Peritoneal metastatic colorectal cancer (pmCRC) is common and has been considered as the terminal stage. The theory of "seed and soil" and "oligometastasis" are the acknowledged hypotheses of pathogenesis of pmCRC. In recent years, the molecular mechanism related to pmCRC has been deeply researched. We realize that the formation of peritoneal metastasis, from detachment of cells from primary tumor to mesothelial adhesion and invasion, depends on the interplay of multiple molecules. Various components of tumor microenvironment also work as regulators in this process. Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) have been widely used in clinical practice as an established treatment for pmCRC. Besides systemic chemotherapy, targeted and immunotherapeutic drugs are also increasingly used to improve prognosis. This article reviews the molecular mechanisms and treatment strategies related to pmCRC.
Humans ; Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology* ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Peritoneal Neoplasms/secondary* ; Hyperthermia, Induced ; Colonic Neoplasms/therapy* ; Rectal Neoplasms/therapy* ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use* ; Prognosis ; Cytoreduction Surgical Procedures ; Survival Rate ; Tumor Microenvironment

With the extension of survival period and the improvement of imaging technology, the incidence of bone metastasis from colorectal cancer gradually increases. Therefore, the early diagnosis and treatment of bone metastasis should not be neglected while the primary lesion was controlled.Currently, the available evidence for bone metastasis from colorectal cancer is very limited. In this article, the Chinese Society of Colorectal Cancer organized multi-disciplinary experts to integrate the relevant studies worldwide and combine with clinical practice, focused on the issues and controversies about clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment, and follow-up of bone metastatic patients with colorectal cancer.After discussion and voting, Chinese expert consensus on multidisciplinary treatment of bone metastasis from colorectal cancer (2020 version) was formed. This consensus could provide clinicians with more detailed multidisciplinary treatment strategies for bone metastasis from colorectal cancer.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Bone Neoplasms ; pathology ; secondary ; therapy ; China ; Colonic Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Consensus ; Humans ; Interdisciplinary Communication ; Patient Care Team ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of miR-454-3p in colon cancer and its effect on colon cancer proliferation, invasion and hepatic metastasis. METHODS: Specimens of tumor tissues and paired adjacent tissues were collected from 20 patients with colorectal cancer for detecting the expression levels of miR-454-3p using in situ hybridization. Colon cancer cell line SW480 was transfected with a lentiviral vector to induce miR-454-3p over-expression, and the changes in cell proliferation and invasion were observed using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), clone formation assay and Transwell experiment. The effect of miR- 454-3p over-expression on hepatic metastasis of colon cancer was assessed in BALB/c mouse models. RESULTS: The results of in situ hybridization showed a significantly increased expression level of miR-454-3p in colon cancer tissues as compared with normal colon tissues ( < 0.05). In SW480 cells, over-expression of miR-454-3p significantly promoted the cell proliferation and invasion ( < 0.05). In BALB/c mice, SW480 cells over-expressing miR-454-3p showed a significantly higher potential for liver metastases than the control cells ( < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS miR-454-3p is overexpressed in the tumor tissues in patients with colorectal cancer and participates in the progression of colorectal cancer by promoting cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and liver metastasis. miR-454-3p may serve as a novel biomarker for colorectal cancer diagnosis and prognostic evaluation.
Animals ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Movement ; Cell Proliferation ; Colon ; metabolism ; Colonic Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Disease Progression ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; secondary ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; MicroRNAs ; metabolism ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Sincalide ; metabolism

No abstract available.
Angiogenesis Inhibitors/administration & dosage ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use ; Bevacizumab/administration & dosage ; Camptothecin/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Colonic Neoplasms/*diagnosis/drug therapy/pathology ; Colonoscopy ; Female ; Fluorouracil/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Leucovorin/therapeutic use ; Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy/pathology/secondary ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy/pathology/secondary ; Middle Aged ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

OBJECTIVETo explore the feasibility of preparation of a mouse model of orthotopic colon cancer by injecting tumor cell suspension into mesenteric triangle of the cecum.

