The enterohepatic circulation is an important form of drug absorption and excretion.Drugs with enterothepatic circulation can induce toxic side effects,and elucidate the mechanism of induced side effects is a necessary understanding of the phenomenon of adverse drug reaction.Enterohepatic circulation of drugs involves in two ways:one is based on the drug prototype for enterohepatic circulation;the other is phase Ⅱ metabolic pathway for enterohepatic circulation.In this paper,two kinds of enterohepatic circulation were reviewed.The toxic side effects of six kinds of drugs with enterohepatic circulation were introduced,and the possible mechanism were described and discussed,so as to have contributed to more rational use of drugs in clinical practice.Furthermore,it can promote the research and development of new drugs.

AIM To establish an ultra-performance liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous content determination of five constituents in Jiangzhi Huoxue Tablets (Polygoni multiflori Radix,Astragali Radix,Chuanxiong Rhizoma,etc.).METHODS The 50％ methanol extract of this drug was performed on a 40 ℃ thermostatic Restek UItra BiPh column (100 mm × 2.1 mm,5 μm),with the mobile phase comprising of acetonitrile (containing 0.1％ formic acid)-0.1％ formic acid flowing at 0.4 mL/min in a gradient elution manner.RESULTS Stilbene glycoside,tanshinone Ⅱ A,emodin,ferulic acid and puerarin showed good linear relationships within the ranges of 4.01-1 027,0.7-187,1.48-380,3.98-1 020 and4.285-1 097 ng/mL (r ＞0.994 0),whose average recoveries were 98.57％-101.0％ with the RSDs (n =6) of less than 4.79％.CONCLUSION This specific and sensitive method can be used for the quality control of Jiangzhi Huoxue Tablets.

Objective To explore a clean and efficient new method for extraction of Diosgenin. Methods Yield of the total saponins was evaluated to determine the optimal enzymolysis temperature,pH,solid to liquid ratio,dosage of enzyme and enzymolysis time.Using diosgenin yield as an index,solid to liquid ratio,concentration of sulfuric acid and hydrolysis time were optimized in the saponins hydrolysis process via orthogonal experiment. Results The best conditions for the enzyme pretreatment were as follows:the temperature for enzymolysis was 70℃,pH 5.5,solid to liquid ratio was 1:4,dosage of enzyme was 8 mL?kg-1,and extraction time was 24 h.The best conditions of total saponins hydrolysis were as follows:the solid to liquid ratio was 1:4,concentration of sulfuric acid was 2.0 mol?L-1 ,and hydrolysis time was 5 h. Conclusion The new method is environmental friendly and highly efficient,and expected to be applied in industrial production.

Dioscin chemical compositions are the main effective components in clinical commonly used Chinese medicines such as Diaoxinxuekang capsules and Xinnaoshutong capsules etc , which show distinct curative effect on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.Meanwhile, they are the important raw materials for the synthesis of steroid hormone drugs .The studies on the extraction technology exhibit important significance in the exploration of pharmacological activities of the components , which also are the external requirements for the growing demand of steroid hormone drugs market .In this paper , the relatively mature extraction methods re-searched in recent years were summarized ,and the advantages and disadvantages of the different processes were discussed in order to provide reference for the further studies and application .

Diphylleia sinensis is the dried rhizome of Diphylleia sinensis H.L.Li., which belongs to the subfamily of podophyl-lum ( berberidaceae ) , which is always recorded in monograph on materia medica in all ages as one of traditional Chinese medicine“Guijiu” herbal resources .Based on the previous researches in our laboratory and the literatures , the research progress in pharmacog-nosy, chemical constituent, endogeny fungus, quality control, pharmacology and the other aspects of Diphylleia sinensis were systemati-cally reviewed for the comprehensive utilization of its resources , and the development prospects of Diphylleia sinensis was also discussed in the paper , which can provide complete references and ideas for the rational utilization and development of Diphylleia sinensis.

Objective To evaluate the clinical effects of ultrasonography for structural examination in the diagnosis of fetal brain malformation and neural tube defects ( NTDs ) in early pregnancy . Methods A retrospective study was conducted to analyse 6 630 cases taking obstetric examination in Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Hospital from February 2014 to June 2015. The examination included a standardized ultrasound structural examination at 11-13 plus 6 weeks of pregnancy. The autopsied results of the induced fetus in early pregnancy from craniocerebral and neural tube structure malformation were investigated. All the cases were followed up concerning the outcomes and the malformation detection rate was calculated for analysis. Results The detection rates of exencephalus and anencephalus, holoprosencephaly, aphylly-holoprosencephaly, rachischisis, open spina bifida, and meningocele were 100%, 80%, 100%, 42.9%, 50% and 100%, respectively. The malformations which was missed in the early pregnancy but detected in the later gestational ages included:Dandy-Walker Syndrome, most of the non-open spina bifida, hypoplasia of the corpus callosum, foliaceous-holoprosencephaly and ventriculomegaly. Conclusions The structural examination using ultrasonography at early pregnancy is effective in the detection of severe open-neural tube defects. It′s worth generalizing in the cliical diagnosis but part of fetal malformations still need a further ultrasound examination in the mid-gestation or the later gestation.

Dioscin is the main raw material for the synthesis of steroid hormone drugs. Currently, the direct acid hydrolysis is the mainly industrial production method for dioscin. However, the use of strong acid can not only destroy the structure of dioscin resulting in very low yield, but also produce a large amount of waste water and residues, which seriously pollute the environment. So the clean production of dioscin is the urgent demand of water conservation and environmental protection. In the paper, the recent research pro-gresses in the clean production technology and process of dioscin were summarized, and the advantages and problems were discussed in order to provide reference for the improvement and application of the new technology and process.

Objective: To optimize the alcohol concentration for Jinyin Qingre oral liquids extracted by semi-bionic extraction (SBE). Methods:Using proportional division method to set up 5 alcohol concentration 30%,55%,61. 25%,67. 5%,80% for the ex-periment . The dried extract yield and the contents of chlorogenic acid ,geniposide,salviandic acid B and total phenolic acid were set up as indexes which were standardized as the comprehensive evaluation value ( Y) ,using the weighting coefficient had been set. Choosing the appropriate concentration by comparing the value of Y. Results:The order of comprehensive evaluation value was as follows:30%>61. 25% >55% >80% >67. 5%. Conclusion:Combining the clarity of the oral liquids, the best alcohol concentration in SBE for Jinyin Qingre oral liquids is 61. 25%.

Objective:To compare the taxol content in different parts of Taxus madia and Taxus chinensis var. mairei to provide reference for the future researches. Methods:The active ingredients were extracted by a mixed solvent (50% acetone and 50% ethyl acetate) , the target compound taxol was separated by a neutral Al2 O3 solid phase column, and then the taxol content was analyzed and compared among the different parts of Taxus madia and Taxus chinensis var. mairei by HPLC. Results:Taxol in velamen of Taxus ma-dia had the highest content among all the samples, which was 0. 0439% and 88 times as high as that in the bark of Taxus chinensis var. mairei. Conclusion:Among all the samples of Taxus madia and Taxus chinensis var. mairei, velamen of Taxus madia has the highest taxol content.

Phillyrin is an important lignans compound from Forsythia. It is not only found in the raw medicinal material with high content, but also shows a variety of pharmacological activities. In the paper, the recent advances in extraction methods, pharmacology-toxicology, pharmacokinetics and the other studies of phillyrin were reviewed in order to provide reference and suggestions for the fur-ther research.