AIM: To observe the outcome of intravitreal balanced salt solution(BSS)injection to increase intraocular pressure(IOP)after extrascleral subretinal fluid drainage, then scleral buckling(SB)to treat superior bullous retinal detachment(SBRD), and compare it with the effect of conventional surgery(without any intravitreal filling)and postoperative air filling.METHODS: Retrospective case-control study. A total of 72 patients(73 eyes)who underwent SB for SBRD from January 2018 to December 2022 in ophthalmology department of Xijing Hospital were included. The extrascleral subretinal fluid drainage was performed in all eyes. According to whether intravitreal injection was performed and different injections, patients were divided into three groups: with 24 cases(24 eyes)in the conventional group(no intravitreal injection), 23 cases(23 eyes)in the air group(sterile air was injected after surgery), and 25 cases(26 eyes)in the BSS group(BSS was injected during extrascleral subretinal fluid drainage). All patients were followed up until subretinal fluid was absorbed completely. The average surgery time, postoperative IOP, retinal reattachment rate, subretinal fluid absorption, visual acuity(LogMAR)and major complications were compared.RESULTS: All surgeries were completed successfully. The average surgery time of the conventional group, air group and BSS group were 63.17±13.22, 61.65±15.55 and 57.30±11.70 min, respectively. There had no significant difference among these groups(F=0.825, P=0.443). On the first post-operative day, the average IOP of the conventional group, air group and BSS group were 13.69±2.69, 16.40±2.86 and 18.35±2.88 mmHg, respectively. The average IOP of the air group and the BSS group were significant higher than that of the conventional group(F=17.18, P<0.001). Primary reattachment rates were 88%, 96%, and 100%, respectively. The postoperative BCVA was 0.71±0.42, 0.59±0.44, and 0.91±0.50, respectively, which were significantly higher than those before operation(all P<0.05), but there was no significant difference among groups(F=3.046, P>0.05). The main complications included subretinal hemorrhage in 1 eye from the conventional group and 1 eye from the air group, and a new retinal tear in 1 eye from the air group, resulting in localized retinal detachment.CONCLUSIONS: For SBRD patients with hypotony during SB surgery, intravitreal injection of BSS to properly increase the IOP and then complete the surgery can improve the reattachment rate and reduce postoperative complications. This method is safe and effective for selected SBRD patients.

AIM:To observe the clinical efficacy of vitrectomy at different times for open ocular trauma and explore the timing of stage Ⅱ vitrectomy.METHODS: Retrospective case series study. A total of 60 cases(60 eyes)with open ocular trauma who visited our ophthalmology department from June 2022 to February 2023 were included. They were divided into treatment group A(interval ≤14 d)and treatment group B(interval >14 d)based on the interval between the stage Ⅰ emergency treatment surgery and the stage Ⅱ vitreoretinal surgery. Among the 32 cases(32 eyes)in the treatment group A, 16 eyes(50%)had eyeball rupture, 13 eyes(41%)had penetrating injury, and 3 eyes(9%)had perforating injury. Among the 28 cases(28 eyes)in the treatment group B, 15 eyes(54%)had eyeball rupture, 12 eyes(43%)had penetrating injury, and one eye(4%)had perforating injury. The two groups of patients were followed-up for 6 mo after surgery, and the treatment effects were compared.RESULTS:There was no statistically significant difference in visual acuity between the two groups of patients before vitrectomy(P>0.05). In the treatment group A, 10 eyes(31%)had significantly improved visual acuity, 21 eyes(66%)had effectively enhanced visual acuity, and 1 eye(3%)had no improvement in visual acuity at 6 mo after surgery. Among the 28 eyes in the treatment group B, 5 eyes(18%)had significantly improved vision, 16 eyes(57%)had effectively enhanced vision, and 7 eyes(25%)had no change in vision, with statistically significant difference between the two groups(U=322.5, P=0.032). There was no significant difference between the treatment group A and the treatment group B in complications such as secondary glaucoma, silicone oil dependence, vitreous hemorrhage, and eyeball atrophy(P>0.05). There was no evidence of traumatic proliferative vitreoretinopathy(TPVR)in the treatment group A during postoperative follow-up, which was significantly lower than that of the treatment group B(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:The prognosis of the stage Ⅱ vitrectomy for open ocular injury is relatively good after completing the stage Ⅰ surgery within 2 wk.

