Objective:This study aimed to explore the safety and feasibility of gasless transoral vestibular robotic resection of thyroglossal duct cysts. Methods:The clinical data of patients who underwent gasless transoral vestibular robotic resection of thyroglossal duct cysts at the Department of otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun yat-sen university from September 2020 to May 2022 were analyzed. The operative time, blood loss, postoperative complications, postoperative pain score, postoperative aesthetic score, and recurrence were prospectively evaluated. Results:All patients completed the operation successfully and no case conversed to an open operation. The operation time was 104.00（95.00, 131.25） minutes, and the surgical blood loss was 15.00（10.00, 16.25） mL. The drainage volume was（59.71±9.20） mL. Postoperative pathology was consistent with thyroglossal duct cysts. There was no local reswelling, subcutaneous hematoma, emphysema, skin flap necrosis, infection and other complications. The postoperative hospital stay was 3.00（2.00, 3.00） days. Six patients had mild sensory abnormalities of the lower lip 3 months after surgery, and all patients were satisfied with the cosmetic outcomes. No recurrence was found during the 5-26 months follow-up. Conclusion:gasless transoral vestibular robotic resection of thyroglossal duct cysts is safe and feasible, with hidden postoperative scars and good cosmetic outcomes. It can provide a new choice for patients with thyroglossal duct cysts.
Humans ; Robotic Surgical Procedures ; Thyroglossal Cyst/pathology* ; Postoperative Complications ; Cicatrix/pathology* ; Pain, Postoperative

Objective: To explore the family rehabilitation model for children with scar contracture after hand burns and observe its efficacy. Methods: A retrospective non-randomized controlled study was conducted. From March 2020 to March 2021, 30 children with scar contracture after deep partial-thickness to full-thickness burns of hands, who met the inclusion criteria, were hospitalized in the Burn Center of PLA of the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University. According to the rehabilitation model adopted, 18 children (23 affected hands) were included in a group mainly treated by family rehabilitation (hereinafter referred to as family rehabilitation group), and 12 children (15 affected hands) were included in another group mainly treated by hospital rehabilitation (hereinafter referred to as hospital rehabilitation group). In the former group, there were 11 males and 7 females, aged (4.8±2.1) years, who began rehabilitation treatment (3.1±0.8) d after wound healing; in the latter group, there were 7 males and 5 females, aged (4.6±2.1) years, who began rehabilitation treatment (2.8±0.7) d after wound healing. The children in hospital rehabilitation group mainly received active and passive rehabilitation training in the hospital, supplemented by independent rehabilitation training after returning home; after 1-2 weeks of active and passive rehabilitation training in the hospital, the children in family rehabilitation group received active and passive rehabilitation training at home under the guidance of rehabilitation therapists through WeChat platform. Both groups of children were treated for 6 months. During the treatment, they wore pressure gloves and used hand flexion training belts and finger splitting braces. Before treatment and after 6 months of treatment, the modified Vancouver scar scale, the total active movement of the hand method, and Carroll quantitative test of upper extremity function were used to score/rate the scar of the affected hand (with the difference of scar score between before treatment and after treatment being calculated), the joint range of motion (with excellent and good ratio being calculated), and the function of the affected limb, respectively. Data were statistically analyzed with independent sample t test, equivalence test, Fisher's exact probability test, and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: The differences of scar scores of the affected hands of children in family rehabilitation group and hospital rehabilitation group between after 6 months of treatment and those before treatment were 3.0 (2.0, 7.0) and 3.0 (2.0, 8.0) respectively (with 95% confidence interval of 2.37-5.38 and 1.95-5.91). The 95% confidence interval of the difference between the differences of the two groups was -2.43-2.21, which was within the equivalent boundary value of -3-3 (P<0.05). The excellent and good ratios of joint range of motion of the affected hand of children in family rehabilitation group and hospital rehabilitation group were 3/23 and 2/15 respectively before treatment, and 15/23 and 12/15 respectively after 6 months of treatment. The ratings of joint range of motion of the affected hand of children in family rehabilitation group and hospital rehabilitation group after 6 months of treatment were significantly higher than those before treatment (with Z values of 3.58 and 2.30, respectively, P<0.05), but the ratings of joint range of motion of the affected hand between the two groups were similar before treatment and after 6 months of treatment (with Z values of 0.39 and 0.55, respectively, P>0.05). The functional ratings of the affected limbs of children in family rehabilitation group and hospital rehabilitation group after 6 months of treatment were significantly higher than those before treatment (with Z values of 3.98 and 3.51, respectively, P<0.05), but the functional ratings of the affected limbs between the two groups were similar before treatment and after 6 months of treatment (with Z values of 1.27 and 0.38, respectively, P>0.05). Conclusions: The WeChat platform assisted rehabilitation treatment with mainly family rehabilitation, combined with hand flexion and extension brace can effectively reduce the scarring after children's hand burns, improve the joint range of motion of the affected hands, and promote the recovery of affected limb function. The effect is similar to that of hospital-based rehabilitation providing an optional rehabilitation, treatment method for children who cannot continue to receive treatment in hospital.