METHODSTwenty SPF 8-week old BALB/c mice (male:female = 1:1) were used in this study. The mouse caecum was exposed by laparostomy, and suspension of mouse colon adenocarcinoma CT26. WT cells was injected into the mesenteric triangle of cecum for preparation of a mouse model of orthotopic colon cancer.

RESULTSMouse orthotopic colon cancer was developed by injection of tumor cell suspension into mesenteric triangle of the cecum showing a successful rate of 100%, without intestinal obstruction, and the liver, spleen, diaphragm and mesenteric lymph nodes metastasis rates were high in all the 20 experimental mice.

CONCLUSIONSThe establishment of mouse models of orthotopic colon cancer by injection of tumor cell suspension into the mesenteric triangle is a simple, rapid, and easy to master procedure, causing less damage to the colon wall, safe and with less trauma to the mice. This method may provide an ideal mouse model of orthotopic colon cancer for the study of pathogenesis as well as liver metastasis mechanisms of colon cancer.

Adenocarcinoma ; pathology ; secondary ; Animals ; Cecal Neoplasms ; pathology ; Cecum ; Colonic Neoplasms ; pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Feasibility Studies ; Female ; Liver Neoplasms ; secondary ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; methods

OBJECTIVETo explore the effect of colon cancer cell-derived interleukin-1α on the migration and proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells as well as the role of IL-1α and IL-1ra in the angiogenesis process.

METHODSWestern blot was used to detect the expression of IL-1α and IL-1R1 protein in the colon cancer cell lines with different liver metastatic potential. We also examined how IL-1α and IL-1ra influence the proliferation and migration of umbilical vascular endothelial cells assessed by PreMix WST-1 assay and migration assay, respectively. Double layer culture technique was used to detect the effect of IL-1α on the proliferation and migration of vascular endothelial cells and the effect of IL-1ra on the vascular endothelial cells.

RESULTSWestern blot analysis showed that IL-1α protein was only detected in highly metastatic colon cancer HT-29 and WiDr cells, but not in the lowly metastatic CaCo-2 and CoLo320 cells.Migration assay showed that there were significant differences in the number of penetrated cells between the control (17.9±3.6) and 1 ng/ml rIL-1α group (23.2±4.2), 10 ng/ml rIL-1α group (31.7±4.5), and 100 ng/ml rIL-1α group (38.6±4.9), showing that it was positively correlated with the increasing concentration of rIL-1α (P<0.01 for all). The proliferation assay showed that the absorbance values were 1.37±0.18 in the control group, and 1.79±0.14 in the 1 ng/ml rIL-1α group, 2.14±0.17 in the 10 ng/ml rIL-1α group, and 2.21±0.23 in the 100 ng/ml rIL-1α group, showing a positive correlation with the increasing concentration of rIL-1α(P<0.01 for all). IL-1ra significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of vascular endothelial cells (P<0.01). The levels of VEGF protein were (1.697±0.072) ng/ml, (3.507±0.064)ng/ml and (4.139±0.039)ng/ml in the control, HUVECs+ IL-1α and HUVECs+ HT-29 co-culture system groups, respectively, showing a significant difference between the control and HUVECs+ 10 pg/ml rIL-1α groups and between the control and HUVECs+ HT-29 groups (P<0.01 for both).

CONCLUSIONSOur findings indicate that colon cancer cell-derived IL-1α plays an important role in the liver metastasis of colon cancer through increased VEGF level of the colon cancer cells and enhanced vascular endothelial cells proliferation, migration and angiogenesis, while IL-1ra can suppress the effect of IL-1α and inhibit the angiogenesis in colon cancer.

