INTRODUCTION: Widespread mask use is an important intervention for control of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. However, data on the factors affecting mask use are lacking. In this observational study, we evaluated the proportion of and factors influencing face mask use and related hygiene practices. METHODS: We observed randomly selected members from the public in 367 venues across Singapore, and recorded the proportion of individuals with full compliance with mask use and mask hygiene (hand hygiene before and after touching the mask or face). Logistic regression analyses were used to determine variables associated with mask and hand hygiene compliance. RESULTS: We made 3,821 observations - 2,149 (56.2%) females, 3,569 (93.4%) adults (≥21 years), 212 (5.5%) children (6-20 years) and 40 (1.0%) children (2-5 years). The overall full compliance rate (correct mask use), poor compliance rate (incorrect mask use) and absent mask use were 84.5%, 12.9% and 2.6%, respectively. The factors - male gender, fabric mask usage and crowded indoor venues - were associated with lower mask compliance. Face or mask touching behaviour was observed in 10.7% and 13.7% of individuals observed, respectively. Only one individual performed hand hygiene before and after touching the mask. CONCLUSION The rate of mask compliance was high, probably due to legislation mandating mask usage. However, specific factors and crowded indoor venues associated with lower mask compliance were identified. We also noted an issue with the absence of hand hygiene before and after face or mask touching. These issues may benefit from targeted public health messaging.
Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology* ; Singapore ; Masks ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Child ; Adolescent ; Hand Hygiene ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Young Adult ; Child, Preschool ; Pandemics/prevention & control* ; Middle Aged ; Patient Compliance/statistics & numerical data*

INTRODUCTIONThe risk of malignancy index (RMI) is a scoring system used to triage benign from malignant ovarian masses. We compared the specificity and sensitivity of the four indices (RMI 1, RMI 2, RMI 3 and RMI 4) to discriminate a benign ovarian mass from a malignant one in a Southeast Asian population.

METHODSThis was a five-year retrospective study of women who were admitted for surgery due to ovarian masses. RMI scores were calculated based on standardised preoperative cancer antigen (CA)-125 levels, ultrasonography findings, menopausal status and tumour size based on ultrasonography. Postoperative histopathologic diagnosis was regarded as the definite outcome. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, and Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the individual RMI scores between the benign and malignant cases.

RESULTSOut of the 480 patients reviewed, 228 women aged 10-65 years were included in the study. Of these, 17 (7.5%) had malignant disease and 211 (92.5%) had benign pathology. There was no statistical difference in the RMI 1, 2, 3 and 4 scores between the benign and malignant cases. Individual variables that were analysed showed significant differences in median CA-125 level and tumour size (p = 0.044 and p < 0.0005, respectively) between the benign and malignant cases.

CONCLUSIONOur study shows that RMI is not a valuable triage tool for our Southeast Asian population. Further prospective validation, with regard to standardising results in different patient populations and centres, is required.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Area Under Curve ; CA-125 Antigen ; metabolism ; Child ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Models, Statistical ; Ovarian Cysts ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; pathology ; ROC Curve ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Singapore ; Young Adult

Cystitis ; diagnosis ; Cystoscopy ; methods ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Xanthomatosis ; diagnosis