PURPOSE: To compare the classification and severity of congenital color vision deficiency using a Nagel anomaloscope and Farnsworth Munsel 100-hue Test (FM 100-hue).METHODS: A total of 394 eyes of 197 patients diagnosed with congenital color vision deficiency were included. Examinations using a Nagel anomaloscope and FM 100-hue were performed, and color vision abnormalities were classified as a protan color defect or deutan color defect by each test, and the degrees of color vision abnormalities were compared.RESULTS: The tests showed 64.3% (p < 0.001) agreement in the classification of color vision deficiencies. The Nagel anomaloscope was able to classify all cases, whereas 143 eyes (36.3%) could not be classified using the FM 100-hue test. In the case of the same type of color vision abnormality in both eyes, 196 cases (99.5%) using the Nagel anomaloscope and 111 cases (56.3%) using the FM 100-hue were observed. Regarding the degree of color defect, there was a moderate positive correlation between the two tests (r = 0.43; p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the total error scores between mild anomalous trichromacy and severe anomalous trichromacy as assessed using FM 100-hue (p = 0.087).CONCLUSIONS: The Nagel anomaloscope was a more appropriate test for discerning the degree of color defect and binocular classification. In severity assessments, there was a moderate positive correlation between the two test methods. However, there were no significant differences in the total error scores between mild anomalous trichromacy and severe anomalous trichromacy as assessed using FM 100-hue. Therefore, it was difficult to perform severity classification using the Nagel anomaloscope based on the total error score of the FM 100-hue test.
Classification ; Color Vision Defects ; Color Vision ; Humans ; Telescopes

PURPOSE: To report a case of posterior ischemic optic neuropathy accompanied by carotid artery plaque in a patient with retrobulbar optic neuritis. CASE SUMMARY: A 48-year-old man visited our clinic complaining of headache, decreasing visual acuity and defect of inferior visual field in his left eye for 3 days. The best corrected visual acuity was 1.0 in the right eye and 0.1 in the left eye. The anterior segment state, intraocular pressure, fundus examination and optical coherence tomography were normal in both eyes. Relative afferent pupillary defect, color vision deficiency and total scotoma were observed in his left eye. The results of the laboratory test and brain magnetic resonance imaging were normal. He was discharged from the hospital after 3 days of systemic steroid treatment on the basis of retrobulbar optic neuritis. A week later, fluorescent angiography and carotid ultrasonography were performed because of his history memory loss and left upper limb weakness before admission. A focal filling defect of the peripapillary area was found on fluorescent angiography. A plaque with a thickness of 1.9 mm and a length of 1.4 cm was found on carotid ultrasonography. After 6 months, the best corrected visual acuity was 0.4 in the left eye and the visual field showed a partially improved defect. CONCLUSIONS: Fluorescent angiography is recommended for potential posterior ischemic optic neuropathy in patients with retrobulbar optic neuritis, even though it is rare. Carotid ultrasonography is useful in finding atherosclerosis to prevent stroke or cardiovascular disease if ischemic cause is suspected on fluorescent angiography.
Angiography ; Atherosclerosis ; Brain ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Carotid Arteries* ; Carotid Stenosis* ; Color Vision Defects ; Headache ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Memory Disorders ; Middle Aged ; Optic Neuritis ; Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic* ; Pupil Disorders ; Scotoma ; Stroke ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Ultrasonography ; Upper Extremity ; Visual Acuity ; Visual Fields