AIM:To summarize the clinical features and prognostic factors of patients with open ocular trauma in northwest China, and to explore the application of ocular trauma score(OTS)in open ocular trauma.METHODS:The clinical data of 91 patients(91 eyes)with open ocular trauma admitted to Xijing Hospital from June 2021 to June 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. The correlation analysis of visual acuity prognosis was carried out by age, treatment time, initial visual acuity, trauma zone and other factors, and the relationship between different OTS and prognostic visual acuity was discussed.RESULTS:Univariate analysis showed that age(0-20 years), treatment time(<24 h), initial visual acuity, trauma zone, trauma type(penetrating injury), anterior chamber hematoma, vitreous hematoma were correlated with prognostic visual acuity(all P<0.1); multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that initial visual acuity and treatment time(<24 h)were risk factors(both P<0.05). There was a significant correlation between different OTS and prognostic visual acuity(rs=0.639,P<0.001).CONCLUSION:Patients with open ocular trauma should be diagnosed and treated as early as possible. The main factors influencing the visual prognosis are age, treatment time, initial visual acuity, trauma zone, trauma type, anterior chamber hematoma and vitreous hematoma. OTS has good application value in visual acuity evaluation of open ocular trauma prognosis.

Objective To analyze the refractive prediction error(PE)in combined vitrectomy,phacoemulsification,and intraocular lens(IOL)implantation for patients with macular disease and cataract.Methods This study encom-passed 96 patients(96 eyes)diagnosed with macular disease and cataract,who underwent combined vitrectomy,phacoe-mulsification and IOL implantation at the Department of Ophthalmology in Xijing Hospital,Air Force Military Medical Uni-versity from May 2014 to November 2022.The best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)and actual spherical equivalent(SE)were studied,PE and absolute refractive error(ARE)were calculated,and the correlations between PE and axial length(AL),anterior chamber depth(ACD),lens thickness(LT),flat keratometry(Kf),steep keratometry(Ks),mean kera-tometry(Km),corneal astigmatism degree(cylinder,Cyl),intraocular pressure(IOP),BCVA,corneal astigmatism axis,the classification of macular diseases,and the type of intraoperative vitreous fillers were analyzed.Results In the early postoperative period(within 3 days after surgery),no statistically significant disparity in BCVA was observed compared to preoperative data among the 96 patients studied(P＞0.05).The ARE was determined to be(1.47±2.54)D,indicating a substantial deviation between the actual SE and preoperative predictive refraction of the 96 patients(P＜0.05).Among them,61 patients had a myopic shift,35 patients had a hyperopic shift,and the values of PE were(-1.81±3.07)D and(0.87±0.96)D,respectively.At the 1-month mark after surgery,there was no statistically significant difference in BCVA compared to the preoperative data of 12 follow-up patients(P＞0.05).Similarly,no statistically significant differences were found between every two of the three data,namely the actual SE one month after surgery,the preoperative predictive refraction,and the actual SE in the early postoperative period of the 12 follow-up patients(all P＞0.05).Also,no disparity was observed in BCVA at the last follow-up(P＞0.05)among the 6 patients who were followed up for over 1 year(long-term postoperative follow-up).The correlation analysis revealed that,in the early postoperative period,the PE of patients with myopic shift was negatively correlated with both preoperative AL and Cyl measurements(both P＜0.05).The early postoperative PE of patients with myopic shift was associated with the diagnostic classification of macular diseases(P＜0.05),and the degree of myopic shift was observed to be significantly greater in patients with pathological myopia macular holes compared to those with other macular diseases(P＜0.05).Additionally,the early postoperative PE of patients with myopic shift was uncorrelated with preoperative ACD,TL,Kf,Ks,Km,IOP,BCVA,the type of intraoperative vitreous fillers and the corneal astigmatism axis(all P＞0.05).In contrast,for patients exhibiting hyperopic shift,the PE observed in the early postoperative period exhibited a positive correlation with preoperative Cyl(P＜0.05).PE was also correlated with the type of intraoperative vitreous fillers(P＜0.05),and the degree of hyperopic shift was notably enhanced when the intraoperative vitreous cavity was filled with silicone oil(P＜0.05).The PE of patients with hyperopic shift observed in the early postoperative period exhibited no correlation with preoperative AL,ACD,TL,Kf,Ks,Km,IOP,BCVA,the diagnos-tic classification of macular diseases or the astigmatism axis(all P＞0.05).Conclusion Refractive prediction error may occur in patients with macular disease and cataract in the initial postoperative period after the vitrectomy combined with phacoemulsification and IOL implantation,predominantly caused by myopic shift.However,over time,there is a signifi-cant reduction in the magnitude of this refractive error.The direction and extent of diopter drift appear to be influenced by preoperative AL,Cyl,the specific diagnosis of macular disease,and the type of vitreous cavity filler utilized in the surgical procedure.

