The gummy smile means excessive gingival display, which impairs patients’ appearance, psychological status, and social relationships. With the development of orthodontics, orthognathics, periodontics, and plastic surgeries, the treatment of the gummy smile turned into comprehensive multidisciplinary approaches. The etiology and recently developed approaches will be reviewed in this article.

The gummy smile means excessive gingival display, which impairs patients’ appearance, psychological status, and social relationships. With the development of orthodontics, orthognathics, periodontics, and plastic surgeries, the treatment of the gummy smile turned into comprehensive multidisciplinary approaches. The etiology and recently developed approaches will be reviewed in this article.

The gummy smile means excessive gingival display, which impairs patients’ appearance, psychological status, and social relationships. With the development of orthodontics, orthognathics, periodontics, and plastic surgeries, the treatment of the gummy smile turned into comprehensive multidisciplinary approaches. The etiology and recently developed approaches will be reviewed in this article.

The gummy smile means excessive gingival display, which impairs patients’ appearance, psychological status, and social relationships. With the development of orthodontics, orthognathics, periodontics, and plastic surgeries, the treatment of the gummy smile turned into comprehensive multidisciplinary approaches. The etiology and recently developed approaches will be reviewed in this article.

Objective:The differentially expressed genes were screened from microarray data in the patients with non-syndromic craniosynostosis, and a protein interaction network was established to screen and predict hub genes related to the disease.Methods:The data set of GSE50796 were downloaded from the GEO database, which included seven samples of the closed cranial suture tissues from the non-syndromic craniosynostosis patients, and seven samples of the unclosed cranial suture tissues from the non-syndromic craniosynostosis patients. Analyze the differentially expressed genes were collected and analyzed with GEO2R, a GEO database online tool. P<0.05 and |logFC|> 2 were set as filter criteria. The ggplot2 of R package was applied for GO enrichment analysis, and the KEGG pathway analysis was completed with Enrichr. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed via GSEA 3.0 to analyze the correlation between gene sets and phenotypes. Secondly, the STRING database was used to analyze the interaction relationships between differentially expressed proteins in different tissues, and then Cytoscape and related plug-ins were used to establish the differentially expressed protein interaction network and screen the hub genes. Meanwhile, the key modules, important biological processes, and multiple co-expression relationships were analyzed. Results:A total of 255 differentially expressed genes based on the above screening conditions were obtained. The regulation of neural development screened by GO enrichment analysis, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway screened by KEGG enrichment analysis, the important biological pathways (DNA replication, cell cycle, cytokine and receptor interaction) screened by GSEA enrichment analysis, and the positive regulation of osteoblast differentiation screened by ClueGO analysis, might be closely related to the etiology of non-syndromic craniosynostosis. The up-regulated hub genes such as CLEC12A, MS4A3 and DNTT in the group with closed sutures were screened by protein-protein interaction network and literature analysis, which might play a vital role in the pathogenic processes of non-syndromic craniosynostosis.Conclusions:With the multi-dimensional enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes and the establishment of protein interaction networks, we have deepened our understanding of differentially expressed genes, important biological processes and signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of non-syndromic craniosynostosis. The selected hub genes may become early diagnostic markers and potential molecular therapeutic targets.

To use dermal scaffolds to cover the wound can accelerate the wound repair and healing. Rapid vascularization is the basis for dermal scaffolds to function and a necessary condition for these implants to survive in vivo. This review summarizes the latest research on vascularization of dermal scaffolds in recent years. Through explaining the process of angiogenesis, the cytokines regulating angiogenesis and the latest research on the vascularization of various materials and 3D-printed materials, we explore the ideas and method to solve the deficiency of dermal scaffold vascularization.

Objective:The differentially expressed genes were screened from microarray data in the patients with non-syndromic craniosynostosis, and a protein interaction network was established to screen and predict hub genes related to the disease.Methods:The data set of GSE50796 were downloaded from the GEO database, which included seven samples of the closed cranial suture tissues from the non-syndromic craniosynostosis patients, and seven samples of the unclosed cranial suture tissues from the non-syndromic craniosynostosis patients. Analyze the differentially expressed genes were collected and analyzed with GEO2R, a GEO database online tool. P<0.05 and |logFC|> 2 were set as filter criteria. The ggplot2 of R package was applied for GO enrichment analysis, and the KEGG pathway analysis was completed with Enrichr. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed via GSEA 3.0 to analyze the correlation between gene sets and phenotypes. Secondly, the STRING database was used to analyze the interaction relationships between differentially expressed proteins in different tissues, and then Cytoscape and related plug-ins were used to establish the differentially expressed protein interaction network and screen the hub genes. Meanwhile, the key modules, important biological processes, and multiple co-expression relationships were analyzed. Results:A total of 255 differentially expressed genes based on the above screening conditions were obtained. The regulation of neural development screened by GO enrichment analysis, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway screened by KEGG enrichment analysis, the important biological pathways (DNA replication, cell cycle, cytokine and receptor interaction) screened by GSEA enrichment analysis, and the positive regulation of osteoblast differentiation screened by ClueGO analysis, might be closely related to the etiology of non-syndromic craniosynostosis. The up-regulated hub genes such as CLEC12A, MS4A3 and DNTT in the group with closed sutures were screened by protein-protein interaction network and literature analysis, which might play a vital role in the pathogenic processes of non-syndromic craniosynostosis.Conclusions:With the multi-dimensional enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes and the establishment of protein interaction networks, we have deepened our understanding of differentially expressed genes, important biological processes and signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of non-syndromic craniosynostosis. The selected hub genes may become early diagnostic markers and potential molecular therapeutic targets.

To use dermal scaffolds to cover the wound can accelerate the wound repair and healing. Rapid vascularization is the basis for dermal scaffolds to function and a necessary condition for these implants to survive in vivo. This review summarizes the latest research on vascularization of dermal scaffolds in recent years. Through explaining the process of angiogenesis, the cytokines regulating angiogenesis and the latest research on the vascularization of various materials and 3D-printed materials, we explore the ideas and method to solve the deficiency of dermal scaffold vascularization.

In October 2017, a female patient, 3 years and 5 months of age, with Crouzon syndrome, associated with multiple craniosynostoses was admitted to Plastic Surgery Hospital. Combined intracranial and extracranial approaches of fronto-orbital advancement and cranial suture release were performed to treat plagiocephaly and scaphocephaly. The patient′s families were investigated. Corresponding mutations were detected by DNA sequencing. Therapeutic effect was satisfactory. The mutation was inherited for 5 generations. Genomic sequencing results showed that the exons of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene in the child was mutated, which excessively activated downstream signals and caused craniosynostosis.

Objective To discuss a surgical treatment to correct prominent mandibular angle with long chin.Methods From July 2015 to October 2017,21 patients with malocclusion who suffered from prominent mandibular angle with long chin underwent en-bloc mandibular U-shaped osteotomy through oralincision in order to shorten mandibular angle,the body of mandible and the chin and to improve the facial contour.We assessed the surgical effect through comparison of radiologic images,satisfaction of patients and surgical complications between pre-operation and post-operation.Results In this group,all oral incisions had healing by first intention,without hematoma,infection and osteonecrosis.Low lip numbness occurred in 16 patients.After following up for 6-12 months,the lower lip numbness was recovered in 14 patients and relieved in 2 patients.All patients satisfied with the appearance after the operation.Conclusions En-bloc mandibular U-shaped osteotomy is an improvement for mandible surgery treatment.Its osteotomy line involves the whole mandible,which makes the length and width of mandible smaller apparently.This procedure can effectively correct prominent mandibular angle with long chin.