PURPOSE: Joubert syndrome is a rare disorder which affects the cerebellum and the brain stem. Herein, we report a case of Joubert syndrome accompanied with retinal abnormality. CASE SUMMARY: A 9-year-old female visited our hospital with chief complaints of low vision in both eyes, nystagmus, and lack of gaze movement. The best-corrected visual acuity in her right eye was 20/80 and in the left 20/80 and heterotropia was not observed. She appeared to have incomplete total color blindness on the color vision test. The anterior segment test showed no abnormal findings other than diffuse pigmentation and degeneration of the peripheral retina, vascular attenuation, and pale optic disc in both eyes on fundus examination. The patient showed overall developmental delay and decreased muscle tension, but genetic and congenital metabolic disease tests were normal. The molar tooth sign of the midbrain, defect in the lower part of the cerebellum and dilatation of the fourth ventricle were observed on magnetic resonance imaging. CONCLUSIONS: Appropriate evaluation of retinitis pigmentosa and visual function should be performed in Joubert syndrome patients.
Brain Stem ; Cerebellum ; Child ; Color Vision ; Color Vision Defects ; Dilatation ; Female ; Fourth Ventricle ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mesencephalon ; Metabolic Diseases ; Molar ; Muscle Tonus ; Pigmentation ; Retina ; Retinaldehyde* ; Retinitis Pigmentosa ; Tooth ; Vision, Low ; Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: To report a case of unilateral nasal hemianopsia caused by a large internal carotid artery aneurysm. CASE SUMMARY: A 56-year-old female presented with large cupping in the left optic nerve head detected incidentally during a routine check-up. She had no underlying systemic disease except hypertension. The best corrected visual acuity was 20/20 in both eyes and a slit-lamp examination showed no abnormal findings. Ophthalmoscopy showed cup/disc ratios of 0.6 in the right eye and 0.75 in the left eye. Relative afferent papillary defect or color vision defect was not observed. A Humphrey visual-field test indicated unilateral nasal hemianopsia in the left eye. Brain CT and angiography revealed a large 2.2-cm aneurysm on the left internal carotid artery. CONCLUSIONS: Internal carotid artery aneurysm should be considered as a possible cause of unilateral nasal hemianopsia in patients without intraocular lesion.
Aneurysm* ; Angiography ; Brain ; Carotid Artery, Internal* ; Color Vision Defects ; Female ; Hemianopsia* ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Middle Aged ; Ophthalmoscopy ; Optic Disk ; Visual Acuity

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between hypothyroidism and color vision deficiency among Filipinos ages 20-60 years
DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed on 91 biochemically hypothyroid and euthyroid patients seen at the Makati Medical Center from July to December 2013. All subjects underwent the Ishihara color test, followed by the Farnsworth-Munsell D15 test if this was positive. The patient who tested positive in the Farnsworth-Munsell D15 test was referred to an ophthalmologist to rule out any anatomic problem, and was excluded from the study if found to have any. Fisher's exact test assessed the significant correlation between hypothyroidism and color vision deficiency. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant.
RESULTS: Of the 91 patients that were included in the study, the average age was 42 years, majority (87%) were females, and 41% were biochemically hypothyroid. All euthyroid patients (100%) had normal color vision, while one hypothyroid patient (3.0%) tested positive for color vision deficiency (p-value 0.407).
CONCLUSION: Based on this study, the hypothyroid state of the patients had no effect on their color vision, unlike those seen in rodents, probably because mature human cones are not as easily affected by changes in thyroid hormone levels.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Color Vision Defects ; Color Vision ; Ophthalmologists ; Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells ; Thyroid Hormones ; Hypothyroidism

Cerebral achromatopsia, which refers to a loss of color vision, is a rare complication of posterior circulation stroke. We report two patients who presented with achromatopsia and dyschromatopsia (incomplete form of achromatopsia) respectively after acute posterior cerebral artery infarction. Lingual and fusiform gyri within the occipito-temporal area are known to be responsible for color perception.
Color Perception ; Color Vision ; Color Vision Defects ; Humans ; Infarction, Posterior Cerebral Artery ; Posterior Cerebral Artery ; Stroke

