Objectives:To evaluate the tricuspid valve(TV)geometric remodeling in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension(IPAH)by three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography. Methods:Two-dimensional and three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography were performed in 30 IPAH patients and 15 healthy controls,and the geometry parameters of TV were obtained by four-dimensional auto tricuspid valve quantitative(4D Auto-TVQ)in the right ventricular-focused apical view.Pulmonary arterial hypertension was determined by right heart catheterization within 48 hours of echocardiography. Results:The 4-chamber diameter,tricuspid annular(TA)perimeter,TA area,maximal tenting height,coaptation point height and tenting volume were larger in IPAH patients than those in healthy controls(all P＜0.05),2-chamber diameter was similar between two groups.In IPAH group,maximal tenting height and coaptation point height were moderately correlated with right ventricular end-diastolic volume(r=0.710,r=0.515,both P＜0.05),while TA perimeter,4-chamber diameter and TA area were moderately correlated with right atrial end-systolic volume(r=0.712,r=0.558,r=0.545,all P＜0.05). Conclusions:IPAH patients have larger maximal tenting height,coaptation point height and tenting volume,TA enlargement is mainly visible in 4-chamber diameter.TV tenting height is associated with right ventricular volume,but TA size is associated with right atrial volume in IPAH patients.

With the increasing proportion of human papilloma virus(HPV)infection in the pathogenic factors of oro-pharyngeal cancer,a series of changes have occurred in the surgical treatment.While the treatment mode has been im-proved,there are still many problems,including the inconsistency between diagnosis and treatment modes,the lack of popularization of reconstruction technology,the imperfect post-treatment rehabilitation system,and the lack of effective preventive measures.Especially in terms of treatment mode for early oropharyngeal cancer,there is no unified conclu-sion whether it is surgery alone or radiotherapy alone,and whether robotic minimally invasive surgery has better func-tional protection than radiotherapy.For advanced oropharyngeal cancer,there is greater controversy over the treatment mode.It is still unclear whether to adopt a non-surgical treatment mode of synchronous chemoradiotherapy or induction chemotherapy combined with synchronous chemoradiotherapy,or a treatment mode of surgery combined with postopera-tive chemoradiotherapy.In order to standardize the surgical treatment of oropharyngeal cancer in China and clarify the indications for surgical treatment of oropharyngeal cancer,this expert consensus,based on the characteristics and treat-ment status of oropharyngeal cancer in China and combined with the international latest theories and practices,forms consensus opinions in multiple aspects of preoperative evaluation,surgical indication determination,primary tumor re-section,neck lymph node dissection,postoperative defect repair,postoperative complication management prognosis and follow-up of oropharyngeal cancer patients.The key points include:① Before the treatment of oropharyngeal cancer,the expression of P16 protein should be detected to clarify HPV status;② Perform enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the maxillofacial region before surgery to evaluate the invasion of oropharyngeal cancer and guide precise surgical resec-tion of oropharyngeal cancer.Evaluating mouth opening and airway status is crucial for surgical approach decisions and postoperative risk prediction;③ For oropharyngeal cancer patients who have to undergo major surgery and cannot eat for one to two months,it is recommended to undergo percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy before surgery to effectively improve their nutritional intake during treatment;④ Early-stage oropharyngeal cancer patients may opt for either sur-gery alone or radiation therapy alone.For intermediate and advanced stages,HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer general-ly prioritizes radiation therapy,with concurrent chemotherapy considered based on tumor staging.Surgical treatment is recommended as the first choice for HPV unrelated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma(including primary and re-current)and recurrent HPV related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma after radiotherapy and chemotherapy;⑤ For primary exogenous T1-2 oropharyngeal cancer,direct surgery through the oral approach or da Vinci robotic sur-gery is preferred.For T3-4 patients with advanced oropharyngeal cancer,it is recommended to use temporary mandibu-lectomy approach and lateral pharyngotomy approach for surgery as appropriate;⑥ For cT1-2N0 oropharyngeal cancer patients with tumor invasion depth＞3 mm and cT3-4N0 HPV unrelated oropharyngeal cancer patients,selective neck dissection of levels ⅠB to Ⅳ is recommended.For cN+HPV unrelated oropharyngeal cancer patients,therapeutic neck dissection in regions Ⅰ-Ⅴ is advised;⑦ If PET-CT scan at 12 or more weeks after completion of radiation shows intense FDG uptake in any node,or imaging suggests continuous enlargement of lymph nodes,the patient should undergo neck dissection;⑧ For patients with suspected extracapsular invasion preoperatively,lymph node dissection should include removal of surrounding muscle and adipose connective tissue;⑨ The reconstruction of oropharyngeal cancer defects should follow the principle of reconstruction steps,with priority given to adjacent flaps,followed by distal pedicled flaps,and finally free flaps.The anterolateral thigh flap with abundant tissue can be used as the preferred flap for large-scale postoperative defects.