Blotting, Western ; Caco-2 Cells ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Movement ; physiology ; Cell Proliferation ; physiology ; Coculture Techniques ; Colonic Neoplasms ; blood supply ; metabolism ; pathology ; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells ; cytology ; Humans ; Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein ; metabolism ; physiology ; Interleukin-1alpha ; metabolism ; physiology ; Liver Neoplasms ; secondary ; Neovascularization, Pathologic ; etiology

Primary colorectal choriocarcinoma is a rare neoplasm. Only 19 cases have been reported worldwide, most of which involved adenocarcinomas. The prognosis is usually poor, and the standard therapy for this tumor has not been established. A 61-year-old woman presented with constipation and lower abdominal discomfort. She was diagnosed with primary adenocarcinoma with focal choriocarcinomatous differentiation in the sigmoid colon and liver metastasis. Because the serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin level was not significantly elevated, and because only focal choriocarcinomatous differentiation was diagnosed, we selected the chemotherapy regimen that is used for the treatment of metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma. The patient survived for 13 months after the initial diagnosis. This is the first case in Korea to assess the suppressive effects of the standard chemotherapy for colorectal adenocarcinoma against coexisting colorectal choriocarcinoma and adenocarcinoma.
Adenocarcinoma/*diagnosis/drug therapy/pathology ; Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use ; CA-19-9 Antigen/analysis ; Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human/blood ; Colon, Sigmoid/pathology ; Colonic Neoplasms/*diagnosis/drug therapy/pathology ; Colonoscopy ; Constipation/etiology ; Female ; Fluorouracil/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Leucovorin/therapeutic use ; Liver Neoplasms/secondary ; Middle Aged ; Organoplatinum Compounds/therapeutic use ; Prognosis ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Animals ; Cell Adhesion Molecules ; metabolism ; Colonic Neoplasms ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; secondary ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; metabolism

Metastasis to the primary thyroid carcinoma is extremely rare. We report here a case of colonic adenocarcinoma metastasis to medullary thyroid carcinoma in a 53-yr old man with a history of colon cancer. He showed a nodular lesion, suggesting malignancy in the thyroid gland, in a follow-up examination after colon cancer surgery. Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of the thyroid gland showed tumor cell clusters, which was suspected to be medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). The patient underwent a total thyroidectomy. Using several specific immunohistochemical stains, the patient was diagnosed with colonic adenocarcinoma metastasis to MTC. To the best of our knowledge, the present patient is the first case of colonic adenocarcinoma metastasizing to MTC. Although tumor-tumor metastasis to primary thyroid carcinoma is very rare, we still should consider metastasis to the thyroid gland, when a patient with a history of other malignancy presents with a new thyroid finding.
Adenocarcinoma/pathology/surgery ; Biopsy, Fine-Needle ; Carcinoma, Medullary/diagnosis/radiography/*secondary ; Colonic Neoplasms/*pathology/surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasms, Second Primary/*diagnosis ; Thyroid Gland/pathology ; Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnosis/radiography/*secondary ; Thyroid Nodule/diagnosis

PURPOSE: Endobronchial metastasis is defined as documented extrathoracic malignancies metastatic to the endobronchus within a bronchoscopically visible range. Although the clinical and radiologic findings of endobronchial metastasis are similar to primary lung cancer, treatment and prognosis may be different. We hereby investigated the clinical, radiologic and bronchoscopic aspects of endobronchial metastases (EBM) in Korean patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 43 patients with EBM who underwent bronchoscopic biopsies from June 1991 to December 2009 at Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine in Seoul, Korea, were analyzed retrospectively. We evaluated clinical, radiologic and bronchoscopic characteristics of EBM. RESULTS: The patients consisted of 27 males and 16 females and their ages ranged from 18 to 77 years. The common primary cancers related to EBM were rectal (16.3%), colon (11.6%), breast (9.3%) and uterine (9.3%) cancers. The mean interval from diagnosis of primary cancer to EBM was 36 months, and the mean survival duration from diagnosis of EBM was 16.1 months in 33 deceased patients. CONCLUSION: EBM develop in various types of malignancies at various times with unremarkable manifestations. Therefore, physicians should consider the possibility of EBM, especially if a patient has a history of any malignancy, regardless of respiratory symptoms. Respiratory symptoms related with EBM can be treated by various safe procedures.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Breast Neoplasms/pathology ; Bronchial Neoplasms/epidemiology/pathology/*secondary ; Bronchoscopy ; Colonic Neoplasms/pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Rectal Neoplasms/pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Uterine Neoplasms/pathology