Male ; Female ; Humans ; Child ; Cicatrix/therapy* ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Wound Healing ; Hand Injuries/rehabilitation* ; Wrist Injuries ; Contracture/etiology* ; Burns/complications*

Objective:To compare the perioperative efficacy and safety of postoperative oral glucocorticoid and glucocorticoid stent implantation in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps（CRSwNP） undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery（FESS）. Methods:Sixty patients with bilateral CRSwNP with similar degree of lesions were selected and divided into three groups: conventional surgical treatment group（20 cases）, glucocorticoid stent group（20 cases）, and oral glucocorticoid group（20 cases）. All three groups underwent routine FESS, patients in the sinus glucocorticoid stent group receiving sinus glucocorticoid stent placed in the ethmoid sinuses（one on each side） during surgery, and patients in the oral glucocorticoid group received postoperative oral methylprednisolone at a dose of 0.4 mg/kg per day for 7 days, followed by a tapering of 8 mg per week to 8 mg followed by maintenance therapy for 1 week, for a total of 3-4 weeks. Visual analog scale（VAS） scores were used to evaluate nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, olfaction, and facial pressure symptoms before surgery, as well as at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery. Nasal endoscopic Lund-Kennedy scores were recorded, and adverse reactions such as stent detachment, stent-related allergic reactions, sleep disorders, edema, gastrointestinal symptoms, rash/acne, behavioral/cognitive changes, weight gain, limb pain, and infection risk were documented. Results:The nasal congestion symptom scores at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery were significantly lower than those before operationin all three groups, and the differences were statistically significant（P<0.05）. The sinus glucocorticoid stent group exhibited significantly lower nasal congestion symptom scores at 4 and 8 weeks after surgery compared to the conventional surgical treatment group. The rhinorrhea symptom scores at 2, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery were significantly lower than preoperative scores in all three groups. Additionally, the sinus glucocorticoid stent group had significantly lower rhinorrhea scores than the conventional surgical treatment group at 2 weeks postoperatively. Concerning olfaction, the sinus glucocorticoid stent group showed a significant reduction in scores at 12 weeks postoperatively, while the oral glucocorticoid group exhibited significant improvement starting from 8 weeks after surgery. There were no statistically significant differences in nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, facial pressure, and olfaction scores between the sinus glucocorticoid stent and oral glucocorticoid groups at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postoperatively. Nasal endoscopy scores revealed lower polyp scores and edema at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postoperatively for all three groups compared to preoperative scores. The conventional surgical treatment group exhibited a significant reduction in nasal secretion scores starting from 8 weeks after surgery, while both the sinus glucocorticoid stent and oral glucocorticoid groups showed significant reductions starting from 2 weeks postoperatively, with scores significantly lower than those of the conventional surgical treatment group at 2 weeks. Scab/scar scores in the conventional surgical treatment group significantly decreased from 8 weeks after surgery, while both the sinus glucocorticoid stent and oral glucocorticoid groups exhibited significant reductions starting from 4 weeks. No statistically significant differences were observed in endoscopy scores（including polyps, edema, nasal secretion, scars, and scabs） between the sinus glucocorticoid stent and oral glucocorticoid groups at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postoperatively. Regarding adverse reactions, no postoperative complications related to sinus glucocorticoid stent were observed in the sinus glucocorticoid stent group. In the oral glucocorticoid group,1 patient experienced irritability, and 1 patient experienced weight gain. Conclusion:The glucocorticoid stent implantation has comparable effects to oral glucocorticoid in improving postoperative nasal symptoms, reducing nasal mucosal edema, scar formation, and nasal secretion in patients with CRSwNP undergoing FESS, with a better safety profile.