Objective:To explore the role of bedside cardiopulmonary ultrasound in the evaluation of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) in patients with cardiaogenic pulmonary edema in emergency department.Methods:The clinical data and characteristics of bedside rapid cardiopulmonary ultrasound in patients withcardiaogenic pulmonary edema treated with NPPV in the emergency department were retrospectively analyzed. The following ultrasound parameters, including lung ultrasound score, the ratio of lung consolidation, diameter of inferior vena cava, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), the mitral annular systolic displacement (MAPSE) and tricuspid annular systolic displacement (TAPSE), the peak Doppler velocities of the early diastolic mitral (E), the tissue velocity imaging of left ventricular and right ventricular (Sm), the tissue Doppler of the early diastolic velocity of the mitral annulus (e’), the average E/e’ ratio of left ventricular, systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) and the ratio of atrial fibrillation,, were determined. All of the parameters combined with clinical parameters were compared between the non-invasive ventilation success group and non-invasive ventilation failure group. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to screen out the risk factors by taking the failure of NPPV treatment as the dependent variable. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the predictive value of the indicators above.Results:A total of 66 patients, included 44 (66.%) of NPPV success and 22 (33.3%) of NPPV failure revealed by bedside cardiopulmonary ultrasound. In comparison with the NPPV success group, the lung ultrasound score, ratio of lung consolidation, E/e’ of LV , SPAP, the ratio of right ventricular dysfunction, the ratio of atrial fibrillation and the level of Ccr were significantly evaluated, but the Sm of right ventricular and PaO2/FiO2 were significantly lower in the NPPV failure group (all P< 0.05). There were no differences in LVEF, MAPSE, TPASE, diameter of inferior vena cava and the Sm of left ventricular between groups (all P> 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that lung ultrasound score, E/e’ and SPAP were independent predictors of NPPV failure in patients with cardiaogenic pulmonary edema. The AUCs of lung ultrasound score, E/e’ of LV and SPAP for predicting NPPV failure was 0.802, 0.783 and 0.852, respectively. . Conclusions:The lung ultrasound score, right ventricular diastolic function and SPAP evaluated by bedside cardiopulmonary ultrasound could provide predictive values for the non-invasive positive ventilation failure in patients with cardiaogenic pulmonary edema.

Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy of minimally invasive vitreous surgery (MIVS) for special rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) in children and adolescents. Methods: A retrospective clinical comparative study. Fourteen eyes with special type of RRD in 14 children and adolescents who received the MIVS treatment from January 2014 to January 2019 in Ophthalmology Department of The First Affiliated Hospital Ophthalmology of Air Force Military Medical University, were included in this study. Among them, 8 eyes from 8 males and 6 eyes from 6 females. The age of them ranged from 5 to 17, with the mean age of 12.64±4.11 years. The course of disease was ranged from 1 d to 1 year, and the average of it was 30 d. All the eyes developed the special type RRD, including pseudophakic and aphakic retinal detachment, giant retinal tear with retinal detachment, choroidal detachment associated with retinal detachment, and RRD with ocular dysplasia. In the 14 eyes, there was 2 eyes with retinal detachment in 1 quadrant, 4 eyes in 2 quadrants, 1 eye in 3 quadrants and 7 eyes in total 4 quadrants. All the eyes were treated with 23G or 25G MIVS and filled with irrigation solution, air and silicone oil. In addition, 10.4 months' follow-up for average after surgery were taken to observe the occurrence of retinal reattachment, BCVA and related complications in the eyes. Results: In the 14 eyes, 13 (92.9%) of them attained retinal reattachment and 1 eye (7.1%) got a poor retinal reattachment after one operation. At the last follow-up, all the 14 eyes (100.0%) attained retinal reattachment and 5 of them at the filling state of silicone oil. The vision of 8 eyes (57.1%) were improved, 4 eyes (28.6%) have no notable changes and 2 eyes decreased (14.3%). During the operation, iatrogenic retinal breaks were occurred in 1 eye, and silicone oil entered underneath the retina in 1 eye. After the operation, 1 eye suffered a relapse of retinal detachment after the removal of silicone oil and then were filled with it again. Conclusions MIVS is a safe and effective way to treat the special type RRD among the children and adolescents. The rate of retinal reattachment is 92.9% after one surgery and 100.0% at the last follow-up. Therefore, MIVS can help most of eyes with special type RRD to get a stable and improved vision.