PURPOSE: To report a case of a female patient treated with stereotactic radiosurgery for compressive optic neuropathy by recurred maxillary cancer. CASE SUMMARY: A 51-year-old woman with a history of maxillary cancer presented with decreased visual acuity and visual field and color vision defects in the right eye. The CT scan revealed a wide spread mass along the ethmoid sinus, orbit, optic canal, and skull base. Under the impression of compressive optic neuropathy, stereotactic radiosurgery was performed. A cumulative dose of 39 Gy in 3 daily fractions of 13 Gy was administered to the mass. After 10 days, visual acuity, color vision, and visual field improved and were maintained after a 2 month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Stereotactic radiosurgery could be another treatment option for patients with compressive optic neuropathy caused by a malignant tumor.
Color Vision ; Color Vision Defects ; Ethmoid Sinus ; Eye ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Optic Nerve Diseases ; Orbit ; Radiosurgery ; Skull Base ; Visual Acuity ; Visual Fields

An ARM-based embedded system design schemes is proposed for the color-blind image processing system. The hardware and software of the embedded color-blind image processing system are designed using ARM core processor. Besides, a simple and convenient interface is implemented. This system supplies a general hardware platform for the applications of color-blind image processing algorithms, so that it may bring convenience for the test and rectification of color blindness.
Algorithms ; Color Vision Defects ; diagnosis ; Equipment Design ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; instrumentation ; methods ; Software

PURPOSE: To evaluate a customized, portable Farnsworth-Munsell 100 (FM 100) hue viewing booth for compliance with colour vision testing standards and to compare it with room illumination in subjects with normal colour vision (trichromats), subjects with acquired colour vision defects (secondary to diabetes mellitus), and subjects with congenital colour vision defects (dichromats). METHODS: Discrete wavelengths of the tube in the customized booth were measured using a spectrometer using the normal incident method and were compared with the spectral distribution of sunlight. Forty-eight subjects were recruited for the study and were divided into 3 groups: Group 1, Normal Trichromats (30 eyes); Group 2, Congenital Colour Vision Defects (16 eyes); and Group 3, Diabetes Mellitus (20 eyes). The FM 100 hue test performance was compared using two illumination conditions, booth illumination and room illumination. RESULTS: Total error scores of the classical method in Group 2 as mean+/-SD for room and booth illumination was 243.05+/-85.96 and 149.85+/-54.50 respectively (p=0.0001). Group 2 demonstrated lesser correlation (r=0.50, 0.55), lesser reliability (Cronbach's alpha, 0.625, 0.662) and greater variability (Bland & Altman value, 10.5) in total error scores for the classical method and the moment of inertia method between the two illumination conditions when compared to the other two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The customized booth demonstrated illumination meeting CIE standards. The total error scores were overestimated by the classical and moment of inertia methods in all groups for room illumination compared with booth illumination, however overestimation was more significant in the diabetes group.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Color Perception Tests/*instrumentation/*methods/standards ; Color Vision Defects/congenital/*diagnosis/etiology ; Diabetes Complications ; Equipment Design ; Humans ; *Lighting ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

Kallmann's syndrome is a rare condition, and this is defined as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia or hyposmia. The syndrome may be associated with cleft lip, cleft palate, color blindness, skeletal abnormalities, renal agenesis, sensory neural hearing loss, obesity, etc. About 10 cases of Kallmann's syndrome have been reported in Korea, but there are no reports on cases of Kallmann's syndrome with atrophy of the frontal lobe, severe mental retardation and unilateral renal agenesis. We experienced a case of 17-year-old boy with abnormalities of the olfactory system, as was noted on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). He had an atrophy of the frontal lobe, mental retardation, a micropenis and unilateral renal agenesis. Hormonal assay documented low levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). So, we report here on an unusual case of Kallmann's syndrome along with briefly reviewing the relevant medical literature.
Adolescent ; Atrophy ; Cleft Lip ; Cleft Palate ; Color Vision Defects ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone ; Frontal Lobe ; Genital Diseases, Male ; Hearing Loss ; Humans ; Hypogonadism ; Intellectual Disability ; Kallmann Syndrome ; Kidney ; Kidney Diseases ; Korea ; Luteinizing Hormone ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Obesity ; Olfaction Disorders ; Penis ; Testosterone ; Thyrotropin