Humans ; Nasal Polyps/complications* ; Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use* ; Cicatrix/complications* ; Sinusitis/complications* ; Postoperative Period ; Endoscopy ; Rhinorrhea ; Edema/complications* ; Weight Gain ; Chronic Disease ; Rhinitis/complications* ; Treatment Outcome

Objective: To explore the safety and feasibility of gasless submental approach endoscopic removal of thyroglossal cyst. Methods: This work prospectively included the clinical data of 13 patients who underwent the gasless submental approach endoscopic removal of thyroglossal cyst at the Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from August 2021 to February 2022. The operative time, bleeding volumes, postoperative complications, subjective pain levels, satisfaction with incisional scars, neck and facial deformities, and recurrences were prospectively evaluated by visual analogue scale(VAS) score. Results: All of 13 patients were successfully treated using this new technique. The patients had a median age of 38 years, ranging from 24 to 59 years, comprising of 3 males and 10 females. The length of the submental incision was about 3 cm and the median of operation time was 135 minutes. Postoperative complications were minimal. The median volume of blood loss was 10 ml. Surgical site swelling existed in 1 case and dysphagia for more than 1 week occurred in 2 cases. Patients were discharged from the hospital with a median of 3 days after surgery. On a VAS of 0-10 scores, the pain had a median of 2 on the first day after surgery, and the satisfaction with incision scars and neck and facial deformities showed a median of 8 at 6 months after surgery. There were no recurrences during the follow-up period of 9-15 months. Conclusion: Gasless submental approach endoscopic removal of thyroglossal cyst may be a reliable new surgical method that is safe and has cosmetic advantages.
Male ; Female ; Humans ; Adult ; Cicatrix/complications* ; Thyroglossal Cyst/complications* ; Endoscopy/methods* ; Postoperative Complications ; Pain/complications*

Objective: To compare and analyze the effect of repairing small skin and soft tissue defect wounds in functional areas of children with full-thickness skin grafts from different sites of abdomen. Methods: A prospective randomized controlled study was conducted. From January 2019 to June 2020, 60 female children with small skin and soft tissue defects in functional areas requiring full-thickness skin grafting, who met the inclusion criteria, were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University. According to the random number table, the children were divided into two groups, with 28 cases left in lateral abdomen group aged 5 (3, 8) years and 29 cases in lower abdomen group aged 5 (3, 7) years after the exclusion of several dropped-out children in follow-up. In lower abdomen group, 20 (12, 26) cm² wounds of children were repaired with (24±10) cm² full-thickness skin graft from transverse skin lines in the inferior abdomen area, while in lateral abdomen group, 23 (16, 32) cm² wounds of children were repaired with (24±9) cm² full-thickness skin graft from below the umbilical plane to above the groin in the lateral abdomen area. All the children were treated with continuous intradermal suture at the donor site incision and received continuous negative pressure treatment of -10.64 to -6.65 kPa in the donor and recipient areas after operation. The donor site was treated with a medical skin tension-reducing closure device since post-surgery day (PSD) 7. The use of medical skin tension-reducing closure device at the donor site, postoperative complications and suture removal time of the donor area were recorded, and the incidence of complications was calculated. On PSD 7, a self-designed efficacy satisfaction questionnaire was used to investigate the parents' satisfaction with the curative effect of their children. In post-surgery month (PSM) 1 and 6, Vancouver scar scale (VSS) was used to evaluate the scar at the donor site, and the VSS score difference between the two time points was calculated; the scar width at the donor site was measured with a ruler, and the scar width difference between the two time points was calculated. Data were statistically analyzed with independent sample t test or Cochran & Cox approximate t test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Fisher's exact probability test. Results: The proportion of children in lateral abdomen group who used the medical skin tension-reducing closure device in the donor area for equal to or more than 4 weeks after surgery was significantly higher than that in lower abdomen group (P<0.05). On PSD 7, there was one case of partial incision dehiscence in the donor area, one case of peripheral skin redness and swelling in the donor area, and