PURPOSE: The purpose of this integrative literature review was to synthesize contents of emotion coaching interventions (ECI) for parents and explore unique changes in parents, parents-child, or child outcomes. METHODS: This research was conducted according to Whittemore and Knafl's integrative review method, which encompassed problem identification, literature search, data evaluation, data analysis, and presentation stages. Relevant searching terms in English and Korean were used for eight electronic databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane library, CINAHL, RISS, KISS, NDSL, and DBpia. RESULTS: A total of 28 studies were selected: 16 Korean and 12 non-Korean ones. Among the selected studies, the ECI for parents was found to be effective in regulating both the parent's and child's emotions. The contents of the ECI seems to be applicable and understandable using self-reflection, emotional competency improvement, and emotion coaching proficiency, especially for demonstration and maintenance of a positive attitude. CONCLUSION: The ECI was an effective intervention which is helpful for child rearing, emotional regulation, and social competence for parents. In addition, it had a positive effect in regulating behavioral problems in children through interventions provided to the parents.
Child ; Child Rearing ; Humans ; Methods ; Parents ; Problem Behavior ; Social Skills ; Statistics as Topic

BACKGROUND: Natural disasters have long-term negative impacts on the health and socioenvironmental conditions of a population, affecting the physical environment as well as the relationships within the community, including social networks. Mothers in post-disaster communities may have difficulty receiving social support not only from family members and relatives but also from members of their community, such as people in their neighborhoods. This study focused on mothers with infants and preschool-aged children in post-disaster communities. The associations of social support with sociodemographic characteristics and socioenvironmental conditions related to child-rearing among mothers in post-disaster communities were assessed. METHODS: An anonymous self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted in October 2015 in 988 households in areas affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. The data collected on sociodemographic and socioenvironmental characteristics included the presence of pre-disaster acquaintances in the neighborhood and social support for child-rearing. The associations of sociodemographic and socioenvironmental characteristics with social support were examined. RESULTS: We analyzed 215 completed questionnaires from mothers living in different houses from those they lived in before the disaster to reflect continuous relationships with people from the pre-disaster communities. Social support was significantly associated with infant sex, extended family, support obtained from relatives not living together, pre-disaster acquaintances, use of child support resources, and no perceived difficulties in child-rearing. In addition, the presence of pre-disaster acquaintances was associated with categories of mental/physical place of comfort and child-rearing support, with adjusted odds ratios of 1.88 (95% CI 1.03-3.44) and 2.84 (95% CI 1.46-5.52) compared with mothers who did not have any pre-disaster acquaintances. CONCLUSIONS Factors associated with the obtainment of social support in child-rearing among mothers in post-disaster communities were attributed not only to mothers themselves and family members but also to socioenvironmental factors such as the presence of pre-disaster acquaintances. The presence of pre-disaster acquaintances promoted rich social support in child-rearing in post-disaster communities. When reconstructing a community following changes in residence location after a disaster, the pre-disaster relationships among the community dwellers should be considered from the viewpoint of child-rearing support.
Child Rearing ; Child, Preschool ; Disasters ; statistics & numerical data ; Earthquakes ; statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Japan ; Male ; Mothers ; psychology ; statistics & numerical data ; Social Support ; Tsunamis ; statistics & numerical data

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe the child rearing experience of mothers of school-age children with autism spectrum disorders in Korea. METHODS: Seven mothers were interviewed from October 2015 to January 2016. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using Giorgi's phenomenological method. RESULTS: The study results showed that the child rearing experience of mothers of school-age children with autism spectrum disorders consists of six major themes: “facing unexpected situations”, “trying to accept children with disabilities”, “having considerably adjusted to the difficulties associated with the children's school life”, “experiencing frustrations”, “maintaining a child-centered life style”, and “being grateful for the present and looking forward to a better future”. CONCLUSION: The findings from this study show the need to provide more practically individualized and holistic services in the community for this population including their children such as lifetime education programs for the children and more financial aid for their therapies. In addition, the results reveal that mothers need physical, emotional, informational, financial, and social support to continue their life with children who have autism spectrum disorders.
Autism Spectrum Disorder* ; Autistic Disorder* ; Child ; Child Rearing* ; Child* ; Disabled Children ; Education ; Humans ; Korea ; Methods ; Mothers* ; Qualitative Research

