Occupational pneumoconiosis (referred to as “pneumoconiosis”) caused by exposure to occupational dust is the most serious occupational disease in China. Biological monitoring on occupational populations exposed to dust is important for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of pneumoconiosis. Biological monitoring is a systematic engineering process that includes a series of processes such as biological samples selection, selection of biological monitoring indicators, and selection of detection methods. The biological samples for biological monitoring mainly include urine, blood, exhaled breath gas, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, saliva, sputum, and more. The indicators of biological monitoring involve multiple pathways such as oxidative stress, inflammatory response, collagen synthesis/degradation, phagocytic cell apoptosis, and pathways related to the formation of pneumoconiosis. Suitable detection methods need to be determined upon different biological monitoring indicators, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, high-performance liquid chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, etc. Currently, there is a lack of true clinically valuable biological monitoring indicators that can indicate the correlation between dust exposure and the hazards of occupational populations, and there are no systematic and complete biological monitoring methods reported. It is necessary to further standardize the biological monitoring process and search for specific biological monitoring indicators.

Silicosis is a common occupational disease, and its main characteristic pathological features are the formation of silicon nodules and diffuse pulmonary fibrosis. In the process of silicosis fibrosis, macrophages can be polarized into M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages. M1 macrophages play a pro-inflammatory role in the early stage of silicosis and release a variety of inflammatory factors, which is the core of inflammatory response. M2 macrophages promote inflammation resolution and tissue repair in silicosis fibrosis stage by secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines and pro-fibrotic mediators. M1/M2 polarization balance plays an important role in the occurrence and development of silicosis, and the regulation of macrophage polarization direction may play a positive role in the prevention and treatment of silicosis fibrosis. In this review, the role of macrophage polarization in silicosis fibrosis, the related signaling pathways regulating macrophage polarization in silicosis fibrosis, and the potential therapeutic targets based on macrophage polarization in silicosis fibrosis are reviewed, with a view to further strengthening the understanding of the mechanism of macrophage polarization in the pathogenesis and treatment of silicosis fibrosis.

Silicosis is a common occupational disease, and its main characteristic pathological features are the formation of silicon nodules and diffuse pulmonary fibrosis. In the process of silicosis fibrosis, macrophages can be polarized into M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages. M1 macrophages play a pro-inflammatory role in the early stage of silicosis and release a variety of inflammatory factors, which is the core of inflammatory response. M2 macrophages promote inflammation resolution and tissue repair in silicosis fibrosis stage by secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines and pro-fibrotic mediators. M1/M2 polarization balance plays an important role in the occurrence and development of silicosis, and the regulation of macrophage polarization direction may play a positive role in the prevention and treatment of silicosis fibrosis. In this review, the role of macrophage polarization in silicosis fibrosis, the related signaling pathways regulating macrophage polarization in silicosis fibrosis, and the potential therapeutic targets based on macrophage polarization in silicosis fibrosis are reviewed, with a view to further strengthening the understanding of the mechanism of macrophage polarization in the pathogenesis and treatment of silicosis fibrosis.

Objective:To evaluate the accuracy and applicability of detection tube method for quantitative detection of hydrogen sulfide in workplace air.Methods:In September 2021, the lower limit of quantification, accuracy, precision, environmental factors, interfering gases and other performance indicators of the method for determining hydrogen sulfide in the air of workplace were verified by the detection tube, and the results were compared with those of GB 11742-89 "Standard method for hygienic examination of hydrogen sulfide in air of residential areas-methylene blue spectrophotometric method" to evaluate the application effect of the detection tube method for quantitative detection of hydrogen sulfide in workplace air.Results:There was no significant difference in the results of 2.83 mg/m 3, 4.25 mg/m 3 and 17.00 mg/m 3 hydrogen sulfide concentration between the two methods ( P>0.05) , but there was significant difference in the results of 8.50 mg/m 3 concentration ( P<0.05) . The lower limit of quantification of hydrogen sulfide in workplace air was 2.83 mg/m 3, the accuracy was 96.0%-111.0%, and the precision was 0.70%-6.64%. Under the condition of 4 ℃, the measured results decreased by 3.39%-13.10%. When the humidity was 50%-80%, the relative error of the average measured value was -1.67%-4.44%. Interference gases that may exist in the workplace (including carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, mercaptans, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, etc.) did not interfere with the results of the test tube. Conclusion:The accuracy and precision of the detection tube method meet the detection requirements. The method is simple, rapid and easy to be popularized, and can be used for the rapid detection of hydrogen sulfide gas concentration in the workplace.