one case of fat liquefaction in the donor area in lateral abdomen group, and one case of partial incision dehiscence in the donor area in lower abdomen group. The incidence of postoperative complications at the donor site of children in lower abdomen group was significantly lower than that in lateral abdomen group (P<0.05). Compared with that in lateral abdomen group, the suture removal time at the donor site of children after surgery in lower abdomen group was significantly shorter (t'=17.23, P<0.01). On PSD 7, the satisfaction score of parents with the curative effect of their children in lower abdomen group was significantly higher than that in lateral abdomen group (t'=20.14, P<0.01). In PSM 1 and 6, the VSS scores of scar at the donor site of children in lower abdomen group were 2.7±0.9 and 2.8±1.0, respectively, which were significantly lower than 7.1±2.2 and 9.1±2.7 in lateral abdomen group (with t values of 10.00 and 11.15, respectively, P<0.01). In PSM 6, the VSS score of scar at the donor site of children in lateral abdomen group was significantly higher than that in PSM 1 (t=3.10, P<0.01), while the VSS score of scar at the donor site of children in lower abdomen group was not significantly higher than that in PSM 1 (P>0.05). The VSS score difference of scar at the donor site of children in lateral abdomen group was significantly greater than that in lower abdomen group (Z=-8.12, P<0.01). In PSM 1 and 6, the scar widths at the donor site of children in lower abdomen group were 2.0 (1.0, 2.0) and 2.0 (2.0, 3.0) mm, respectively, which were significantly narrower than 6.0 (4.0, 10.0) and 8.5 (5.0, 12.0) mm in lateral abdomen group (with Z values of -13.41 and -14.70, respectively, P<0.01). In PSM 6, the scar width at the donor site of children in lateral abdomen group was significantly wider than that in PSM 1 (Z=-2.79, P<0.01), while the scar width at the donor site of children in lower abdomen group was not significantly wider than that in PSM 1 (P>0.05). The difference of scar width at the donor site of children in lateral abdomen group was significantly greater than that in lower abdomen group (Z=-14.93, P<0.01). Conclusions: The use of full-thickness skin grafts from the lower abdomen to repair small skin and soft tissue defect wounds in functional areas of children, especially girls, is effective, simple and easy to operate, and conforms to the principle of aesthetic repair. Compared with transplantation with full-thickness skin graft from the lateral abdomen, lower abdominal full-thickness skin grafting has a low incidence of donor site complications and no obvious scar hyperplasia, which is worthy of clinical promotion.
Abdominal Cavity/surgery* ; Child ; Cicatrix/surgery* ; Female ; Humans ; Postoperative Complications/surgery* ; Prospective Studies ; Skin Transplantation ; Wound Healing

Objective To study the influence of recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor as an adjuvant therapy on scar alleviation and inflammatory cytokines in patients with atrophic acne scar. Methods The random number table was employed to randomly assign 120 patients with atrophic acne scar into a test group and a control group.Both groups of patients were treated with CO₂ lattice laser.After the operation,the control group was routinely smeared with erythromycin ointment and the test group was coated with recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor gel.The clinical efficacy,clinical indicators,scar alleviation,and inflammatory cytokine levels before and after treatment were compared,and adverse reactions were counted. Results The test group had higher total effective rate(P=0.040) and lower total incidence of adverse reactions(P=0.028) than the control group.Compared with the control group,the test group showcased short erythema duration after treatment(P=0.025),early scab forming(P=0.002),and early edema regression(P<0.001).After treatment,the proportion of grade 1 scars graded by Goodman and Baron's acne scar grading system in the test group and control group increased(P=0.001,P=0.027),and the proportion of grade 4 scars decreased(P<0.001,P=0.034).Moreover,the proportion of grade 1 scars in the test group was higher than that in the control group(P=0.031) after treatment,and the proportion of grade 4 scars presented an opposite trend(P=0.031).After treatment,the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-1β(IL-1β) in both groups declined(all P<0.001),and the test group had lower TNF-α and IL-1β levels than the control group(all P<0.001). Conclusion The recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor gel as an adjuvant therapy of CO₂ lattice laser can effectively alleviate the atrophic acne scar,relieve local inflammatory reaction,and has good curative effect and less adverse reactions.
