Fluid resuscitation is an essential intervention in critically ill patients, and its ultimate goal is to restore tissue perfusion. Critical illnesses are often accompanied by glycocalyx degradation caused by inflammatory reactions, hypoperfusion, shock, and so forth, leading to disturbed microcirculatory perfusion and organ dysfunction. Therefore, maintaining or even restoring the glycocalyx integrity may be of high priority in the therapeutic strategy. Like drugs, however, different resuscitation fluids may have beneficial or harmful effects on the integrity of the glycocalyx. The purpose of this article is to review the effects of different resuscitation fluids on the glycocalyx. Many animal studies have shown that normal saline might be associated with glycocalyx degradation, but clinical studies have not confirmed this finding. Hydroxyethyl starch (HES), rather than other synthetic colloids, may restore the glycocalyx. However, the use of HES also leads to serious adverse events such as acute kidney injury and bleeding tendencies. Some studies have suggested that albumin may restore the glycocalyx, whereas others have suggested that balanced crystalloids might aggravate glycocalyx degradation. Notably, most studies did not correct the effects of the infusion rate or fluid volume; therefore, the results of using balanced crystalloids remain unclear. Moreover, mainly animal studies have suggested that plasma may protect and restore glycocalyx integrity, and this still requires confirmation by high-quality clinical studies.
Animals ; Colloids ; Crystalloid Solutions/therapeutic use* ; Fluid Therapy ; Glycocalyx ; Humans ; Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives ; Isotonic Solutions ; Microcirculation ; Resuscitation

BACKGROUND: Hypotension is a common complication caused by spinal anesthesia (SA), which may have adverse impacts on the condition of the parturient and fetus. Liquid infusion was found to be relatively effective for reducing the incidence of hypotension. However, the question of whether colloid preload can optimize hemodynamic variables in the cesarean section remains controversial. This study aims to determine the effects of colloid preload on the incidence of hypotension induced by SA in elective cesarean section. METHODS: Related keywords were searched on PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library from inception dates to May 2020. Studies included were evaluated for eligibility and quality. The primary outcome was the intra-operative incidence of hypotension and severe hypotension. The secondary outcomes included the lowest intra-operative systolic blood pressure, the maximal intra-operative heart rate, the intra-operative needs of ephedrine and phenylephrine, the incidence of maternal nausea and/or vomiting, and neonatal outcomes (umbilical artery pH and Apgar scores). Apart from the above, RevMan 5.3 was used for the data analysis. RESULTS: Altogether nine randomized controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis. There were no significant differences in the incidence of intra-operative hypotension, severe hypotension, or neonatal outcomes between the colloid preload group and control group, except for the umbilical artery pH. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis suggests that colloid preload does not significantly reduce the incidence of hypotension associated with SA in elective cesarean section.
Anesthesia, Spinal/adverse effects* ; Cesarean Section/adverse effects* ; Colloids ; Female ; Humans ; Hypotension/etiology* ; Incidence ; Infant, Newborn ; Pregnancy ; Vasoconstrictor Agents/therapeutic use*

BACKGROUND: Hydroxyethyl starch (HES), a class of synthetic colloid solutions, has been widely used to treat perioperative hypovolemia. The use of HES, however, is associated with the risk of allergic reactions.CASE: An 83-year-old man was scheduled to undergo an open reduction and internal fixation of a pertrochanteric fracture under spinal anesthesia. He had no history of allergy. Five minutes after HES administration, hypotension, agitation, and skin rash were developed. HES infusion was terminated due to a suspected anaphylactic reaction. The vital signs recovered following administration of phenylephrine, dexamethasone, and hydrocortisone. Serum tryptase and total immunoglobulin E levels were elevated in plasma samples collected following the commencement of the allergic reaction during surgery.CONCLUSIONS: In the present report, the risk of anaphylactic reaction with HES and the laboratory tests needed to support the diagnosis are highlighted.
Aged, 80 and over ; Anaphylaxis ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Spinal ; Colloids ; Dexamethasone ; Diagnosis ; Dihydroergotamine ; Exanthema ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone ; Hypersensitivity ; Hypotension ; Hypovolemia ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunoglobulins ; Phenylephrine ; Plasma ; Starch ; Tryptases ; Vital Signs

BACKGROUND: Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are excellent candidates for biomedical imaging because of unique characteristics like enhanced colloidal stability and excellent in vivo biocompatibility. Over the last decade, material scientists have developed IONPs with better imaging and enhanced optical absorbance properties by tuning their sizes, shape, phases, and surface characterizations. Since IONPs could be detected with magnetic resonance imaging, various attempts have been made to combine other imaging modalities, thereby creating a high-resolution imaging platform. Composite IONPs (CIONPs) comprising IONP cores with polymeric or inorganic coatings have recently been documented as a promising modality for therapeutic applications. METHODS: In this review, we provide an overview of the recent advances in CIONPs for multimodal imaging and focus on the therapeutic applications of CIONPs. RESULTS: CIONPs with phototherapeutics, IONP-based nanoparticles are used for theranostic application via imaging guided photothermal therapy. CONCLUSION: CIONP-based nanoparticles are known for theranostic application, longstanding effects of composite NPs in in vivo systems should also be studied. Once such issues are fixed, multifunctional CIONP-based applications can be extended for theranostics of diverse medical diseases in the future.
Colloids ; Iron ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Multimodal Imaging ; Nanoparticles ; Optical Imaging ; Polymers ; Theranostic Nanomedicine ; Ultrasonography