Objective:To evaluate the accuracy and applicability of detection tube method for quantitative detection of hydrogen sulfide in workplace air.Methods:In September 2021, the lower limit of quantification, accuracy, precision, environmental factors, interfering gases and other performance indicators of the method for determining hydrogen sulfide in the air of workplace were verified by the detection tube, and the results were compared with those of GB 11742-89 "Standard method for hygienic examination of hydrogen sulfide in air of residential areas-methylene blue spectrophotometric method" to evaluate the application effect of the detection tube method for quantitative detection of hydrogen sulfide in workplace air.Results:There was no significant difference in the results of 2.83 mg/m 3, 4.25 mg/m 3 and 17.00 mg/m 3 hydrogen sulfide concentration between the two methods ( P>0.05) , but there was significant difference in the results of 8.50 mg/m 3 concentration ( P<0.05) . The lower limit of quantification of hydrogen sulfide in workplace air was 2.83 mg/m 3, the accuracy was 96.0%-111.0%, and the precision was 0.70%-6.64%. Under the condition of 4 ℃, the measured results decreased by 3.39%-13.10%. When the humidity was 50%-80%, the relative error of the average measured value was -1.67%-4.44%. Interference gases that may exist in the workplace (including carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, mercaptans, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, etc.) did not interfere with the results of the test tube. Conclusion:The accuracy and precision of the detection tube method meet the detection requirements. The method is simple, rapid and easy to be popularized, and can be used for the rapid detection of hydrogen sulfide gas concentration in the workplace.

Objective:To explore the effect of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor PD98059 on calpain-related proteins in the brain, and to understand the pathophysiological changes of calpain in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI).Methods:Forty-two rats were divided into sham operation (Sham) group ( n = 6), model group ( n = 12), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) control group ( n = 12), and PD98059 group ( n = 12) by random number table. The rat model of CIRI induced by cardiac arrest-cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA-CPR) was reproduced by transesophageal electrical stimulation to induce ventricular fibrillation. In the Sham group, only the basic operations such as anesthesia, tracheal intubation, and arteriovenous catheterization were performed without CA-CPR. The rats in the DMSO control group and PD98059 group were injected with DMSO or PD98059 0.30 mg/kg via femoral vein, respectively, 30 minutes after the restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), and rats in the Sham group and model group were given the same amount of normal saline. The duration of CPR, 24-hour survival rate and neurological deficit score (NDS) after ROSC were recorded. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and Nissl staining were used to observe the pathological changes of the cerebral cortex. The expressions of phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK), ERK, calpastatin, calpain-1, and calpain-2 were detected by Western blotting. The co-expression of p-ERK and calpain-2 was detected by double immunofluorescence. Results:There were no significant differences in the duration of CPR and 24-hour survival rate among all groups. In the model group, the nuclei of the cerebral cortex were obviously deformed and pyknotic, cells vacuoles and tissues were arranged disorderly, Nissl corpuscles were significantly reduced, NDS scores were also significantly reduced, level of ERK phosphorylation was increased, and calpain-2 protein was significantly up-regulated compared with the Sham group. There was no significant difference in the above parameters between the DMSO control group and the model group. After intervention with PD98059, the pathological injury of brain tissue was significantly improved, Nissl corpuscles were significantly increased, the NDS score was significantly higher than that in the model group [75.0 (72.0, 78.0) vs. 70.0 (65.0, 72.0), P < 0.05], the level of ERK phosphorylation and calpain-2 protein expression were significantly lower than those in the model group [p-ERK (p-ERK/ERK): 0.65±0.12 vs. 0.92±0.05, calpain-2 protein (calpain-2/GAPDH): 0.73±0.10 vs. 1.07±0.14, both P < 0.05], while there was no significant difference in the expressions of calpastatin and calpain-1 in the cerebral cortex among all the groups. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that p-ERK and calpain-2 were co-expressed in cytosol and nucleus, and the co-expression rate of p-ERK and calpain-2 in the model group was significantly higher than that in the Sham group [(38.6±4.3)% vs. (9.2±3.5)%, P < 0.05], while it was significantly lowered in the PD98059 group compared with the model group [(18.2±7.0)% vs. (38.6±4.3)%, P < 0.05]. Conclusions:ERK together with calpain-2 participated in CIRI induced by CA-CPR. PD98059 inhibited the expression of calpain-2 and ERK phosphorylation. Therefore, ERK/calpain-2 may be a novel therapeutic target for CIRI.

