Varicella is an acute,highly contagious respiratory and caused by Varicella-zoster virus(VZV),After the primary infection,VZV induce Varicella,then the virus remains dormant in sensory nerve roots in life.Upon the reactivation,shingles can occur.Most of patients can recovery very soon,but kinds of potentially sever complication can induce death.Nowadays the VZV vaccination isn’t included in the expanded immunization program in our country. Varicella outbreaks take place at times in the middle of children of our country.The paper offers concise description about pathogen characteristics,diagnosis methods,clinical character,epidemiology knowledge and strategy of prevention.

Objective To ensure the quality of live attenuated measles vaccine on the market,viral titers were determined as the market surveillance test.Methods The measles vaccine was sampled from sites located in 24 provinces (cities,autonomous regions) of China,including provincial CDC,municipal CDC,county CDC,and primary users.The virus titer of samples was tested to evaluate the quality status of measles vaccine on the market.Results For all the 54 lots of measles vaccine sampled in this study,the virus titers were in compliance with the requirements of the China Pharmacopeia Vol.III (2005 edition).In comparison with the original test results provided by the manufacturers,the mean virus titer was decreased 0.2 lg?0.3.Conclusion Viral titers of measles vaccine batches sampled from the market were all in compliance with the requirements of the China Pharmacopeia Vol.III (2005 edition).It showed that the measles vaccine in China market has good stability,and the cold chain system for measles vaccine conveyance and storage could ensure the vaccine efficacy.

Objectives To understand the epidemiological characteristics of Japanese Encephalitis in Shanghai and to provide evidence for preventing JE.Methods Epidemic characteristics,JEV antibody in healthy population and swine infection rate in Shanghai were analyzed by methods of field survey,serology and molecular biology.Results JE incident rate in Shanghai was 0.077/100,000 in 2006;and 0.129/100,000 in 2007.Antibody positive rate before JE epidemic fastigium was 60.39%;postive rate after epidemic was 85.44%.JE IgG positive rate was 26.92% in 3-month swine and 14.86% in swine for sale;JE Gene in mosquito was analyzed for type 1.Conclusion The JE prevalence rate is relatively low in Shanghai.JE antibody positive rate is high in Shanghai population.Swine as a media is infected by JE virus.The JE virus in mosquitoes belongs to genotype 1.

0.05).Conclusion The group of 13 months age of infants were rarely infected influenza virus in the first time exposure at the age of ≤4 months due to maternal antibodies protection.Whenas,the group of 8 months age who were exposed at the age of ≥5 months,were more easier infected the influenza virus than the group of 13 months age in the first time exposure at the age of ≤4 months.

Objective To reveal the hepatitis A vaccine (HepA) coverage among pre-school children in Shandong province before Hepatitis A vaccine was introduced to the EPI and to provide evidence for improving the strategy for hepatitis A control.Methods A cross-section survey was conducted among children aged between 2 and 6 years old in Shandong province in March 2008.The study population was selected by random sampling method and HepA immunization history was obtained by immunization record or recall.Results 78.90% had received one dose of HepA at least.The coverage rate decreased with age and the differences in three age groups were statistically significant (x 2 =11.54,P=0.02).The coverage rates among the boys and girls were 77.67% and 80.30% respectively,the difference was not significantly(x 2 =1.17,P=0.28).The HepA coverage rates among the children living in the eastern areas and in the richer areas were higher than the centrale and western areas and poverty areas,the difference has statistic significance (x 2 =27.25,58.17,P

Objective To analyze the prevalence season and trend of meningococcal disease in China by epidemic years from 2004 to 2008 in order to provide scientific basis for making strategies of meningococcal disease prevention and control.Methods The incidence numbers of meningococcal disease were calculated by weeks,epidemic years and areas.The seasonality and prevalence trends of meningococcal disease were analyzed by circular distribution.Results The incidence trend of meningococcal disease had obvious seasonality in China (P

Objectives To analyze the clinical and laboratory characteristics,and characteristics of population distribution as well,and to provide the scientific data for the adult measles control.Methods Using descriptive epidemiology and statistical approach to analyze the clinical information for the adult measles patients hospitalized in People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of Urumqi city in Xinjiang province of China between Oct.2007 and Mar.2008.Results The average age of all the patients was 25.5 years old.63 patients had fever and most of them were at 39.1～40.0℃.61(96.8%) patients had rash,and 54 (85.7%) patients had koplik spots at the moment of hospitalization.26 (41.3%) patients had the complications of acute tracheobronchitis.And the chest radiograph of 28 (44.4%) patients showed the inflammatory shadow.The proportion of the neutrophils of 11 (17.5%) patients was high level in the blood testing.The alanine aminotransferase of 18 (28.6%) patients were elevated.All the patients were recovery.Conclusion More and more adult measles patients occurred in China in recent years.The clinical characteristics among the patients was variable.It is necessary to discuss and make a decision about the issue of supplementary immunization for adult population in China.

Objective To use a new simple Reverse Transcription Loop-mediated isothermal amplification(RTLAMP) method was applied to detect rubella virus nucleic acid and compared with Reverse TranscriptionPolymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR).Method Comparing the detection rate of the RT-LAMP method with that of RT-PCR for detecting rubella virus nucleic acid from rubella virus.Results The nucleic acid positive rates of all 11 strains of rubella virus were 100% by the two methods,the positive rate was 55%.Conclusion RT-LAMP is more simple and convenient than RT-PCR.

Objective To get genetic information of VP 1 coding region of HEV 71 in Beijing in 2008.Methods Enteroviruses were isolated from samples of throat swabs collected from 33 HFMD patients within 3 days after onset by rhabdomyosarcoma(RD) cells and identified by RT-PCR method with specific primers to human enteroviruses,then VP 1 coding region was amplified and sequenced by Sanger dideoxy.Bioedit 7.0.5 and MEGA3.1 were used for the nucleotide sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis.Results 16 virus strains were isolated from 33 samples,of which 14 strains were identified as HEV 71 and 2 were CVA 16,and 1 was co-infected with CVA 16 and HEV 71.Sequence analysis of VP 1 nucleotide sequences of 10 HEV 71 isolates showed that homologous analysis of nucleotide identity amino acid 95.5%～100% and 98.9%～100% respectively;representative strains of Fuyang in 2008,nucleotide identity was 95.4%～99.1%;with representative strain of C 4 nucleotide identity was over 92%.Phylogenetic analysis of HEV 71 strains for the nucleotide sequence of VP 1 coding region clarified that the HEV 71 isolates in Beijing belonged to C 4a cluster of C 4 sub-genotype and 10 strains formed four relatively separated clusters.Conclusions The HEV 71 viruses isolated from children of HFMD in Beijing belonged to C 4 sub-genotype,and C4a cluster which was the predominant in China since 2004.According to phylogenetic analysis,HEV 71 which belonged to more than 4 different clusters were circulating in Beijing in 2008.More virological suggestion for disease control and prevention,and information of HEV 71 molecular epidemiology need to be collected urgently due to the successive large epidemic of HEV 71 in China.

Meningococcal disease,caused by Neisseria meningitidis (Nm),is still one serious threatening infectious disease with high mortality.Vaccination is available for prevention and control of such disease.Based on the chemical structure of capsule polysaccharide,Nm strains were classified into 13 serogroups.Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines and polysaccharide conjugated protein vaccine against serogroup A,C,W 135 and Y were efficacious and have been widely used.Because of poor immunogenicity and the structurally homologous with neural cell,capsule polysaccharide of serogroup B Nm can not be used as vaccine candidate.In last several decades,B group vaccines develoment focused on the proteins research.Based on the out membrane protein and reverse vaccinology technology,progress of B group vaccine were accelerated.Several meningococcal B vaccine showed favorable immunogenicity and efficacity.Some B vaccines have been licensed and widely used.