Objective: To investigate cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention status among residents with intra-urban migration in Central China, so as to provide insights into targeted prevention and control of CVD. Methods: Basic data of residents aged 35 to 75 years who participated in Early Screening and Comprehensive Intervention Project for CVD high-risk populations in Central China from September 2015 to August 2020 were collected. According to birth place, type of registered residence and current residence, residents were divided into four groups: local residents in old urban area, local residents in new urban area, other urban migrants and other rural migrants. The status of CVD primary and secondary prevention, were analysed by using a robust Poisson regression model. Results: A total of 76 513 residents were recruited, including 29 420 males (38.45%) and 47 093 females (61.55%), and had a mean age of (56.36±9.84) years. There were 45 087 (58.93%) local residents in old urban area, 23 868 (31.19%) local residents in new urban area, 5 668 (7.41%) other urban migrants and 1 890 (2.47%) other rural migrants. After adjusting for variables such as age, gender and educational level, the results of robust Poisson regression analysis showed that compared with local residents in old urban area, local residents in new urban area had lower compliance rates of non- or moderate-drinking (RR=0.987, 95%CI: 0.975-1.000) and healthy diet (RR=0.535, 95%CI: 0.365-0.782), lower proportion of using aspirin as primary prevention in CVD high-risk population (RR=0.616, 95%CI: 0.511-0.741), lower awareness (RR=0.873, 95%CI: 0.782-0.974) and control rates (RR=0.730, 95%CI: 0.627-0.849) of hypertension; other urban migrants had higher compliance rate of non-smoking (RR=1.045, 95%CI: 1.017-1.075); other rural migrants had lower proportion of using aspirin as primary prevention in CVD high-risk population (RR=0.826, 95%CI: 0.707-0.966). Conclusion The CVD primaryprevention among local residents in new urban area is relatively poor among four groups of residents in Central China, and key interventions are needed.

ObjectiveTo investigate the impact of yang deficiency syndrome on the progression to end-point events of diabetic kidney disease （DKD）. MethodsA retrospective study among patients with stage Ⅳ DKD admitted to Dongzhimen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine from September 1st， 2016 to September 30th， 2021 was conducted. Data on the patients' general information， clinical indicators including duration of diabetes， duration of proteinuria， history of smoking and drinking， hemoglobin （HGB）， fasting blood glucose （FBG）， albumin （ALB）， serum creatinine （Scr）， urea nitrogen （BUN）， uric acid （UA）， cholesterol （TC） ， triglycerides （TG）， low-density lipoprotein （LDL）， 24-hour urine protein quantification （24h-UTP） and estimated glomerular filtration rate （eGFR）， and TCM syndromes including symptoms， tongue and pulse， and syndrome scores were collected. The patients were divided into exposure group （yang-deficiency group） and non-exposure group （non-yang-deficiency group）. The general information， clinical indicators and incidence rates of end-point events were compared， and the impact of yang deficiency syndrome on the end-point events of stage Ⅳ DKD was analyzed. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier method， and multivariate Cox proportional risk models were used to identify independent predictors of end-point events. ResultsA total of 160 patients with stage Ⅳ DKD were included in the study， including 43 cases of yang deficiency syndrome and 117 cases of non-yang deficiency syndrome. Compared to those in the non-yang deficiency group， the waist circumference， BUN and the incidence of end-point events in the yang deficiency group were significantly higher （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Spearman correlation analysis showed that yang deficiency syndrome was positively correlated with incidence of end-point events of stage Ⅳ DKD （r = 0.167， P = 0.035）. Furthermore， 24h-UTP and BUN levels were also positively correlated with end-point events in stage Ⅳ DKD patients （P＜0.01）， while ALB and HGB levels were negatively correlated （P＜0.01）. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that yang deficiency syndrome was associated with an increased risk of end-point events （Log Rank P = 0.011）. Moreover， 24h-UTP levels ≥3500 mg， BUN level ≥8 mmol/L， ALB level ＜30 g and HGB level ＜11 g were all associated with the increase of the risk of end-point events （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that yang deficiency syndrome was an independent risk factor for patients with stage Ⅳ DKD to progress into end-point events （HR = 2.36， 1.32 to 4.21； P = 0.004）， as well as 24h-UTP ≥ 3500 mg， BUN ≥ 8 mmol/L， HGB＜11 g and ALB＜30 g （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. ConclusionsFor stage Ⅳ DKD， patients with yang deficiency syndrome are more likely to have end-point events， which is an independent risk factor for the progression into end-point events.

OBJECTIVE To compare the anti-thymic atrophy effects of petroleum ether(PEE), ethyl acetate(EAE), n-butanol(BE) and water extract(WE) fractions from root tubers of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et. Gilg based on mice thymic atrophy model established by intraperitoneal injection of PolyI:C to preliminarily investigate the mechanisms of its effects. METHODS One hunderd ICR mice were randomly divided into 10 groups: control group, model group, low- and high-dose groups of the four extract fractions, with 10 mice in each group. The control group and model group were given equal volume of purified water and gavaged for 10 d. Starting on the 9th day, PolyI:C solution of 16 mg·kg−1 was injected intraperitoneally for 2 consecutive days, except for the control group, which was injected intraperitoneally with physiological saline. Samples of thymics were weighed and and visceral index was calculated, blood samples were taken for analysis of IL-2, TNF-α and WBC, thymic histopathology was analyzed using hematoxylin-eosin staining, Western blotting was performed to detect the expression of TNF-α, p-NF-κB and NF-κB. RESULTS Compared with the model group, all groups of extracts could enhance the thymus weight and thymus index, as well as the cortex and medulla area ratio and the number of thymic corpuscles in 1 mm2 of medulla to different degrees, and at the same time, significantly reduce the level of TNF-α in plasma, evidently inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB, and reduced the protein expression of TNF-α, and each of them having distinct advantages and disadvantages. Peripheral blood white blood cell, lymphocyte absolute count and lymphocyte percentage were elevated in the low-dose WE group, low-dose EAE group and high dose PEE group, IL-2 levels were significantly elevated in the low-dose WE group and high dose BE group, and these effects were particularly well demonstrated. CONCLUSION Four extracts from root tubers of Tetrastigma Hemsleyanum Diels et. Gilg can improve morphological changes and atrophy of the thymus tissue in different degrees, regulate of peripheral blood leukocyte imbalance in post-modeling mice, it may be related to the inhibition of PolyI:C-induced phosphorylation of the NF-κB and reduction of protein expression of pro-inflammatory factors.