Objectives To understand the medication being used among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) in Chinese communities of large cities.Methods A cross-sectional survey was carried out in Beijing,Shanghai,Chengdu and Guangzhou with the total number as 678 COPD cases who were continuously recruited.Subjects were face-to-face interviewed using a structured questionnaire and with medical records checked at the same time.All data were double entered into a database under EpiData 3.1,and analyzed by SAS 9.2.Results One quarter of all the subjects did not receive any clinical treatment.The top three drugs for COPD were expectorant (50.74％),phosphodiesterase inhibitors (49.56％),and leukotriene (49.12％).Totally,there were 36 different types combination of drugs used for COPD and the proportions of drugs being used as one,two,and three or more at the same time were 29.5％(200 cases),39.7％(269 cases) and 30.8％(209 cases) respectively.In addition 36.6％ (248 cases) of them used oxygen.There were statistical correlations between drug-use patterns and the severity of COPD.Conclusion The patterns of medication varied over COPD cases in communities from Chinese large cities and appeared differently under the recommendations in the clinical guidelines set for COPD.Guidance and surveillance programs on drugs use for COPD should be improved on patients with COPD in the Chinese communities.

Objective To observe the clinical effects of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) combined with internal limiting membrane peeling (ILMP) for macular hole (MH) and macular retinoschisis in high myopic eyes,and to analyze factors affecting the MH closure rate.Methods This is a retrospective case study.21 high myopic patients (22 eyes) with MH and macular retinoschisis were enrolled in this study.All eyes were examined for best corrected visual acuity (BCVA),intraocular pressure,slit lamp microscope,indirect ophthalmoscope,A and/or B-scan ultrasound,optical coherence tomography and visual electrophysiological examination.The BCVA was ranged from finger counting to 0.2.The axial length (AL) was ranged from 26.00 to 31.00 mm,with an average of 27.47 mm.Among 22 eyes,AL was between 26.00 mm to 27.00 mm in 9 eyes,27.10 mm to 28.00 mm in 5 eyes,28.10 mm to 29.00 mm in 3 eyes,29.10 mm to 30.00 mm in 3 eyes,and longer than 30.00 mm in 2 eyes.The diameter of MH was ranged from 227 μm to 597 μm and with an average of 432 μm.Among them,the minimum diameter was between 200 μm to 400 μm in 4 eyes,401 μm to 450 μm in 13 eyes,451 μm to 500 μm in 3 eyes,501 μm to 600 μm in 2 eyes.All the eyes were treated with PPV combined with ILMP surgery.The average follow-up time was 17 months after surgery.The efficacy was determined at the final follow up,including the MH closure,the state of macular retinoschisis and the BCVA.MH closure rate with different MH diameters and different AL were compared and analyzed.Results During the final followup,MH were fully closed in 17 eyes (77.3％),bridge-closed in 4 eyes (18.2％) and not closed in 1 eye (4.5％).Retinoschisis was resolved in 19 eyes (86.4％),partially resolved in 2 eyes (9.1％) and not changed in 1 eye (4.4％).MH with smaller diameter had higher MH closure rate (x2=12.036,P=0.032).MH with longer AL had lower MH closure rate (x2=16.095,P=0.003).The final BCVA was ranged from finger counting to 0.25.Among 22 eyes,BCVA or metamorphopsia were improved in 9 eyes (40.9％),stable in 8 eyes (36.4％).BCVA was reduced and metamorphopsia was more severe in 5 eyes (22.7％).Conclusions PPV combined with ILMP is a safe and effective surgical treatment for MH (with minimum diameter ≤600 μm) and macular retinoschisis in high myopic eyes.After surgery,MH was closed and retinoschisis was resolved in most patients.The major factors affect the MH closure were the minimum diameter of MH and AL.