Objective To establish simple screening models for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the adult Blang population. Methods Based on the survey data of metabolic diseases in the Blang people aged 18 years or above in 2017, 2993 respondents were stratified by sex and age (at an interval of 5 years) and then randomly divided into modeling group with 1497 respondents and validation group with 1496 respondents. Related information was collected, including demographic data, smoking, drinking, family history of diseases and personal medical history, body height, body weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure, and related markers were measured, including fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose or blood glucose at 2 hours after glucose loading, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. The chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to establish the screening model. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were used to evaluate the screening performance of established models versus existing models in the study population, and the DeLong method was used for comparison of AUC. Results Three screening models for NAFLD were established based on physical and biochemical measurements, i.e., simple noninvasive model 1 (age, body mass index, and waist circumference), noninvasive model 2 with the addition of blood pressure, and model 3 with the combination of hematological parameters (diabetes and ALT/AST). In the modeling group, the three models had an AUC of 0.881 (95% confidence interval [ CI ]: 0.864-0.897), 0.892 (95% CI : 0.875-0.907), and 0.894 (95% CI : 0.877-0.909), respectively, and there was a significant difference between model 1 and models 2/3 ( P =0.004 0 and P < 0.001); in the validation group, the three models had an AUC of 0.891 (95% CI : 0.874-0.906), 0.892 (95% CI : 0.875-0.907), and 0.893 (95% CI : 0.876-0.908), respectively, and there was no significant difference between the three groups ( P > 0.05). Based on the overall consideration of screening performance, invasiveness, and cost, the simple noninvasive model 1 was considered the optimal screening model for NAFLD in this population. Model 1 had the highest Youden index at the cut-off value of 5 points, and when the score of ≥5 points was selected as the criteria for NAFLD, the model had a sensitivity of 86.5%, a specificity of 79.7%, a positive predictive value of 50.3%, and a negative predictive value of 96.1% in the modeling group and a sensitivity of 85.6%, a specificity of 80.6%, a positive predictive value of 51.7%, and a negative predictive value of 95.8% in the validation group. Conclusion The NAFLD screening models established for the adult Blang population based on age and obesity indicators have relatively higher sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value, and this tool is of important practical significance for the intervention of NAFLD and its closely related metabolic diseases in this population.