Objective:It explores critical issues of discounting in health technology assessment to provide a reference for improving discount rates in China.Methods:Based on literature review and empirical cases,it compares and analyzes the practical experience of the UK and Canada and the basis for discount rate setting in pharmacoeconomic evaluation and guidelines of various countries.Results:It is found that the social time preference and social opportunity cost approach provide research perspectives for discount rate calculation.How-ever,there are differences in the choice of discounting in international guidelines and pharmacoeconomic evaluation practices,which may reflect differences among countries regarding economic environment,healthcare systems,and values.Conclusion:It calls for more basic research on discounting and suggests the formulation of discount rates that align with our China's economic environment to provide deci-sion-makers with a reliable information foundation.

Objective:It explores critical issues of discounting in health technology assessment to provide a reference for improving discount rates in China.Methods:Based on literature review and empirical cases,it compares and analyzes the practical experience of the UK and Canada and the basis for discount rate setting in pharmacoeconomic evaluation and guidelines of various countries.Results:It is found that the social time preference and social opportunity cost approach provide research perspectives for discount rate calculation.How-ever,there are differences in the choice of discounting in international guidelines and pharmacoeconomic evaluation practices,which may reflect differences among countries regarding economic environment,healthcare systems,and values.Conclusion:It calls for more basic research on discounting and suggests the formulation of discount rates that align with our China's economic environment to provide deci-sion-makers with a reliable information foundation.

Objective:It explores critical issues of discounting in health technology assessment to provide a reference for improving discount rates in China.Methods:Based on literature review and empirical cases,it compares and analyzes the practical experience of the UK and Canada and the basis for discount rate setting in pharmacoeconomic evaluation and guidelines of various countries.Results:It is found that the social time preference and social opportunity cost approach provide research perspectives for discount rate calculation.How-ever,there are differences in the choice of discounting in international guidelines and pharmacoeconomic evaluation practices,which may reflect differences among countries regarding economic environment,healthcare systems,and values.Conclusion:It calls for more basic research on discounting and suggests the formulation of discount rates that align with our China's economic environment to provide deci-sion-makers with a reliable information foundation.

Objective:It explores critical issues of discounting in health technology assessment to provide a reference for improving discount rates in China.Methods:Based on literature review and empirical cases,it compares and analyzes the practical experience of the UK and Canada and the basis for discount rate setting in pharmacoeconomic evaluation and guidelines of various countries.Results:It is found that the social time preference and social opportunity cost approach provide research perspectives for discount rate calculation.How-ever,there are differences in the choice of discounting in international guidelines and pharmacoeconomic evaluation practices,which may reflect differences among countries regarding economic environment,healthcare systems,and values.Conclusion:It calls for more basic research on discounting and suggests the formulation of discount rates that align with our China's economic environment to provide deci-sion-makers with a reliable information foundation.

Objective:It explores critical issues of discounting in health technology assessment to provide a reference for improving discount rates in China.Methods:Based on literature review and empirical cases,it compares and analyzes the practical experience of the UK and Canada and the basis for discount rate setting in pharmacoeconomic evaluation and guidelines of various countries.Results:It is found that the social time preference and social opportunity cost approach provide research perspectives for discount rate calculation.How-ever,there are differences in the choice of discounting in international guidelines and pharmacoeconomic evaluation practices,which may reflect differences among countries regarding economic environment,healthcare systems,and values.Conclusion:It calls for more basic research on discounting and suggests the formulation of discount rates that align with our China's economic environment to provide deci-sion-makers with a reliable information foundation.

Objective:It explores critical issues of discounting in health technology assessment to provide a reference for improving discount rates in China.Methods:Based on literature review and empirical cases,it compares and analyzes the practical experience of the UK and Canada and the basis for discount rate setting in pharmacoeconomic evaluation and guidelines of various countries.Results:It is found that the social time preference and social opportunity cost approach provide research perspectives for discount rate calculation.How-ever,there are differences in the choice of discounting in international guidelines and pharmacoeconomic evaluation practices,which may reflect differences among countries regarding economic environment,healthcare systems,and values.Conclusion:It calls for more basic research on discounting and suggests the formulation of discount rates that align with our China's economic environment to provide deci-sion-makers with a reliable information foundation.

Objective:It explores critical issues of discounting in health technology assessment to provide a reference for improving discount rates in China.Methods:Based on literature review and empirical cases,it compares and analyzes the practical experience of the UK and Canada and the basis for discount rate setting in pharmacoeconomic evaluation and guidelines of various countries.Results:It is found that the social time preference and social opportunity cost approach provide research perspectives for discount rate calculation.How-ever,there are differences in the choice of discounting in international guidelines and pharmacoeconomic evaluation practices,which may reflect differences among countries regarding economic environment,healthcare systems,and values.Conclusion:It calls for more basic research on discounting and suggests the formulation of discount rates that align with our China's economic environment to provide deci-sion-makers with a reliable information foundation.