Neck dissection(ND)is one of the main treatment methods for oral and maxillofacial malignancies.Although ND type is in con-stant improvement,but intraoperative peal-pull-push injury of the accessory nerve,muscle,muscle membrane,fascia and ligament induced shoulder syndrome(SS)is still a common postoperative complication,combined with the influence of radiochemotherapy,not only can cause pain,stiffness,numbness,limited dysfunction of shoulder neck and arm,but also may have serious impact on patient's life quality and phys-ical and mental health.At present,there is still a lack of a systematic evaluation and rehabilitation management program for postoperative SS of oral and maxillofacial malignant tumors.Based on the previous clinical practice and the current available evidence,refer to the relevant lit-erature at home and abroad,the experts in the field of maxillofacial tumor surgery and rehabilitation were invited to discuss,modify and reach a consenusus on the etiology,assessment diagnosis,differential diagnosis,rehabilitation strategy and prevention of SS,in order to provide clinical reference.

Indocyanine green(ICG)near-infrared imaging technology has significant research value in laparoscopic radical gastrectomy and has garnered widespread attention and research both domestically and internationally.However,the application of ICG near-infrared ima-ging technology in laparoscopic radical gastrectomy is still in the exploratory stage in current clinical practice,with no unified standards es-tablished as yet.This review introduces the mechanism of ICG fluorescence imaging and discusses the indications and contraindications of ICG use in laparoscopic radical gastrectomy.The application methods and procedures of ICG molecular fluorescence imaging technology in laparoscopic radical gastrectomy and its clinical applications are elaborated upon.Finally,the practical applications of ICG-guided laparo-scopic radical gastrectomy is summarized and generalized to help facilitate its promotion and further standardization.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical phenotype and variant of SLC2A1 gene in a Chinese pedigree affected with glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome (GLUT1-DS). METHODS: Clinical data of a child who was treated due to delayed motor and language development and his family members were collected. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples and subjected to high-throughput medical exome sequencing. Candidate variant was verified by Sanger sequencing of his parents and sister. The genotype-phenotype correlation was explored. RESULTS: The child, his mother and sister had common manifestations such as delayed mental and motor development, poor exercise tolerance, easy fatigue and paroxysmal dystonia, but the difference was that the child and his mother had microcephaly and seizures, while his sister did not. A heterozygous missense SLC2A1 c.191T>C (p.L64P) variant was identified in all affected members, which was unreported previously. CONCLUSION The missense SLC2A1 c.191T>C (p.L64P) variant probably underlay the disease in the proband and his mother and sister. Variability of the clinical phenotypes has reflected the genetic and phenotypic diversity of GLUT1-DS. Detection of the novel variant has enriched the spectrum of GLUT1-DS mutations.
Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Errors ; China ; Glucose Transporter Type 1/genetics* ; Humans ; Monosaccharide Transport Proteins/deficiency* ; Mutation ; Pedigree ; Phenotype

Objective:To analyze the clinical features and surgical outcomes of petrous bone cholesteatomas (PBCs).Methods:Data from 39 PBCs patients treated in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xijing Hospital from September 2011 to December 2017 were reviewed retrospectively, including 23 males, 16 femals, aged 12-71 years old, with the median age of 37. Clinical classifications, surgical methods, facial and hearing function, and intraoperative and postoperative complications were made summary analysis.Results:In this study, five patients were congenital PBCs and 34 patients were acquired PBCs. The common clinical symptoms were hearing loss (100%, 39/39), ear discharge/pus (89.7%, 35/39) and facial paralysis (46.2%, 18/39). According to Sanna′s classification, 14 cases were supralabyrinthine, including three cases underwent transcochlear (TC) approach, six cases underwent transotic (TO) approach and five underwent translabyrinthine (TL) approach. 10 cases were infralabyrinthine, including eight cases underwent subtotal petrosectomy, one case underwent TO approach and one underwent TL approach.10 cases were massive, including seven cases underwent TC approach, three cases underwent TO approach. Five cases were infralabyrinthine-apical, including two cases underwent TC approach, two cases underwent TO approach, and one case underwent endoscope assisted infratemporal fossa type B. The degree of facial nerve (FN) dysfunction from high to low was massive (6/10), supralabyrinthine (8/14), infralabyrinthine-apical (2/5) and infralabyrinthine (2/10). 