Hygroscopicity research has long been a key focus and hot topic in Chinese materia medica（CMM）. Elucidating hygroscopic mechanisms plays a vital role in formulation design， process optimization， and storage condition selection. Hygroscopic models serve as essential tools for characterizing CMM hygroscopic mechanisms， with various types available. The double exponential model is a kinetic mathematical model constructed based on the law of conservation of energy and Fick's first law of diffusion， tailored to the physical properties of CMM extracts. In recent years， this model has been extensively applied to simulate the dynamic moisture absorption behavior of CMM extracts and solid dosage forms under varying humidity conditions. It has revealed the correlation between moisture absorption kinetic parameters and material properties， offering a new perspective for characterizing the moisture uptake behavior of CMM. This paper systematically reviews the application progress of this model in the field of CMM， analyzes its advantages， disadvantages， and challenges in this domain， and explores its potential application trends in other fields. It aims to provide references for elucidating the moisture absorption mechanisms of CMM and researching moisture-proofing technologies， while also offering insights for its broader application in food and polymer materials.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer that is challenging to treat and lacks targeted therapeutic drugs in the clinic. Natural active ingredients provide promising opportunities for discovering and developing targeted therapies for TNBC. This study investigated the effects of daurisoline on TNBC and elucidated its potential mechanisms. Using network pharmacology, a correlation was identified between daurisoline, derived from Menispermum dauricum, and breast cancer, particularly involving the Notch signaling pathway. The effects of daurisoline on the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells were evaluated in vitro. Additionally, the impact of daurisoline on the growth of MDA-MB-231 xenograft tumors in nude mice was assessed through in vivo experiments. Expression levels of Notch signaling pathway-related proteins, including Notch-1, NICD, PSEN-1, Bax, and Bcl-2, were examined using molecular docking and Western blotting to explore the underlying mechanisms of daurisoline’s anti-breast cancer effects. It was revealed that daurisoline could effectively inhibit the proliferation and migration of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells and promote apoptosis. Furthermore, it significantly reduced the growth of subcutaneous tumors in nude mice. Notably, daurisoline could reduce the hydrolytic activity of γ-secretase by binding to the catalytic core PSEN-1, thereby inhibiting activation of the γ-secretase/Notch axis and contributing to its anti-TNBC effects.This study supported the development of naturally targeted drugs for TNBC and provided insights into the research on dibenzylisoquinoline alkaloids, such as daurisoline.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer that is challenging to treat and lacks targeted therapeutic drugs in the clinic. Natural active ingredients provide promising opportunities for discovering and developing targeted therapies for TNBC. This study investigated the effects of daurisoline on TNBC and elucidated its potential mechanisms. Using network pharmacology, a correlation was identified between daurisoline, derived from Menispermum dauricum, and breast cancer, particularly involving the Notch signaling pathway. The effects of daurisoline on the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells were evaluated in vitro. Additionally, the impact of daurisoline on the growth of MDA-MB-231 xenograft tumors in nude mice was assessed through in vivo experiments. Expression levels of Notch signaling pathway-related proteins, including Notch-1, NICD, PSEN-1, Bax, and Bcl-2, were examined using molecular docking and Western blotting to explore the underlying mechanisms of daurisoline’s anti-breast cancer effects. It was revealed that daurisoline could effectively inhibit the proliferation and migration of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells and promote apoptosis. Furthermore, it significantly reduced the growth of subcutaneous tumors in nude mice. Notably, daurisoline could reduce the hydrolytic activity of γ-secretase by binding to the catalytic core PSEN-1, thereby inhibiting activation of the γ-secretase/Notch axis and contributing to its anti-TNBC effects.This study supported the development of naturally targeted drugs for TNBC and provided insights into the research on dibenzylisoquinoline alkaloids, such as daurisoline.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer that is challenging to treat and lacks targeted therapeutic drugs in the clinic. Natural active ingredients provide promising opportunities for discovering and developing targeted therapies for TNBC. This study investigated the effects of daurisoline on TNBC and elucidated its potential mechanisms. Using network pharmacology, a correlation was identified between daurisoline, derived from Menispermum dauricum, and breast cancer, particularly involving the Notch signaling pathway. The effects of daurisoline on the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells were evaluated in vitro. Additionally, the impact of daurisoline on the growth of MDA-MB-231 xenograft tumors in nude mice was assessed through in vivo experiments. Expression levels of Notch signaling pathway-related proteins, including Notch-1, NICD, PSEN-1, Bax, and Bcl-2, were examined using molecular docking and Western blotting to explore the underlying mechanisms of daurisoline’s anti-breast cancer effects. It was revealed that daurisoline could effectively inhibit the proliferation and migration of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells and promote apoptosis. Furthermore, it significantly reduced the growth of subcutaneous tumors in nude mice. Notably, daurisoline could reduce the hydrolytic activity of γ-secretase by binding to the catalytic core PSEN-1, thereby inhibiting activation of the γ-secretase/Notch axis and contributing to its anti-TNBC effects.This study supported the development of naturally targeted drugs for TNBC and provided insights into the research on dibenzylisoquinoline alkaloids, such as daurisoline.

Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells are a recently defined subtype of non-recirculating memory T cells with longevity and protective functions in peripheral tissues. As an essential frontline defense against infections, TRM cells have been reported to robustly patrol the tissue microenvironment in malignancies. Accumulating evidence also implicates that TRM cells in the relapse of chronic inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis and vitiligo. In light of these developments, this review aims to synthesize these recent findings to enhance our understanding of TRM cell characteristics and actions. Therefore, after providing a brief overview of the general features of the TRM cells, including precursors, homing, retention, and maintenance, we discuss recent insights gained into their heterogeneous functions in skin diseases. Specifically, we explore their involvement in conditions such as psoriasis, vitiligo, fixed drug eruption - dermatological manifestations of drug reactions at the same spot, cutaneous T cell lymphoma, and melanoma. By integrating these diverse perspectives, this review develops a comprehensive model of TRM cell behavior in various skin-related pathologies. In conclusion, our review emphasizes that deciphering the characteristics and mechanisms of TRM cell actions holds potential not only for discovering methods to slow cancer growth but also for reducing the frequency of recurrent chronic inflammation in skin tissue.
Humans ; Skin Diseases/immunology* ; Memory T Cells/immunology* ; Animals ; Vitiligo/immunology* ; Psoriasis/immunology* ; Immunologic Memory

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of cone-beam CT (CBCT) images for radiotherapy dose calculation in pelvic tumors. METHODS: An improved volumetric density coverage method was used to establish CT value-relative electron density (RED) curves for CBCT images. The planning CT plans were transferred to the CBCT images, and the constructed density curves were applied to calculate doses for CBCT plans while maintaining the optimization parameters unchanged. Dose calculation deviations between the two plans were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean differences in dosimetric parameters for the target volume and organs at risk (OAR) between the two plans were less than 1% and 1.5%, respectively. The target conformity index (CI), homogeneity index (HI), and gamma passing rates were highly consistent, with no statistically significant differences. CONCLUSION CBCT images corrected by this method can be used for dose calculation in pelvic tumor radiotherapy planning.
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography/methods* ; Humans ; Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted/methods* ; Radiotherapy Dosage ; Pelvic Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging*