Acne Vulgaris/drug therapy* ; Animals ; Atrophy/complications* ; Carbon Dioxide ; Cattle ; Cicatrix/pathology* ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/therapeutic use* ; Humans ; Treatment Outcome ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Objective: To explore the clinical effects of autologous follicular unit extraction (FUE) transplantation in the treatment of small area secondary cicatricial alopecia (hereinafter referred to as cicatricial alopecia) after burns. Methods: A retrospective observational study was carried out. According to the adopted treatment methods, 18 patients (12 males and 6 females, aged (29±6) years) who received autologous FUE transplantation for small area cicatricial alopecia after burns from March 2017 to November 2019 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University were included in FUE transplantation group, and 18 patients (13 males and 5 females, aged (33±5) years) who were treated with expanded flap transplantation for small area cicatricial alopecia after burns by the same surgery team during the same period in the same hospital were included in expanded flap transplantation group. All the patients were followed up for more than 1 year. At the last follow-up, the follicular unit density in the transplanted area was measured by Folliscope hair detection system and the hair survival rate was calculated; the visual analogue scale (VAS) method was adopted to evaluate the treatment effect; patients were asked their satisfaction with the treatment effect and the occurrence of complications during follow-up; the hair growth and the scalp thickness, pain, pruritus, pigmentation, and surface roughness of the transplanted area were recorded. Data were statistically analyzed with Fisher's exact probability test and independent sample t test. Results: At the last follow-up, the follicular unit density in the transplanted area of patients in FUE transplantation group was (46.8±2.0)/cm², which was significantly higher than (42.5±4.3)/cm² in expanded flap transplantation group (t=3.84, P<0.01); the hair survival rates of patients were similar between the two groups (P>0.05). At the last follow-up, VAS scores evaluating the treatment effect of patients were similar between the two groups (P>0.05); the satisfaction score of patients toward the treatment effect in FUE transplantation group was 8.6±1.1, which was significantly higher than 7.6±0.8 in expanded flap transplantation group (t=2.89, P<0.01). During the follow-up, no inflammation or infection occurred in patients of the two groups, but only 2 patients in expanded flap transplantation group had postoperative pain. At the last follow-up, the transplanted area of patients in the two groups was covered with new hair, and the hair growth direction was basically consistent with the surrounding normal hair; scalp thickness, pain, pruritus, pigmentation, and surface roughness of the transplanted area of patients were similar between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusions: Autologous FUE transplantation has better long-term follicular unit density and patients' satisfaction than expanded flap transplantation in the treatment of small area cicatricial alopecia after burns, showing better postoperative effect and a good prospect of clinical application.
Alopecia/surgery* ; Burns/surgery* ; Cicatrix/surgery* ; Female ; Hair Follicle ; Humans ; Male ; Pain/complications* ; Pruritus/complications*

OBJECTIVE: To assess the predictive value of myocardial scar mass in malignant ventricular arrhythmia (MVA) after myocardial infarction. METHODS: Thirty myocardial infarction patients with complete electrophysiology and cardiac MRI data admitted from January 2012 to August 2017 were enrolled in the study. According to the results of intracavitary electrophysiological study, MVA developed in 16 patients (MVA group) and not developed in 14 patients (non-MVA group). The qualitative and quantitative analysis of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVFE) and scar mass was performed with CV post-processing software and predictive value of myocardial scar and LVEF for MVA after myocardial infarction was analyzed using ROC curves. RESULTS: LVEF in MVA group was significantly lower than that in non-MVA group, and scar mass in MVA group was significantly higher than that in non-MVA group (all <0.05). Regression analysis showed that LVEF (=1.580) and scar mass (=6.270) were risk factors for MVA after myocardial infarction. For predicting MVA, the area under ROC curve () of LVEF was 0.696 with a sensitivity of 0.786 and the specificity of 0.685; the of the scar mass was 0.839 with a sensitivity was 0.618 and the specificity of 0.929; the of LVEF combined with scar mass was 0.848 with a sensitivity of 0.688 and specificity of 0.857. CONCLUSIONS Myocardial scar assessed by late gadolinium enhancement MRI is more effective than LVEF in predicting MVA after myocardial infarction.
Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; diagnosis ; Cicatrix ; diagnostic imaging ; Contrast Media ; Gadolinium ; Humans ; Myocardial Infarction ; complications ; diagnostic imaging ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Ventricular Function, Left

BACKGROUND: Keloids are benign fibro-proliferative lesion, related to excessive inflammatory reactions in certain anatomical areas, including the auricles. Their specific etiology remains unclear; nonetheless they exhibit tumor-like characteristics of significant recurrence and cause emotional distress, even with various treatment strategies. We applied intermittent magnetic pressure therapy on ear keloids in combination with surgical excision, and present its effectiveness herein.METHODS: Ear keloid patients were treated with surgical excision followed by magnetic pressure therapy. The keloid tissues underwent excision and keloid marginal flaps were utilized for wound closure. Intermittent magnetic pressure therapy was applied 2 weeks after the surgical procedure. The pressure therapy consisted of a 3-hour application and 2-hour resting protocol (9 hr/day), and lasted for 6 months. The results were analyzed 6 months after the therapeutic procedures, using the scar assessment scale.RESULTS: Twenty-two ear keloids from 20 patients were finally reviewed. Among the keloids that completed the therapeutic course, 20 ear keloids out of 22 in total (90.9%) were successfully eradicated. Two patients (2 keloids) exhibited slight under-correction. Postoperative complications such as wound dehiscence or surgical site infection were not noted. The scar assessment scale demonstrated a significant improvement in each index. The intermittent pressure therapy led to patient compliance, and avoided pressure-related pain and discomfort.CONCLUSION: Excision followed by intermittent pressure application using a magnet successfully reduced the burden of fibro-proliferative keloids, and had good patient compliance. The role of intermittent pressure application and resting should be studied with regard to keloid tissue remodeling.
Cicatrix ; Ear ; Humans ; Keloid ; Patient Compliance ; Postoperative Complications ; Recurrence ; Surgical Wound Infection ; Treatment Outcome ; Wounds and Injuries

PURPOSE: Improvements in surgical techniques and a better understanding of the unique anesthetic requirements in neonates undergoing laparoscopy have suggested that laparoscopic surgery may be effective in newborns. This study therefore evaluated the safety and feasibility of laparoscopic excision of the cyst (LEC) in neonates. METHODS: This retrospective study included 43 neonates who underwent excision of choledochal cysts between November, 2001, and January, 2018, including 21 who underwent open excision and 22 who underwent LEC. Their perioperative and surgical outcomes were reviewed. The patients were followed up for a median 37 months (range, 3–141 months). RESULTS: Baseline characteristics did not differ significantly in the open and LEC groups. Mean intraoperative peak partial pressure of arterial CO2 (PaCO2) (45.5 mmHg vs. 48.0 mmHg) and total operation time (208.3 ± 71.0 minutes vs. 235.0 ± 47.2 minutes) were similar in both groups. Parents of the patients in the LEC group provided a more positive evaluation of scar scale and greater satisfaction with wound. No patient in either group experienced any critical complications. Three patients in the open excision group required readmission for cholangitis and 2 patients had ileus. No patient in the laparoscopic excision group experienced any postoperative complications during follow-up. CONCLUSION: Despite difficulties performing laparoscopic surgery in neonates, LEC was safe and feasible when intraperitoneal peak pressure was maintained under 10 mmHg and PaCO₂ was closely monitored by a pediatric anesthesiologist. Compared with open excision, LEC provided improved cosmetic outcomes without severe complications. Prospective randomized studies with large numbers of patients are warranted.
Cholangitis ; Choledochal Cyst ; Cicatrix ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Ileus ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Laparoscopy ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures ; Parents ; Partial Pressure ; Postoperative Complications ; Prospective Studies ; Retrospective Studies ; Wounds and Injuries