As the elderly population is increasing, Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become a global issue and many clinical trials have been conducted to evaluate treatments for AD. As these clinical trials have been conducted and have failed, the development of new theraphies for AD with fewer adverse effects remains a challenge. In this study, we examined the effects of Theracurmin on cognitive decline using 5XFAD mice, an AD mouse model. Theracurmin is more bioavailable form of curcumin, generated with submicron colloidal dispersion. Mice were treated with Theracurmin (100, 300 and 1,000 mg/kg) for 12 weeks and were subjected to the novel object recognition test and the Barnes maze test. Theracurmin-treated mice showed significant amelioration in recognition and spatial memories compared those of the vehicle-treated controls. In addition, the antioxidant activities of Theracurmin were investigated by measuring the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels. The increased MDA level and decreased SOD and GSH levels in the vehicle-treated 5XFAD mice were significantly reversed by the administration of Theracurmin. Moreover, we observed that Theracurmin administration elevated the expression levels of synaptic components, including synaptophysin and post synaptic density protein 95, and decreased the expression levels of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1), a marker of activated microglia. These results suggest that Theracurmin ameliorates cognitive function by increasing the expression of synaptic components and by preventing neuronal cell damage from oxidative stress or from the activation of microglia. Thus, Theracurmin would be useful for treating the cognitive dysfunctions observed in AD.
Aged ; Alzheimer Disease ; Animals ; Cognition ; Colloids ; Curcumin ; Glutathione ; Humans ; Malondialdehyde ; Mice ; Microglia ; Neurons ; Oxidative Stress ; Post-Synaptic Density ; Spatial Memory ; Superoxide Dismutase ; Synaptophysin

BACKGROUND: Split-thickness skin grafts (STSGs) are commonly used in the reconstruction of skin defects induced by trauma or burns. Although STSGs are used to successfully treat various wound types, donor site wounds can be challenging, and complications often develop. Therefore, optimal donor site dressings are required. In this study, we introduce an evidence base for patterns in how the discharge amount decreases over time, with the goal of providing insights into the selection of dressing materials. METHODS: Twenty patients with burns who received STSGs harvested from the thigh between January 2016 to April 2017 were prospectively reviewed. A donor site dressing with foam was changed daily. The weight of the foam dressing was measured before and after placement on the donor site. The wound area was calculated using Visi-Trak. The mean weight of the discharge amount per unit area (g/10 cm2) was calculated. RESULTS: The mean weight of the discharge amount per unit area (g/10 cm2) decreased from 3.84 to 2.02 (P < 0.05) and 1.09 (P < 0.05) on postoperative days 5 and 10, respectively. It further decreased to 0.61 by postoperative day 14. CONCLUSIONS: To prevent infections induced by donor site leakage, the use of highly-absorptive foam materials until 5 days after the operation is beneficial. Moreover, hydrocolloid or highly-absorptive foam materials can be used to promote re-epithelialization of the donor site after 5 days postoperatively. For re-epithelialization and wound protection, it is effective to use hydrocolloid materials starting on postoperative day 10.
Bandages ; Burns ; Colloids ; Exudates and Transudates ; Humans ; Prospective Studies ; Re-Epithelialization ; Skin Transplantation ; Skin ; Thigh ; Tissue Donors ; Transplants ; Wounds and Injuries

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to identify the effects of three aesthetic restorative materials on the wear between tooth and restoration by a pin-on-disk manner. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six aesthetic restorative materials were used to prepare disk specimens for wear test, which were Lava Zirconia as zirconia group, Vintage MP and Cerabien ZR as veneering porcelain group, Gradia Direct microhybrid composite containing prepolymerized fillers, Filtek Z250 microhybrid composite containing zirconia glass and colloidal silica particles, and Filtek Z350 nanocomposite as composite resin group. Vertical loss of the worn cusp, change of the surface roughness of the restoration materials, and the surface topography were investigated after wear test under 9.8-N contact load. RESULTS: The porcelain groups (Vintage MP and Cerabien ZR) caused the largest vertical loss of teeth when compared with those of the composite resin and zirconia groups, and Filtek Z250 microhybrid composite results in the second-largest vertical loss of teeth. The surface of Filtek Z350 nanocomposite was deeply worn out, but visible wear on the surface of the zirconia and Gradia Direct microhybrid composite was not observed. When the zirconia surface was roughened by sand-blasting, vertical loss of teeth considerably increased when compared with that in the case of fine polished zirconia. CONCLUSION: It was identified that microhybrid composite resin containing a prepolymerized filler and zirconia with reduced surface roughness by polishing were the most desirable restorative materials among the tested materials to prevent the two-body wear between aesthetic restorative material and tooth.
Colloids ; Dental Enamel ; Dental Porcelain ; Glass ; In Vitro Techniques ; Nanocomposites ; Silicon Dioxide ; Tooth ; Tooth Abrasion