Objective:To investigate the role of m.4435A>G and YARS2 c.572G>T(p.G191V)mutations in the development of essential hypertension.Methods:A hypertensive patient with m.4435A>G and YARS2 p.G191V mutations was identified from previously collected mitochondrial genome and exon sequencing data.Clinical data were collected,and a molecular genetic study was conducted in the proband and his family members.Peripheral venous blood was collected,and immortalized lymphocyte lines constructed.The mitochondrial transfer RNA(tRNA),mitochondrial protein,adenosine triphosphate(ATP),mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP),and reactive oxygen species(ROS)in the constructed lymphocyte cell lines were measured.Results:Mitochondrial genome sequencing showed that all maternal members carried a highly conserved m.4435A>G mutation.The m.4435A>G mutation might affect the secondary structure and folding free energy of mitochondrial tRNA and change its stability,which may influence the anticodon ring structure.Compared with the control group,the cell lines carrying m.4435A>G and YARS2 p.G191V mutations had decreased mitochondrial tRNA homeostasis,mitochondrial protein expression,ATP production and MMP levels,as well as increased ROS levels(all P<0.05).Conclusion:The YARS2 p.G191V mutation aggravates the changes in mitochondrial translation and mitochondrial function caused by m.4435A>G through affecting the steady-state level of mitochondrial tRNA and further leads to cell dysfunction,indicating that YARS2 p.G191V and m.4435A>G mutations have a synergistic effect in this family and jointly participate in the occurrence and development of essential hypertension.

Atypical anti-glomerular basement membrane(GBM)disease is rare,and the atypical anti-GBM disease with membrane hyperplasia lesion is even rarer.The treatment plan for it is not clear.This article reports a case of atypical anti-GBM disease with a negative anti-GBM antibody test,but renal tissue biopsy showed"glomerular membrane hyperplasia lesions with positive IgG linearity",which provides a reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.The patient exhibited massive proteinuria,hematuria,edema,and renal impairment.After ruling out secondary factors,the patient was diagnosed with"atypical anti-GBM nephritis"by renal tissue biopsy,and was treated with glucocorticoids combined with cyclophosphamide,after which the patient developed a lung infection and acute left heart failure,and received regular hemodialysis treatment.Then the patient progressed to the stage of end-stage renal disease and continued to receive regular hemodialysis treatment.

Objective To establish a human tonsil organoid model and investigate the immunological effects of this tonsil organoid infected by influenza virus.Methods Human tonsil tissue removed by adenoid hypertrophy surgery were subjected to gradient centrifugation,and then the obtain cells were cultured in vitro with using a 2.5D-Transwell chamber in combination with IL-2 and B cell activating factor(Baff)to construct a human tonsil organoid.Single cell transcriptome sequencing(scRNA-seq)was used to analyze the distribution of influenza virus receptors in different cell subsets of the tonsil organoid.Immunofluorescence assay and flow cytometry were applied to detect the immunological effects of the tonsil organoid in 48 h after influenza virus infection.Results The tonsil organoids were established successfully using this 2.5D-Transwell culture technique.scRNA-seq analysis showed that the receptors for influenza virus were extensively distributed in nearly all of cell subsets of tonsil organoids.In 48 h after influenza virus infection,the tonsil organoids could generate a large amount of plasma cells and memory B cells to produce specific IgG antibodies.In addition,direct infection of the virus promoted the production of TNF-α and IL-2 from CD8+T cells and the secretion of TNF-α,IFN-γ and IL-2 by CD4+T cells.Conclusion The tonsil organoids can be established successfully and reach maturity at about the 6th day after culture.The receptors for influenza virus are widely distributed in human tonsil organoids.Influenza virus directly infects human T cells,leading to T cell activation and cytokine releasing.Moreover,influenza virus infection also promotes B cells differentiate into plasma cells and induce the secretion of IgG as well as the formation of memory B cells.

Recent studies have demonstrated that bitter taste receptors are distributed not only in oral cavity but also in non-gustatory systems,such as the respiratory,digestive,reproductive and cardiovascular systems.The physiological role of bitter taste receptors is to recognize bitter substances or bacterial secretions,to trigger the immune response and to maintain the internal environmental homeosta-sis.In addition,oral bitter taste receptors are expressed not only in taste buds,perceiving bitter taste,but also in many other parts of periodontal tissues,which is the potential treatment target for oral infectious diseases.This review summarized the expression and distri-bution of oral bitter taste receptors which was off the taste buds and their roles in regulating oral inflammation and oral bacteria,dis-cussed the effects of genetic polymorphism of bitter taste receptor 38 subtype(TAS2R38)on innate immunity and its relationship with the susceptibility of dental caries and periodontal,aimed to provide novel ideas for the better prevention and treatment of dental caries and periodontal diseases.