Objective To investigate the effects of the polymorphisms in the promoter of ATP binding cassette transporter (ABCG1) on the transcription activity,and the relationship of the polymorphisms with the susceptibility to coronary artery disease (CAD).Methods A case-control study was conducted,217 CADpatients and 142 controls were enrolled in this study.Thesingle nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter of ABCG1 were identified by sequencing.The promoter haplotypes of ABCG1 were determined with allele specific primer sequencing or Gene cloning sequencing.The transcription activity of the promoter haplotypes were evaluated with dual luciferase reporter system.The frequency of SNPs and haplotypes were analyzed between CAD group and the control group,premature CAD and non-premature CAD group,as well as multivessel lesion and single vessel lesion group.The frequency distribution was compared between two groups with x2 test or Fisher exact test.The difference of the luciferase activity was compared between groups by t-test or one-way analysis of variance.Results Only 3 SNPs were found in ABCG1 promoter sequence of about 1 000 bp upstream of the transcription start site,which are-384 (A/G),-204 (A/C) and-134 (T/G),respectively.The 3 SNPs are in strong linkage disequilibrium,Tajima's D =2.655 (P ＜ 0.01),which constituted 3 haplotypes.There was no significant difference in SNPs and haplotype frequency between the CAD group and the normal control group,and the severity of vascular disease and the early onset of coronary heart disease were not associated with the polymorphisms in ABCG1 promoter.There was no significant difference in the transcriptional activity of the three constitutive promoter haplotypes,but the transcriptional activity was notably elevated as the GAT haplotype was mutated into GAG (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The 3 SNPs identified in ABCG1 promoter region A did not alter the promoter activity.There was no significant correlation between the frequency distribution of SNPs and promoter haplotypes and the susceptibility to CAD.

Objective investigate the correlation between plasma soluble receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (sRAGE) and arterial stiffness in patients with different types of metabolic syndrome (MS).Methods A total of 180 subjects were drawn from a epidemiologic follow-up study,including 60 cases non-metabolic syndrome (NMS),60 cases metabolic syndrome without diabetes mellitus (NDMMS),60 cases metabolic syndrome with diabetes mellitus (DMMS).Carotid femoral arterial pulse wave velocity (CFPWV) was assessed by the French KangPuLe atherosclerosis measurement instrument,and plasma sRAGE levels were measured by ELISA.Comparison of mean in multiple groups was conducted by analysis of variance.Multivariate analysis was done with multiple linear stepwise regression analysis.P ＜ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant difference.Results Compared with NMS group,plasma sRAGE levels were significantly lower in DMMS and NDMMS groups [(635.07 ± 229.20) pg/mL vs.(671.17 ± 358.16) pg/mL vs.(992.99 ± 427.83) pg/mL,P =0.001].CFPWV of DMMS group was significantly higher than that of NMDMS and NMS groups (14.22 ±3.14) m/s vs.(12.15 ±2.79) m/s vs.(11.66 ± 2.52) m/s,P =0.002).Plasma sRAGE level was negatively correlated with CFPWV (r =-0.278,P =0.005).(3) Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that age (β =-0.091,95％ CI-0.096 ～-0.095,P =0.031),HDL-C (β =1.295,95％ CI 1.231 ～ 1.360,P =0.022) and sRAGE (β =0.119,95％ CI 0.118 ～ 0.130,P =0.032) had a significant effect on CFPWV.Conclusions The increased arterial stiffness is closely related to the discreased plasma sRAGE levels in MS.Plasma sRAGE maybe a novel target for vascular disease prevention and treatment in patients with metabolic syndrome.