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify factors related to level of satisfaction among mothers of preschoolers. METHODS: Participants were 359 mothers of firstborn healthy preschoolers. The questionnaires were collected from August 1 to November 21, 2012. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0. RESULTS: The mean score for degree of mothers' parenting satisfaction was 5.94 out of 7. There were significant differences in the level of parenting satisfaction according to mother's job (t=2.48, p=.014), planned pregnancy (t=3.07, p=.002), number of children (t=2.22, p=.027), and parenting education (F=4.33, p=.005). The environmental variables of age of spouse (F=3.06, p=.048) and monthly income of the household (F=2.87, p=.036) also seemed to have an influence. Analysis of predictors such as the mother's job, planned pregnancy, parenting education, overall health problems, parenting stress, perception of emotional status and behaviors in children, age of spouse, and spouse's support explained 31.5% of the variance in mother's parenting satisfaction. CONCLUSION: The results suggest a need to develop nursing intervention programs for parenting stress reduction, and health programs for fathers to support mothers' child rearing.
Child ; Child Rearing ; Education, Nonprofessional ; Family Characteristics ; Family Planning Services ; Fathers ; Humans ; Mothers* ; Nursing ; Parenting* ; Parents* ; Spouses

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine how child development knowledge, child rearing knowledge, and use of healthcare services after discharge affect maternal confidence among mothers of premature infants. METHODS: Participants in this study were 55 mothers who were involved in internet communities for mothers with premature infants and 30 mothers who visited hospitals for follow up care after having their babies discharged from Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) in South Korea. RESULTS: Presence of operation history, child development and rearing knowledge, and use of healthcare service explained 12.2% of maternal confidence. Presence of operation history (β=.32, p<.05) and child development knowledge (β=.52, p<.05) were significant predictors for maternal confidence. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that mothers with premature infants need further education especially on motor development, developmental knowledge, and knowledge related to operations for mothers whose child had surgery in the NICU. Also information about services provided from community health services for premature infants need to be advertised and distributed.
Child ; Child Development* ; Child Rearing ; Child* ; Community Health Services ; Delivery of Health Care* ; Education ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature* ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal ; Internet ; Korea ; Mothers* ; Premature Birth

PURPOSE: This study investigated the effects of father's occupational stress and rearing attitude on rearing participation. METHODS: The participants of this study were 201 fathers who are raising children in J region. The data were collected by self-report using questionnaires from August to September, 2015. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient, Scheffe test, and stepwise multiple linear regression with the SPSS/WIN 21.0 program. RESULTS: The total mean scores of occupational stress on the subjects were 40.98(±8.36), rearing attitude were 68.54(±7.18), rearing participation were 73.16(±11.34). The study showed that occupational stress is negatively correlated with rearing participation and rearing attitude positively correlated with rearing participation. Working style and rearing attitude were identified of rearing participation. CONCLUSION: A father's rearing participation level was influenced by father's attitude of caring children above all. In addition, fathers' working styles were also a main factor. Therefore, it is necessary for fathers to learn rearing attitudes in a way that can develop a nursing intervention program to increase their rearing participation level.
Child ; Child Rearing ; Fathers ; Foster Home Care ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Nursing

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing maternal depression in low-income families with young children. METHODS: The study consisted of 376 mothers in low-income families from participants enrolled in the population-based study of 2011 PSKC by Korea Institute of Child Care and Education. The factors including depression, self-esteem, parenting stress, marital conflict, father involvement in child rearing, social support, and family life event were assessed with questionnaires. Data analysis was conducted by description analysis, partial correlation, and hierarchical regression using SPSS 22.0 program. RESULTS: The results showed that 10.6% of mothers were in severe depressive group in this study. Also the result revealed that marital conflict was the strongest predictor of maternal depression. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that mothers with young children in low-income families especially had difficulty with depression due to family related factors. Implications included the need to support mothers and develop intervention programs focusing on family relationships in order to improve and sustain mental health.
Child Care ; Child Rearing ; Child* ; Depression* ; Education ; Family Conflict ; Family Relations ; Fathers ; Humans ; Korea ; Mental Health ; Mothers ; Parenting ; Parents ; Statistics as Topic