19 cases involved in facial nerve operation, three cases underwent FN decompression, four cases underwent FN rerouting, four cases underwent nerve grafting, and one case underwent facial-hypoglossal anastomosis. Preoperative FN involvement in 18 cases, and the FN function was improved in 14 cases after surgery. The improved rate of postoperative FN function was 77.8%. The bone conducted hearing retained 50.0% (14/28) postoperatively. Five cases with cerebrospinal fluid leak were managed by inserting free muscle plugs and cavity obliteration. Two cases with the cholesteatomas matrix involved the sigmoid sinus and the jugular bulb, and occlusion of the sigmoid sinus was performed. Postoperatively, two patients presented with synkinesis. The patients were followed up for 40 to 115 months, and there was no recurrence.Conclusions:There are no specific clinical manifestations for PBCs, thus, it is difficult in early diagnosis and treatment. According to Sanna′s classification, preoperative FN and hearing function, the best surgical approach should be selected with minimal recurrences and perioperative morbidity.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of mechanical debulking in treating arteriosclerosis occlusive disease of lower extremity.Methods:The clinical data of 52 arteriosclerosis occlusive disease of lower extremity cases treated with Rotarex mechanical debulking system from June 2017 to June 2020 at Department of Intervention Vascular Surgery,Peking University Third Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. There were 37 males and 15 females,aged(69.4±10.1)years(range:47 to 89 years).Lesion length was (21.6±12.9)cm(range: 4 to 45 cm),occlusion length was (18.5±11.8)cm(range:4 to 45 cm).The lesion was located in iliac artery(IA) in 6 cases,femoral-popliteal artery(FPA) in 42 cases,and both IA and FPA in 4 cases. All the cases were treated with Rotarex mechanical debulking system. Residual stenosis more than 50% were treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty(PTA).Drug coated balloon was used in part of them,and stent was used only when it was necessary. The patient′s operation, complications, postoperative target vessel restenosis and reoperation were collected. The paired sample t test and rank sum test was used for data comparison and the postoperative target vessel patency rate was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival curve. Results:All the 52 cases obtained technical success. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty was used in all cases,and drug coated balloon were used in 11 cases. Twenty-six stents were implanted in 24 cases (2 cases implanted 2 stents).Nine stents were implanted in IA and 15 in FPA. The length of stents was (11.3±3.3)cm(range:6 to 23 cm).There were 3 procedure related complications: one of them was acute occlusion in an iliac lesion,and thrombectomy was applied urgently,and the result was good. And the other two were distal embolism. The thrombus were took out with guiding catheter. The hospital stay was (4.8±1.9)days. The ankle brachial index increased from 0.34±0.16 to 0.81±0.16 after treatment ( t=-25.160, P<0.01).The Rutherford stages decreased from ( M(IQR)) 3(1) to 1(1)( Z=-6.825, P<0.01).The median followed up time was 19 months(range:6 to 42 months).Two cases stopped antiplatelet agents during follow-up and which result in acute thrombosis 2 weeks and 2 months later respectively. One of them was treated with percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy and the other one was not for gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Four cases died during follow-up,one case died of lung cancer,one died of abdominal infection,and the other 2 cases died of cardiovascular disease,and no amputation was observed. Target lesion restenosis(TLR) more than 50% occurred in 13 cases during the follow-up. All TLR were observed in FPA,and target lesion revascularization was taken in 3 of them. According to Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis,half-year,1-year and 2-year cumulative patency rates of target vessels in this group was 94.2%,87.4% and 51.4%, respectively. And half-year and 1-year cumulative patency rates just in FPA cases was 92.9% and 84.3%, respectively. Conclusions:Percutaneous mechanical debulking using Rotarex catheter combining PTA can reduce the use of stents in femoral-popliteal artery. It is safe and effective in treating with arteriosclerosis obliterans of lower extremity.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of mechanical debulking in treating arteriosclerosis occlusive disease of lower extremity.Methods:The clinical data of 52 arteriosclerosis occlusive disease of lower extremity cases treated with Rotarex mechanical debulking system from June 2017 to June 2020 at Department of Intervention Vascular Surgery,Peking University Third Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. There were 37 males and 15 females,aged(69.4±10.1)years(range:47 to 89 years).Lesion length was (21.6±12.9)cm(range: 4 to 45 cm),occlusion length was (18.5±11.8)cm(range:4 to 45 cm).The lesion was located in iliac artery(IA) in 6 cases,femoral-popliteal artery(FPA) in 42 cases,and both IA and FPA in 4 cases. All the cases were treated with Rotarex mechanical debulking system. Residual stenosis more than 50% were treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty(PTA).Drug coated balloon was used in part of them,and stent was used only when it was necessary. The patient′s operation, complications, postoperative target vessel restenosis and reoperation were collected. The paired sample t test and rank sum test was used for data comparison and the postoperative target vessel patency rate was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival curve. Results:All the 52 cases obtained technical success. