jiaozhou, with significantly higher prevalence rates of syphilis and HSV-2 infection, compared with non-new types of drug abusing FSWs. Prevalent risk sexual behaviors and ignorance of new-types drugs' harm were seen among them.

China ; epidemiology ; Condoms ; Designer Drugs ; Female ; Herpes Genitalis ; epidemiology ; Herpesvirus 2, Human ; Humans ; Methamphetamine ; Pregnancy ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Risk-Taking ; Sex Work ; Sex Workers ; statistics & numerical data ; Sexual Behavior ; drug effects ; statistics & numerical data ; Sexual Partners ; Substance-Related Disorders ; Syphilis ; epidemiology

OBJECTIVETo understand the trends on HIV and syphilis infections, as well as on risk behaviors and intervention among MSM in China from 2010 to 2013 so as to provide information for the development of intervention strategies for MSM.

METHODSStudy population involved MSM who were recruited for the national HIV sentinel surveillance between 2010 and 2013. Demographic information, HIV related risk behaviors, and results on HIV and syphilis infections were described and trend analysis was performed.

RESULTSBetween 2010 and 2013, the total number of MSM under survey was 149 848. As for sources of the studied population, 12.3% of them were from public bathrooms (Group A), 30.1% from internet (Group B), and 57.5% were others (Group C). Proportions of three groups were similar between 2010 and 2013. The proportion of always using condom in the last six months increased from 30.2% to 37.8%, from 34.7% to 42.9% and from 35.3% to 43.1% in group A, B or C (trend:P < 0.01), from 2010 to 2013. The proportion of using condom in group A was the lowest among the three groups. The prevalence rate of HIV increased from 7.8% in 2010 to 9.2% in 2013 among group A, from 5.0% in 2010 to 6.8% in 2013 among group B, from 5.6% in 2010 to 6.5% in 2013 among group C(trend:P < 0.01). The prevalence rate of syphilis decreased from 13.2% in 2010 to 9.5% in 2013 among group A, from 6.1% in 2010 to 5.7% in 2013 among group B, from 8.7% in 2010 to 6.2% in 2013 among group C (trend:P < 0.01). In this MSM population, 77.1% of them were at age 21-40, 9.4% were at age 41-50 and 2.8% were older than 50 years of age. Both the prevalence rates of HIV and syphilis were the highest-10.1% and 13.6%, among age group of over 50s, respectively.

CONCLUSIONHIV prevalence among MSM increased rapidly in the last four years, especially in older age groups and from public bathrooms. More intervention efforts should be targeting on MSM with the above mentioned characters.

Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Condoms ; utilization ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; HIV Infections ; epidemiology ; Homosexuality, Male ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Unsafe Sex ; statistics & numerical data ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between condom use and oral contraceptive consumption and the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Perth clinics. A total of 348 women responded to the structured questionnaire. Information sought included demographic and lifestyle characteristics such as the use of condom for contraception, consumption of oral contraceptive, and duration of oral contraceptive usage. Crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) and associated 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using unconditional logistic regression models and reported as estimates of the relative risk. RESULTS: The prevalence of CIN was found to be 15.8%. The duration of oral contraceptive consumption among women with abnormal Papanicolaou (Pap) smear result indicating CIN was significantly shorter than those without abnormal Pap smear result (mean+/-SD, 5.6+/-5.2 years vs. 8.2+/-7.6 years; p=0.002). Comparing to < or =3 years usage, prolonged consumption of oral contraceptive for > or =10 years reduced the risk of CIN (p=0.012). However, use of condom for contraception might not be associated with a reduced risk of CIN after accounting for the effects of confounding factors (adjusted OR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.05 to 5.11; p=0.577). CONCLUSION: Use of oral contraceptives, but not condoms, for contraception appeared to be inversely associated with CIN. Prolonged use of oral contraceptive demonstrated its benefits of reducing the risk of CIN.
Adult ; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Condoms/*utilization ; Contraception Behavior/*statistics & numerical data ; Contraceptives, Oral/*administration & dosage ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Drug Administration Schedule ; Drug Utilization/statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Risk Assessment/methods ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Western Australia/epidemiology