Objective To investigate the short-term efficacy,safety and factors affecting the efficacy of BCG intravesical therapy in high risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients.Methods A total of 161 high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients were reviewed in our hospital from March 2014 to December 2017.They were all treated with BCG instillation after transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT).There were 121 males (75.2％) and 40 females (24.8％).Median age was 65 years old,including 17 cases (10.6％) ＜50 years old,23 cases (14.3％) within 50-59 years old,72 cases (44.7％) within 60-69 years old,49 cases ≥70 years old (30.4％).There were 112 patients (69.6％) with primary bladder cancer and 49 (30.4％) patients with recurrent bladder cancer.56 cases (34.8％) had single tumor and 105 cases (65.2％) had multiple tumors.The tumors size in 106 cases (65.8％) was less than 3 cm,and tumor size in 55 cases (34.2％) was more than 3 cm.43 patients (26.7％) suffered carcinoma in situ.10 patients (6.2％) suffered urothelial carcinoma with variant types.According to the American Joint Commission for Cancer (AJCC) version 7 TNM staging system,25 cases (15.5％) were classified into Ta stage,129 cases (80.1％) were classified into T1 stage,and 7 cases (4.3％) were classified into Tis stage.There were 8 cases (5％) with low-grade cancer and 153 cases (95％) with high-grade cancer.69 patients (42.9％) received chemo-instillation before.43 cases were directly perfused without re-TURBT and 118 cases were perfused after re-TURBT.They were all treated with BCG instillation after transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT).The 120 mg BCG were dissolved into 50 ml saline for instillation and were kept for 2 hours.Induction scheme of six-weekly and three fortnightly instillations started two weeks after the initial TUR or re-TUR.Maintenance instillations were then be offered in a scheme of ten monthly instillations.During treatment,patients were offered cystoscopy and cytology every three months,while CT and chest radiographs were reviewed every 6-12 months.Recurrence status and adverse effects were recorded.Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to predict risk factors for failure of BCG instillation in bladder cancer.Results A total of 161 patients were followed up.The median follow-up time was 13 months,ranging 7-22 months.The overall recurrence rate was 26.1％ (42/161) and the 1-year recurrence-free survival rate was 79.0％.On univariate analysis,recurrence history,history of instillation chemotherapy application and history of re-staging transurethral resection influenced recurrence.Multivariate regression analysis showed recurrence status was an independent prognostic factor regarding recurrence-free survival.The incidence of adverse events in all 161 instillation patients was 40.4％ (26/65).Grade 1,grade 2 and grade 3 adverse events accounted for 53.8％ (35/65),40.0％ (26/65) and 6.2％ (4/65) respectively.6 cases (3.7％) reduced the dose of BGC and 1 case stop the instillation due to the intolerance of BCG.Conclusion Short-term efficiency and safety were confirmed in BCG-treated high-risk NMIBC patients.And recurrence status was an independent prognostic factor for recurrence-free survival.

The Chinese Medicine Law and the Drug Administration Law have been carried out and implemented that it is good opportunities to develop traditional Chinese medicine preparations and to promote the inheritance, innovation and development of traditional Chinese medicine by giving full play to the advantages of the traditional Chinese medicine preparations for filing, clarifying the train of thought of the filing system, and unblocking the channels for the filing system. This paper focuses on the analysis of the advantages and development of the traditional Chinese medicine preparation record system in medical institutions.

Objective To study the effect of hydrogen on mitochondrial function in cerebral cortex after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion(I/R)injury in rats. Methods 48 male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group(sham group),brain I/R injury group(MOD group),hydrogen treatment group(H2group). 24 hours after reperfusion,the neurological deficit scoring was performed. The changes of mitochondrial membrane potential(△ψm),permeability openness(MPTP),ROS production rate and mitochondrial swelling were detected. Results Compared with the Sham group,neurological deficit score,MPTP openness,mitochondrial swelling degree and ROS production rate were increased in the MOD group(P<0.01),△ψm levels were reduced(P<0.01). Compared with the MOD group,the neurological deficit score,MPTP openness,mitochondrial swelling degree and ROS production rate were decreased in H2group(P<0.01),△ψm levels increased(P<0.01). Conclusions Simul-taneous intraperitoneal injection of pure hydrogen can reduce the generation of reactive oxygen species,protect the mitochondrial function of neuronal cells in the ischemic region after brain I/R,improvement the rat brain I/R after the neurological scoring.