Rice stripe virus (RSV) causes dramatic losses in rice production worldwide. In this study, two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) 16E6 and 11C1 against RSV and a colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic strip were developed for specific, sensitive, and rapid detection of RSV in rice plant and planthopper samples. The MAb 16E6 was conjugated with colloidal gold and the MAb 11C1 was coated on the test line of the nitrocellulose membrane of the test strip. The specificity of the test strip was confirmed by a positive reaction to RSV-infected rice plants and small brown planthopper (SBPH), and negative reactions to five other rice viruses, healthy rice plants, four other vectors of five rice viruses, and non-viruliferous SBPH. Sensitivity analyses showed that the test strip could detect the virus in RSV-infected rice plant tissue crude extracts diluted to 1:20 480 (w/v, g/mL), and in individual viruliferous SBPH homogenate diluted to 1:2560 (individual SPBH/μL). The validity of the developed strip was further confirmed by tests using field-collected rice and SBPH samples. This newly developed test strip is a low-cost, fast, and easy-to-use tool for on-site detection of RSV infection during field epidemiological studies and paddy field surveys, and thus can benefit decision-making for RSV management in the field.
Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry* ; China ; Chromatography, Affinity/methods* ; Collodion/chemistry* ; Colloids/chemistry* ; Gold Colloid/chemistry* ; Materials Testing ; Membranes, Artificial ; Oryza/virology* ; Plant Diseases/virology* ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Species Specificity ; Tenuivirus/isolation & purification*

BACKGROUND: Patients with acne are at risk of using various over-the-counter drugs (OTCs). In addition, several OTCs are introduced in pharmacies in Korea. However, only few drugs are supported by well-established data. Among the treatments, acne patches are easy to purchase and use. Thus, they are widely used by patients. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the patient's perception and usage of acne patches. METHODS: A questionnaire survey was conducted on 80 patients with acne who visited the outpatient department of the National Medical Center for 2 months. RESULTS: A total of 42 (52.5%) patients answered that they had used acne patches, and 38 (47.5%) patients stated that they had never used patches. Moreover, 27 (64.29%) patients responded that they used the patches on inflammatory lesions. Moreover, several patients were using acne patches after pricking themselves. There was only one response to confirm the ingredient when purchasing acne patch. Moreover, 14 (33.33%) participants responded that they noted side effects after using acne patches. Overall, the satisfaction score for the use of acne patches was 5.05. CONCLUSION: Patients often use acne patches because they can be easily purchased and used. However, they do not know how to properly choose and use the product that fits their skin. Therefore, doctors must educate patients on how to properly select and use the products.
Acne Vulgaris* ; Bandages ; Colloids ; Humans ; Korea ; Nonprescription Drugs ; Outpatients ; Pharmacies ; Skin

BACKGROUND: To compare the effects of intraoperative infusions of balanced electrolyte solution (BES)-based hydroxyethyl starch (HES) and saline-based albumin on metabolic acidosis and acid/base changes during major abdominal surgery conducted using Stewart’s approach. METHODS: Forty patients, aged 20-65 years, undergoing major abdominal surgery, were randomly assigned to the HES group (n = 20; received 500 ml of BES-based 6% HES 130/0.4) or the albumin group (n = 20; received 500 ml of normal saline-based 5% albumin). Acid-base parameters were measured and calculated using results obtained from arterial blood samples taken after anesthesia induction (T1), 2 hours after surgery commencement (T2), immediately after surgery (T3), and 1 hour after arriving at a postanesthetic care unit (T4). RESULTS: Arterial pH in the HES group was significantly higher than that in the albumin group at T3 (7.40 ± 0.04 vs. 7.38 ± 0.04, P = 0.043), and pH values exhibited significant intergroup difference over time (P = 0.002). Arterial pH was significantly lower at T3 and T4 in the HES group and at T2, T3, and T4 in the albumin group than at T1. Apparent strong ion difference (SIDa) was significantly lower at T2, T3, and T4 than at T1 in both groups. Total plasma weak nonvolatile acid (ATOT) was significantly lower in the HES group than in the albumin group at T2, T3 and T4 and exhibited a significant intergroup difference over time (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: BES-based 6% HES infusion was associated with lower arterial pH values at the end of surgery than saline-based 5% albumin infusion, but neither colloid caused clinically significant metabolic acidosis (defined as an arterial pH < 7.35).
Acidosis ; Anesthesia ; Colloids ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Plasma ; Starch*