Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease. At present, levodopa and other drugs are mainly used for dopamine supplementation therapy. However, the absorption of levodopa in the gastrointestinal tract is unstable and its half-life is short, and long-term use of levodopa will lead to the end-of-dose deterioration, dyskinesia, the "ON-OFF" phenomenon and other symptoms. Therefore, new preparations need to be developed to improve drug efficacy, reduce side effects or improve compliance of patients. Based on the above clinical needs, this review briefly introduced the preparation modification strategies for the treatment of PD through case analysis, in order to provide references for the research and development of related preparations.

Objective To analyze the literature on artificial intelligence in forensic research from 2012 to 2022 in the Web of Science Core Collection Database,to explore research hotspots and developmen-tal trends.Methods A total of 736 articles on artificial intelligence in forensic medicine in the Web of Science Core Collection Database from 2012 to 2022 were visualized and analyzed through the litera-ture measuring tool CiteSpace.The authors,institution,country(region),title,journal,keywords,cited references and other information of relevant literatures were analyzed.Results A total of 736 articles published in 220 journals by 355 authors from 289 institutions in 69 countries(regions)were identi-fied,with the number of articles published showing an increasing trend year by year.Among them,the United States had the highest number of publications and China ranked the second.Academy of Forensic Science had the highest number of publications among the institutions.Forensic Science Inter-national,Journal of Forensic Sciences,International Journal of Legal Medicine ranked high in publica-tion and citation frequency.Through the analysis of keywords,it was found that the research hotspots of artificial intelligence in the forensic field mainly focused on the use of artificial intelligence technol-ogy for sex and age estimation,cause of death analysis,postmortem interval estimation,individual identification and so on.Conclusion It is necessary to pay attention to international and institutional cooperation and to strengthen the cross-disciplinary research.Exploring the combination of advanced ar-tificial intelligence technologies with forensic research will be a hotspot and direction for future re-search.

Objective To study the application of CE-Chirp in the evaluation of hearing impairment in forensic medicine by testing the auditory brainstem response(ABR)in adults using CE-Chirp to ana-lyze the relationship between the V-wave response threshold of CE-Chirp ABR test and the pure tone hearing threshold.Methods Subjects(aged 20-77 with a total of 100 ears)who underwent CE-Chirp ABR test in Changzhou De'an Hospital from January 2018 to June 2019 were selected to obtain the V-wave response threshold,and pure tone air conduction hearing threshold tests were conducted at 0.5,1.0,2.0 and 4.0 kHz,respectively,to obtain pure tone listening threshold.The differences and statistical differences between the average pure tone hearing threshold and V-wave response threshold were compared in different hearing levels and different age groups.The correlation,differences and statistical differences between the two tests at each frequency were analyzed for all subjects.The lin-ear regression equation for estimating pure tone hearing threshold for all subjects CE-Chirp ABR V-wave response threshold was established,and the feasibility of the equation was tested.Results There was no statistical significance in the CE-Chirp ABR response threshold and pure tone hearing threshold dif-ference between different hearing level groups and different age groups(P>0.05).There was a good correlation between adult CE-Chirp ABR V-wave response threshold and pure tone hearing threshold with statistical significance(P<0.05),and linear regression analysis showed a significant linear correla-tion between the two(P<0.05).Conclusion The use of CE-Chirp ABR V-wave response threshold can be used to evaluate subjects'pure tone hearing threshold under certain conditions,and can be used as an audiological test method for forensic hearing impairment assessment.