We assessed empathy in medical residents, including factors modifying empathy and the relationship between empathy and burnout. Participants (n = 317 residents, response rate = 42%) from 4 university hospitals completed a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Jefferson Scale of Empathy (Health Professional version, Korean edition), and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Participants were classified by medical specialty: “people-oriented specialty” (POS group) or “technology-oriented specialty” (TOS group), with more women in the POS than in the TOS group, χ2 = 14.12, P < 0.001. Being female, married, and having children were factors related to higher empathy (gender, t = -2.129, P = 0.034; marriage, t = -2.078, P = 0.038; children, t = 2.86, P = 0.005). Within specialty group, POS residents showed higher empathy scores in the fourth as compared to the first year, F = 3.166, P = 0.026. Comparing POS and TOS groups by year, fourth year POS residents had significantly higher scores than did fourth year TOS residents, t = 3.349, P = 0.002. There were negative correlations between empathy scores and 2 MBI subscales, emotional exhaustion (EE) and depersonalization (DP). Additionally, first year POS residents had higher DP scores than did first year TOS residents, t = 2.183, P = 0.031. We suggest that factors important for empathy are type of medical specialty, marriage, siblings, and children. Burnout state may be related to decreasing empathy.
Adult ; *Burnout, Professional ; Child ; Child Rearing ; Demography ; Depersonalization ; *Empathy ; Female ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Internship and Residency ; Male ; Marriage ; Physicians/*psychology ; Sex Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Coexisting voiding and bowel dysfunction in children are common in the clinic. The idea that overactive bladder (OAB) and constipation arise from one single pathophysiology has been reinforced in many studies. In Korea, a nationwide multicenter study conducted in 2009 showed that overall prevalence of OAB in children, 5-13 years of age, was 16.59% and this number has increased more recently. The initial step to manage coexisting fecal retention and OAB in children is to characterize their bowel and bladder habits and to treat constipation if present. Although diagnosing constipation in children is difficult, careful history-taking using the Bristol Stool Form Scale, and a scoring system of plain abdominal radiography, can help to estimate fecal retention more easily and promptly. Non-pharmacological approaches to manage functional constipation include increasing fluids, fiber intake, and physical activity. Several osmotic laxatives are also effective in improving OAB symptoms and fecal retention. Additionally, correction and education in relation to toilet training is the most important measure in treating OAB with fecal retention.
Child* ; Constipation ; Education ; Humans ; Korea ; Laxatives ; Motor Activity ; Prevalence ; Radiography, Abdominal ; Toilet Training ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Bladder, Overactive*

Coexisting voiding and bowel dysfunction in children are common in the clinic. The idea that overactive bladder (OAB) and constipation arise from one single pathophysiology has been reinforced in many studies. In Korea, a nationwide multicenter study conducted in 2009 showed that overall prevalence of OAB in children, 5-13 years of age, was 16.59% and this number has increased more recently. The initial step to manage coexisting fecal retention and OAB in children is to characterize their bowel and bladder habits and to treat constipation if present. Although diagnosing constipation in children is difficult, careful history-taking using the Bristol Stool Form Scale, and a scoring system of plain abdominal radiography, can help to estimate fecal retention more easily and promptly. Non-pharmacological approaches to manage functional constipation include increasing fluids, fiber intake, and physical activity. Several osmotic laxatives are also effective in improving OAB symptoms and fecal retention. Additionally, correction and education in relation to toilet training is the most important measure in treating OAB with fecal retention.
Child* ; Constipation ; Education ; Humans ; Korea ; Laxatives ; Motor Activity ; Prevalence ; Radiography, Abdominal ; Toilet Training ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Bladder, Overactive*