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty was used in all cases,and drug coated balloon were used in 11 cases. Twenty-six stents were implanted in 24 cases (2 cases implanted 2 stents).Nine stents were implanted in IA and 15 in FPA. The length of stents was (11.3±3.3)cm(range:6 to 23 cm).There were 3 procedure related complications: one of them was acute occlusion in an iliac lesion,and thrombectomy was applied urgently,and the result was good. And the other two were distal embolism. The thrombus were took out with guiding catheter. The hospital stay was (4.8±1.9)days. The ankle brachial index increased from 0.34±0.16 to 0.81±0.16 after treatment ( t=-25.160, P<0.01).The Rutherford stages decreased from ( M(IQR)) 3(1) to 1(1)( Z=-6.825, P<0.01).The median followed up time was 19 months(range:6 to 42 months).Two cases stopped antiplatelet agents during follow-up and which result in acute thrombosis 2 weeks and 2 months later respectively. One of them was treated with percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy and the other one was not for gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Four cases died during follow-up,one case died of lung cancer,one died of abdominal infection,and the other 2 cases died of cardiovascular disease,and no amputation was observed. Target lesion restenosis(TLR) more than 50% occurred in 13 cases during the follow-up. All TLR were observed in FPA,and target lesion revascularization was taken in 3 of them. According to Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis,half-year,1-year and 2-year cumulative patency rates of target vessels in this group was 94.2%,87.4% and 51.4%, respectively. And half-year and 1-year cumulative patency rates just in FPA cases was 92.9% and 84.3%, respectively. Conclusions:Percutaneous mechanical debulking using Rotarex catheter combining PTA can reduce the use of stents in femoral-popliteal artery. It is safe and effective in treating with arteriosclerosis obliterans of lower extremity.

Objective:To investigate the clinical significance of fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) vascular hyperintensities (FVHs) in patients with chronic atherosclerotic middle cerebral artery occlusion.Methods:From July 2016 to November 2020, patients admitted to the Department of Neurology, Jiangdu People's Hospital of Yangzhou and first found chronic atherosclerotic middle cerebral artery occlusion were enrolled. The demographic, clinical and MRI imaging data were collected. According to the presence or absence of acute cerebral infarction, they were divided into the non-acute cerebral infarction group and the acute cerebral infarction group. According to the modified Rankin Scale score at 3 months after the onset, patients with acute cerebral infarction were further divided into the good outcome group (≤2) and the poor outcome group (>2). A multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the independent correlation between FVHs and the risk of cerebral infarction in patients with chronic atherosclerotic middle cerebral artery occlusion and the outcome in patients with cerebral infarction. Results:A total of 94 patients with chronic atherosclerotic middle cerebral artery occlusion were enrolled, including 38 with non-acute cerebral infarction (40.4%) and 56 with acute cerebral infarction (59.6%). In patients with acute cerebral infarction, 13 (23.2%) had a poor outcome, and 43 (76.8%) had a good outcome. The fibrinogen level, the proportion of patients with FVHs and the FVHs score in the cerebral infarction group were significantly higher than those in the non-cerebral infarction group (all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the FVHs score was significantly, independently, and positively correlated with the risk of acute cerebral infarction (odds ratio 2.524, 95% confidence interval 1.400-4.552; P=0.002). The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score at admission, the modified Rankin Scale score at admission, and FVHs score in the poor outcome group were significantly higher than those in the good outcome group (all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that there was a significant independent negative correlation between the FVHs score and the outcome of patients with cerebral infarction (odds ratio 0.144, 95% confidence interval 0.045-0.459; P=0.001). Conclusions:FVHs suggest that the blood supply is in a state of decompensation. When FVHs are present, the risk of cerebral infarction in patients with chronic middle cerebral artery occlusion is significantly increased; the wider the range of FVHs, the higher the risk of poor outcome after cerebral infarction.

As a common disease in nervous system, epilepsy is possessed of characteristics of high incidence, suddenness and recurrent seizures. Timely prediction with corresponding rescues and treatments can be regarded as effective countermeasure to epilepsy emergencies, while most accidental injuries can thus be avoided. Currently, how to use electroencephalogram (EEG) signals to predict seizure is becoming a highlight topic in epilepsy researches. In spite of significant progress that made, more efforts are still to be made before clinical applications. This paper reviews past epilepsy studies, including research records and critical technologies. Contributions of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) on seizure predictions have been emphasized. Since feature selection and model generalization limit prediction ratings of conventional ML measures, DL based seizure predictions predominate future epilepsy studies. Consequently, more exploration may be vitally important for promoting clinical applications of epileptic seizure prediction.
Electroencephalography ; Epilepsy/diagnosis* ; Humans ; Machine Learning ; Seizures/diagnosis* ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted