In the 21st century,surgery has entered the 4.0 era,also known as the era of surgical intelligence.As technology continues to improve and advance,robotic surgery has become an important direction of development in the field of minimally invasive surgery.With significant technical advantages such as high-definition 3D stereoscopic vision and the elimination of physiological tremors,robotic surgery is increasingly being applied in the field of hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery,gradually becoming the primary surgical approach in this domain.Compared to traditional open surgery and laparoscopic surgical techniques,robotic hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery demonstrates notable advantages in terms of precision and safety.It not only reduces intraoperative blood loss but also shortens postoperative hospitalization,thereby accelerating patient recovery.The authors'center is one of the largest robotic hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery centers in the world.Since 2011,it has pioneered robotic hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery and successfully performed nearly 10 000 cases,gaining a wealth of surgical experience.During this period,the authors'team established a complete robotic hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery system.This article summarizes the latest research developments in the field of robotic hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery at home and abroad,combining the rich clinical experience of the authors'center,to provide an in-depth review of the progress and and emerging surgical techniques in robotic pancreatic surgery,liver surgery,and biliary surgery,and also offer an outlook on future trends in robotic hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery.

The incidence and detection rates of benign and low-grade malignant pancreatic tumors have risen yearly.For patients with such tumors,traditional radical resection procedures often result in excessive loss of normal pancreatic parenchyma,leading to complications such as postoperative insufficiency of both exocrine and endocrine functions.Studies have shown that functional-preserving surgeries,such as minimally invasive enucleation or partial resection surgeries,can maximize the protection of patients'pancreatic function and improve long-term quality of life.However,for some tumors deep within the pancreatic parenchyma,accurately locating the tumor and protecting the pancreatic duct pose challenges.Intraoperative ultrasound(IOUS)has become an ideal intraoperative imaging tool,often referred to as the surgeon's"third eye"because of its portability,ability to provide real-time high-resolution information,non-reliance on ionizing radiation,and the fact that it does not require special patient preparation.With advancements in technology,the application scope of IOUS has expanded beyond its initially limited diagnostic role to various surgical applications,including identifying non-palpable lesions,guiding surgical strategies,and staging tumors.In the current era of minimally invasive and precision surgery,the proficiency of surgeons in using IOUS has become an important issue.This article reviews the history of IOUS applications,summarizes the advantages and basic usage methods of robotic IOUS,and shares techniques for applying IOUS in robot-assisted precise resection of pancreatic tumors.

Severe acute pancreatitis(SAP)has a mortality rate of up to 30％,and its incidence continues to rise each year,posing a significant economic and social burden.Nearly half of SAP patients may develop local complications such as infected pancreatic necrosis in the later stages of the disease,with treatment focused on controlling infection and its associated complications.With the development of minimally invasive treatment techniques,the"step-up"treatment strategy centered on minimally invasive techniques has improved patient outcomes.Surgical intervention plays a critical role in this treatment process,primarily by accurately determining the indications,timing,and methods for surgical intervention.This article discusses surgical intervention strategies for SAP,aiming to optimize the holistic treatment of SAP patients further.

Acute pancreatitis is one of the common acute abdominal conditions in the digestive system,and its incidence is on the rise.Although approximately 80％of cases involve mild patients without local complications,some patients develop local complications in the later stages of the disease,such as pancreatic pseudocysts and walled-off necrosis.Among these,infected pancreatic necrosis(IPN)is the most severe,with a mortality rate of up to 30％.In recent years,treatment approaches centered around minimally invasive surgery have achieved promising results;several recent clinical trials have also provided substantial new insights into the surgical diagnosis and treatment of IPN.However,it is worth noting that IPN exhibits considerable individual variability and complex treatment processes.Therefore,it is necessary to discuss surgical treatment strategies for IPN to offer clinical practitioners a reference for relevant management.

Abdominal hemorrhage is one of the most severe complications of infected pancreatic necrosis(IPN).Common causes of bleeding include arterial,venous,coagulopathy-related,and iatrogenic factors.The preferred treatment for IPN complicated by abdominal bleeding is digital subtraction angiography(DSA)combined with transcatheter arterial embolization.For patients with repeated negative DSA results,ineffective conservative treatment,or acute bleeding with extremely unstable vital signs,emergency surgery is required.The surgery should follow the principles of damage control.Preventing bleeding in IPN patients is a top priority for future work.This article,based on the diagnostic and treatment experience of the authors'team as well as relevant research findings,shares thoughts and discusses with fellow professionals regarding the diagnosis and treatment of IPN with abdominal hemorrhage.

Severe acute pancreatitis(SAP)is a rapid onset and complex acute digestive system emergency,often accompanied by severe local and systemic complications,leading to a high mortality rate.In recent years,with the continuous update of treatment concepts,especially the advancement of endoscopic and minimally invasive surgical techniques,the prognosis of SAP patients has significantly improved.However,in clinical practice,particularly in the early stages of the disease,there are still widespread issues of non-standard and imprecise diagnostic and therapeutic practices,which are important factors contributing to the occurrence of severe complications in the later stages of the disease and a major reason for the poor prognosis of SAP patients.In light of this,this article systematically reviews high-quality literature from recent years and combines the latest clinical research findings from the authors'team to summarize advancements in early precise diagnosis and treatment of SAP,providing new evidence for standardized treatment of SAP,which will undoubtedly help further improve the overall treatment outcomes for SAP.

With advancements in robotic surgery technology and applications,its prospects in pancreatic surgery are becoming increasingly promising.Recent studies have shown that robotic pancreatic surgery has unique advantages over open and laparoscopic methods in certain aspects.While the international minimally invasive surgery field continues to evolve,the comprehensive clinical application of robotic pancreatic surgery still requires evidence-based medical guidance.Our team has taken the lead in updating and publishing the International Consensus Guidelines for Robotic Pancreatic Surgery(2023 Edition)in the journal Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition,based on the International consensus statement on robotic pancreatic surgery This effort brought together numerous experts in minimally invasive surgery from the United States,Europe,and Oceania.The analysis of 176 studies included after systematic literature evaluation was conducted using the World Health Organization(WHO)Handbook for Guideline Development,GRADE Grid method,Delphi vote,and AGREE-Ⅱ instrument.Detailed discussions were provided on topics such as robotic pancreatoduodenectomy,robotic distal pancreatectomy,and robotic central pancreatectomy.Following expert assessments and a comprehensive evaluation of evidence quality and credibility,19 questions and 14 recommendations were proposed,aiming to provide a basis for the safe and effective promotion of robotic pancreatic surgery in comprehensive or specialty medical centers both in China and elsewhere.The new consensus also emphasizes the importance of randomized controlled trial evidence for several issues,highlighting a direction for further efforts to promote the safe and effective implementation of robotic pancreatic surgery.

The American College of Gastroenterology Guidelines:Management of Acute Pancreatitis(referred to as the"2024 guidelines"),released in March 2024,presents 11 recommendations and 23 key concepts for the management of acute pancreatitis(AP)based on different levels of evidence quality.The 2024 guidelines provide detailed explanations regarding the diagnostic criteria,etiology,initial assessment,severity stratification,initial management,endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,antibiotic use,nutritional support,and surgical interventions for AP.Compared to the 2023 edition of the American College of Gastroenterology Guidelines,the 2024 edition offers more detailed recommendations and comprehensive evidence-based medical data,which is of great significance in optimizing the diagnosis and treatment process for AP patients and improving patient outcomes.

The pancreatojejunostomy is one of the most challenging steps in pancreatic reconstruction surgery,and its success directly impacts the patient's prognosis.The pancreas has characteristics such as being narrow at the top and wide at the bottom,fragile in texture,rich in digestive enzymes,and subject to constant intestinal peristalsis.These factors can easily lead to the loosening of the pancreatojejunostomy site and the occurrence of postoperative pancreatic fistula.Through mechanical modeling analysis and a summary of clinical practice,the authors propose a pancreatojejunostomy method based on mechanical principles.This method is summarized as"1-tube,2-needle,3-suture"method,which refers to one pancreatic duct stent tube,two types and two strands of different sutures,and three different suturing techniques.This article will provide a detailed introduction to this operative method and deeply analyze its technical principles.Additionally,a retrospective analysis of cases from the authors'center found that this method can effectively reduce the incidence of postoperative pancreatic fistula.

Background and Aims:In the era of minimally invasive surgery,the role of pancreatic tumor enucleation(PTE)in treating benign or low-grade malignant tumors is gaining attention.The Da Vinci robot offers advantages such as enhanced visualization and flexible instrument manipulation,which can ensure the safe implementation of PTE.However,whether robotic pancreatic tumor excision(RPTE)is superior to laparoscopic pancreatic tumor enucleation(LPTE)remains undetermined.Therefore,this study was performed to explore this aspect. Methods:The clinical data of 38 patients who underwent surgical treatment for benign or low-grade malignant tumors in the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from April 2020 to May 2024 were collected.Among them,18 cases underwent RPTE(RPTE group),and 20 cases underwent LPTE(LPTE group).Relevant clinical variables were compared between the two groups,and subgroup comparisons were further conducted for patients with tumors in the head and neck/body/tail of the pancreas. Results:The average operative time for the entire group was 125 min,with an average intraoperative blood loss of 67.89 mL,and no C-grade pancreatic fistula occurred.The incidence rates of B-grade pancreatic fistula,postoperative bleeding,and readmission were 39.5％,21.1％,and 18.4％,respectively,with an average postoperative hospital stay of 11.44 d.Overall,the RPTE group had shorter operative time and less intraoperative blood loss than the LPTE group(both P＜0.05).There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups regarding the incidence of B-grade pancreatic fistula,intraoperative bleeding,readmission rate,and postoperative hospital stay(all P＞0.05).Subgroup analysis showed that for patients with head tumors,the RPTE group had shorter operative time,less intraoperative blood loss,and a lower incidence of postoperative bleeding than the LPTE group(all P＜0.05).However,the differences in the incidence of B-grade pancreatic fistula,readmission rate,and postoperative hospital stay were not statistically significant(all P＞0.05).In patients with neck/body/tail tumors,the RPTE group also had shorter operative time and less intraoperative blood loss(both P＜0.05),but the differences in incidence of B-grade pancreatic fistula,incidence of postoperative bleeding,readmission rate,and postoperative hospital stay were not statistically significant(all P＞0.05). Conclusion:Minimally invasive PTE for the treatment of benign or low-grade malignant pancreatic tumors is safe.Compared to LPTE,RPTE can significantly reduce operative time and intraoperative blood loss and shows certain advantages in reducing postoperative complications,particularly for patients with head tumors.However,the conclusion of this study needs to be confirmed by larger prospective studies.