OBJECTIVE: To study the in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects of the polysaccharide of Alocasia cucullata (PAC) and the underlying mechanism. METHODS: B16F10 and 4T1 cells were cultured with PAC of 40 µg/mL, and PAC was withdrawn after 40 days of administration. The cell viability was detected by cell counting kit-8. The expression of Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 proteins were detected by Western blot and the expressions of ERK1/2 mRNA were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). A mouse melanoma model was established to study the effect of PAC during long-time administration. Mice were divided into 3 treatment groups: control group treated with saline water, positive control group (LNT group) treated with lentinan at 100 mg/(kg·d), and PAC group treated with PAC at 120 mg/(kg·d). The pathological changes of tumor tissues were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The apoptosis of tumor tissues was detected by TUNEL staining. Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 protein expressions were detected by immunohistochemistry, and the expressions of ERK1/2, JNK1 and p38 mRNA were detected by qRT-PCR. RESULTS: In vitro, no strong inhibitory effects of PAC were found in various tumor cells after 48 or 72 h of administration. Interestingly however, after 40 days of cultivation under PAC, an inhibitory effect on B16F10 cells was found. Correspondingly, the long-time administration of PAC led to downregulation of Bcl-2 protein (P<0.05), up-regulation of Caspase-3 protein (P<0.05) and ERK1 mRNA (P<0.05) in B16F10 cells. The above results were verified by in vivo experiments. In addition, viability of B16F10 cells under long-time administration culture in vitro decreased after drug withdrawal, and similar results were also observed in 4T1 cells. CONCLUSIONS Long-time administration of PAC can significantly inhibit viability and promote apoptosis of tumor cells, and had obvious antitumor effect in tumor-bearing mice.
Mice ; Animals ; Alocasia/metabolism* ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Caspase 3/metabolism* ; Apoptosis ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism*

OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of Tripterygium wilfordii multiglycoside (TGW) in the treatment of psoriatic dermatitis from a cellular immunological perspective. METHODS: Mouse models of psoriatic dermatitis were established by imiquimod (IMQ). Twelve male BALB/c mice were assigned to IMQ or IMQ₊TGW groups according to a random number table. Histopathological changes in vivo were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Ratios of immune cells and cytokines in mice, as well as PAM212 cell proliferation in vitro were assessed by flow cytometry. Pro-inflammatory cytokine expression was determined using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: TGW significantly ameliorated the severity of IMQ-induced psoriasis-like mouse skin lesions and restrained the activation of CD45⁺ cells, neutrophils and T lymphocytes (all P<0.01). Moreover, TGW significantly attenuated keratinocytes (KCs) proliferation and downregulated the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-23, tumor necrosis factor α, and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Furthermore, it reduced the number of γ δ T17 cells in skin lesion of mice and draining lymph nodes (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS TGW improved psoriasis-like inflammation by inhibiting KCs proliferation, as well as the associated immune cells and cytokine expression. It inhibited IL-17 secretion from γ δ T cells, which improved the immune-inflammatory microenvironment of psoriasis.
Male ; Animals ; Mice ; Tripterygium ; Psoriasis/drug therapy* ; Keratinocytes ; Skin Diseases/metabolism* ; Cytokines/metabolism* ; Imiquimod/metabolism* ; Dermatitis/pathology* ; Disease Models, Animal ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Skin/metabolism*

Objective The volume and cortical thickness of gray matter in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO) were compared and analyzed by voxel⁃based morphometry (VBM) and surface⁃based morphometry (SBM), and the differences in the structural changes of gray matter in the two diseases were discussed. Methods A total of 21 MS patients, 16 NMO patients and 19 healthy controls were scanned by routine MRI sequence. The data were processed and analyzed by VBM and SBM method based on the statistical parameter tool SPM12 of Matlab2014a platform and the small tool CAT12 under SPM12. Results Compared with the normal control group (NC), after Gaussian random field (GRF) correction, the gray matter volume in MS group was significantly reduced in left superior occipital, left cuneus, left calcarine, left precuneus, left postcentral, left central paracentral lobule, right cuneus, left middle frontal, left superior frontal and left superior medial frontal (P<0. 05). After family wise error (FWE) correction, the thickness of left paracentral, left superiorfrontal and left precuneus cortex in MS group was significantly reduced (P<0. 05). Compared with the NC group, after GRF correction, the gray matter volume in the left postcentral, left precentral, left inferior parietal, right precentral and right middle frontal in NMO group was significantly increased (P<0. 05). In NMO group, the volume of gray matter in left middle occipital, left superior occipital, left inferior temporal, right middle occipital, left superior frontal orbital, right middle cingulum, left anterior cingulum, right angular and left precuneus were significantly decreased (P<0. 05). Brain regions showed no significant differences in cortical thickness between NMO groups after FWE correction. Compared with the NMO group, after GRF correction, the gray matter volume in the right fusiform and right middle frontal in MS group was increased significantly(P<0. 05). In MS group, the gray matter volume of left thalamus, left pallidum, left precentral, left middle frontal, left middle temporal, right pallidum, left inferior parietal and right superior parietal were significantly decreased (P<0. 05). After FWE correction, the thickness of left inferiorparietal, left superiorparietal, left supramarginal, left paracentral, left superiorfrontal and left precuneus cortex in MS group decreased significantly (P<0. 05). Conclusion The atrophy of brain gray matter structure in MS patients mainly involves the left parietal region, while NMO patients are not sensitive to the change of brain gray matter structure. The significant difference in brain gray matter volume between MS patients and NMO patients is mainly located in the deep cerebral nucleus mass.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant clonal disease of hematopoietic stem cells, characterized by the proliferation of abnormal primordial cells of myeloid origin in bone marrow, blood and other tissues. At present, the standard induction therapy for AML mainly includes “3+7” standard treatment(anthracycline combined with cytarabine), allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Allo-HSCT) and targeted drug therapy. However, AML cells usually express high levels of P-glycoprotein, which mediates the efflux of chemotherapeutic drugs, which makes AML cells resistant to chemotherapy, resulting in many patients who are not sensitive to chemotherapy or relapse after complete remission. And some patients can not tolerate intensive therapy or lack of donors and can not use Allo-HSCT therapy. Therefore, it is of great clinical significance to find new drugs to improve the efficacy of AML patients. Epigenetic disorders play a key role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, especially cancer. Studies have shown that most AML patients have epigenetic regulatory gene mutations, such as DNMT3A, IDH and TET2, and these mutations are potentially reversible, which has become one of the therapeutic targets of AML. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) can regulate the balance between histone acetylation and deacetylation, change the expression of proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes that control cancer progression from epigenetics, and play an important role in many kinds of tumor therapy. At present, HDACi has shown the ability to induce differentiation, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of AML cells. The mechanism may be mainly related to HDACi inducing chromatin conformation opening of tumor suppressor gene by inhibiting HDAC activity, promoting oncogene damage and preventing oncogene fusion protein from recruiting HDAC. Although the preclinical outcome of HDACi is promising, it is not as effective as the conventional therapy of AML. However, the combination strategy with various anticancer drugs is in clinical trials, showing significant anti-AML activity, improving efficacy through key targeting pathways in a typical synergistic or additive way, increasing AML sensitivity to chemotherapy, reducing tumor growth and metastasis potential, inhibiting cell mitotic activity, inducing cell apoptosis, regulating bone marrow microenvironment, which provides a good choice for the treatment of AML. Especially for those AML patients who are not suitable for intensive therapy and drug resistance to chemotherapy. This review introduces the relationship between HDAC and cancer; the classification of HDAC and its function in AML; the correlation between HDAC and AML; the clinical application of five types of HDACi; preclinical research results and clinical application progress of six kinds of HDACi in AML, such as Vrinota, Belinostat, Panobinostat, Valproic acid, Entinostat, and Chidamide, the mechanism of HDACi combined with other anticancer drugs in AML indicates that the current HDACi is mainly aimed at various subtypes of pan-HDAC inhibitors, with obvious side effects, such as fatigue, thrombocytopenia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. In recent years, the next generation of HDACi is mainly focused on the selectivity of analogues or isomers. Finding the best combination of HDACi and other drugs and the best timing of administration to balance the efficacy and adverse reactions is a major challenge in the treatment of AML, and the continued development of selective HDACi with less side effects and more accurate location is the key point for the development of this drug in the future. It is expected to provide reference for clinical treatment of AML.

Objective To analyze the safety of idarubicin or daunorubicin combined with cytarabine in the treatment of patients with acute myeloid leukemia.Methods The Chinese Biomedical Database,Chinese Journal Full-text Database,Chinese Science and Technology Journal Full-text Database,Wanfang Database,Embase,PubMed,Cochrane Library were searched.The randomized controlled trials(RCTs)of idarubicin combined with cytarabine(treatment group)and daunorubicin combined with cytarabine(control group)were collected.The search time was from 2014-01-01 to 2024-02-23.RevMan 5.4 software was used to perform meta-analysis,sensitivity analysis and publication bias analysis on adverse drug reactions of the included studies.Results A total of 11 RCTs involving 1 818 patients were included in the Meta-analysis.The treatment and control groups were enrolled 912 and 906 cases,respectively.The results of meta-analysis showed that the total incidence of adverse drug reactions in the treatment group and the control group was 22.9％(56 cases/245 cases)and 42.9％(105 cases/245 cases),respectively,and the difference was statistically significant[relative risk(RR)=0.53,95％confidence interval(CI)=0.41-0.69,P＜0.001)].In the specific adverse drug reactions,there were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of hematological toxicity,digestive system toxicity,cardiac toxicity,liver and kidney toxicity,infection,bleeding between the two groups(all P＞0.05).Sensitivity analysis showed that the results were stable and reliable.The results of publication bias analysis showed that this study was less likely to have publication bias.Conclusion The incidence of adverse drug reactions of idarubicin combined with cytarabine in the treatment of patients with acute myeloid leukemia is significantly lower than that of daunorubicin combined with cytarabine,so the former has better safety.

Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of Saccharomyces boulardii and other probiotics in the treatment of pediatric diarrhea.Methods Retrieved from PubMed,Embase,CBM,Wanfang data,CNKI and VIP,randomized controlled trial(RCTs)about Saccharomyces boulardii(treatment group)vs other probiotics(control group)were collected.After screening the literature,extracting data and evaluating the quality,Meta-analysis was performed by using RevMan 5.3 and Stata 17.0 software.Results A total of 30 RCTs were included,involving 3 082 children.Results of Meta-analysis showed there was no statistical significance in the duration of diarrhea[mean difference(MD)=-0.65,95％confidence interval(CI)=-1.44-0.14,P＞0.05]or the total incidence of adverse reactions[odds ratio(OR)=0.85,95％CI=0.44-1.62,P＞0.05].The total effective rate(OR=1.60,95％CI=1.08-2.36,P＜0.05)and the number of stools(MD=-0.66,95％CI=-1.00--0.32,P＜0.01)in the treatment group were significantly better than control group.There was statistically significant difference in the duration of diarrhea between the two groups treated with diarrhea with fever(MD=1.81,95％CI=1.12-2.49,P＜0.01)and rotavirus gastroenteritis(MD=-0.92,95％CI=-1.20--0.64,P＜0.01).In the treatment of diarrhea with fever,the duration of diarrhea in the control group was significantly shorter than that in the treatment group.The duration of diarrhea in the treatment group was significantly shorter than that control group.At the same time,the duration of diarrhea in children with diarrhea treated with treatment group was significantly shorter than that of control group Bifidobacterium tetragenous viable(MD=-0.84,95％CI=-1.09--0.58,P＜0.01)and control group combined Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium enteric-coated(MD=-1.35,95％CI=-2.30-0.39,P＜0.01).Conclusion The safety of Saccharomyces boulardii are similar to other probiotics.The efficacy and the number of stools with Saccharomyces boulardii are significantly better than other probiotics in the treatment of diarrhea.The duration of diarrhea in Saccharomyces boulardii group was significantly shorter than other probiotics,while in the treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea,the duration of diarrhea of Saccharomyces boulardii was the same as that of other probiotics.However,the duration of diarrhea in children with diarrhea treated with Saccharomyces boulardii was significantly longer than other probiotics.

Objective Studies on the relationship between iodine,vitamin A(VA),and vitamin D(VD)and thyroid function are limited.This study aimed to analyze iodine and thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH)status and their possible relationships with VA,VD,and other factors in postpartum women. Methods A total of 1,311 mothers(896 lactating and 415 non-lactating)from Hebei,Zhejiang,and Guangxi provinces were included in this study.The urinary iodine concentration(UIC),TSH,VA,and VD were measured. Results The median UIC of total and lactating participants were 142.00 μg/L and 139.95 μg/L,respectively.The median TSH,VA,and VD levels in all the participants were 1.89 mIU/L,0.44 μg/mL,and 24.04 ng/mL,respectively.No differences in the UIC were found between lactating and non-lactating mothers.UIC and TSH levels were significantly different among the three provinces.The rural UIC was higher than the urban UIC.Obese mothers had a higher UIC and a higher prevalence of excessive TSH.Higher UICs and TSHs levels were observed in both the VD deficiency and insufficiency groups than in the VD-sufficient group.After adjustment,no linear correlation was observed between UIC and VA/VD.No interaction was found between vitamins A/D and UIC on TSH levels. Conclusion The mothers in the present study had no iodine deficiency.Region,area type,BMI,and VD may be related to the iodine status or TSH levels.