Lung cancer is the highest cancer-related mortality rate in the world, and is one of the most common malignancies. The standard treatment for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is radical lobectomy, while recent studies have found that sub-lobectomy of pulmonary nodules (≤2 cm) is not inferior to lobectomy and even improve the prognosis of the patients. These important findings will effectively and positively promote the formation of consensus and principles of wedge resection of pulmonary nodules (≤2 cm) in the field of thoracic surgery. The purpose of this study is to present a national expert consensus on wedge resection of pulmonary nodules (≤2 cm) in the field of thoracic surgery. The experts from Editorial Committee of Consensus on Wedge Resection of Lung Nodules (≤2 cm) (2023 Edition) jointly participated in the revision work. According to the clinical progress about the wedge resection of pulmonary nodules (≤2 cm) at home and abroad during recent years, experts jointly wrote Wedge Resection of Pulmonary Nodules (≤2 cm): a Consensus Statement by Specialists of Thoracic Surgery (2023 Edition), in combination with the homogeneous treatment principles of wedge resection in the field of thoracic surgery in China. This consensus was summarized from the following aspects: (1) Indications of wedge resection of pulmonary nodules (≤2 cm); (2) Resection range of pulmonary nodules (≤2 cm) required for wedge resection; (3) Excisable pulmonary nodules (≤2 cm) for wedge resection. This consensus finally put forward 8 recommended opinions, and sorted out 5 opinions which were still controversial and needed more evidence. The integrated opinions were generated through the discussion held among the experts of thoracic surgery from all over the country, making wedge resection of pulmonary nodules (≤2 cm) more appropriate for China and more standardized and homogeneous for clinical practice. In the future, more relevant researches should be accumulated based on the characteristics of lung cancer and its diagnosis and treatment in China, optimizing the treatment of pulmonary nodules (≤2 cm).
Humans ; Thoracic Surgery ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; Lung Neoplasms/surgery* ; Thoracic Surgical Procedures ; Multiple Pulmonary Nodules ; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is the first leading cause of morbidity and mortality among the malignant tumors, which has become a hot issue in current research. Clinically, lung cancer is divided into small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) according to the pathological types. NSCLC includes adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and other types of lung cancer, accounting for about 80% of all lung cancer. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) includes deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), which is a recognized complication in lung cancer patients with higher morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence of DVT and reveal the risk factors for DVT in the postoperative patients with lung cancer. METHODS: We collected 83 postoperative patients with lung cancer admitted to the Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital from December 2021 to December 2022. All these patients were examined by color Doppler ultrasound of lower extremity vein upon admission and after operation to analyze the incidence of DVT. In order to explore the possible risk factors for DVT in these patients, we further analyzed the correlations between DVT and their clinical features. At the same time, the changes of coagulation function and platelet were monitored to investigate the value of blood coagulation in the patients with DVT. RESULTS: DVT occurred in 25 patients after lung cancer operation, and the incidence rate of DVT was 30.1%. Further analysis found that the incidences of postoperative lower limb DVT were higher in lung cancer patients of stage III+IV or over 60 years of age (P=0.031, P=0.028). D-Dimer level in patients with thrombosis was significantly higher than that in non-thrombus patients on the 1st, the 3rd, and the 5th day after operation (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in platelets and fibrinogen (FIB) (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The overall incidence of DVT in our center after lung cancer patients operation was 30.1%. Late-stage and older postpatients were more likely to develop DVT, and these patients with higher D-Dimer values should be considered the possibility of VTE events.
Humans ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Lung Neoplasms/surgery* ; Incidence ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; Venous Thromboembolism ; Venous Thrombosis/etiology*

Clinical studies have established the clinical application of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) adjuvant targeted therapy. Compared with chemotherapy, the high efficiency and low toxicity of targeted therapy increases the survival benefit of patients. Icotinib was the first EGFR-TKI with independent intellectual property rights in China and the third EGFR-TKI to be marketed in the world. In order to summarize the experience of icotinib and other EGFR-TKIs in the adjuvant treatment of non-small cell lung cancer and further standardize and guide the clinical application of icotinib, experts from the China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care and the Guangdong Association of Thoracic Diseases have organized an expert consensus on the adjuvant treatment of non-small cell lung cancer with icotinib, which is expected to provide clinicians with evidence-based medical evidences for postoperative targeted drug using.
Humans ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; Lung Neoplasms/surgery* ; Consensus ; Mutation ; ErbB Receptors/genetics* ; Crown Ethers/therapeutic use* ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use*

BACKGROUND: For resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the CheckMate-816 study demonstrated that neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy increased the rate of complete pathologic response (pCR) by 21.8% compared with chemotherapy alone and resulted in a significant benefit in event-free survival (EFS). This study aimed to investigate the safety and feasibility of this approach in the real world. METHODS: Clinical data from patients with NSCLC who underwent surgery after neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy or chemotherapy alone in two centers were analyzed retrospectively, and subgroup analyses were performed for the chemoimmunotherapy group according to treatment cycle. The primary study endpoints were EFS and major pathologic response (MPR), and the secondary study endpoints were pCR, overall survival (OS), treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs), and surgery-related metrics. RESULTS: As of April 2023, 89 patients had been enrolled, including 54 in the chemoimmunotherapy group and 35 in the chemotherapy alone group. MPR was achieved in 31 (57.4%) and 5 (14.3%) patients in the chemoimmunotherapy group and chemotherapy alone group, respectively (OR=8.09, 95%CI: 2.72-24.04, P<0.001); pCR was achieved in 25 (46.3%) patients in the chemoimmunotherapy group and no patient in the chemotherapy alone group (P<0.001). The median follow-up time was 22.1 months. At 24 months, the EFS rates of the chemoimmunotherapy group and the chemotherapy alone group were 77.0% and 56.7%, respectively (P=0.026), and the OS rates were 87.1% and 67.7%, respectively (P=0.020). In the neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy group, there was no significant difference between the 1-2 cycles and 3-5 cycles groups in terms of operation time, intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS Neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy was more effective than chemotherapy alone and did not increase the risk associated with surgery. An increase in the number of cycles of neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy had no significant effect on the difficulty of surgery.
Humans ; Neoadjuvant Therapy ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/surgery* ; Retrospective Studies ; Lung Neoplasms/surgery* ; Immunotherapy

Objective: Based on the diagnostic model established and validated by the machine learning algorithm, to investigate the value of seven tumor-associated autoantibodies (TAABs), namely anti-p53, PGP9.5, SOX2, GAGE7, GBU4-5, MAGEA1 and CAGE antibodies in the diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to differentiate between NSCLC and benign lung nodules. Methods: This was a retrospective study of clinical cases. Model building queue: a total of 227 primary patients who underwent radical lung cancer surgery in the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, from November 2018 to June 2021 were collected as the NSCLC group, and 120 cases of benign lung nodules, 122 cases of pneumonia and 120 healthy individuals were selected as the control groups. External validation queue: a total of 100 primary patients who underwent radical lung cancer surgery in the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, from May 2022 to December 2022 were collected as the NSCLC group, and 36 cases of benign lung nodules, 32 cases of pneumonia and 44 healthy individuals were selected as the control groups. In addition, NSCLC was divided into early (stage 0-ⅠB) and mid-to-late (stage ⅡA-ⅢB) subgroups. The levels of 7-TAABs were detected by enzyme immunoassay, and serum concentrations of CEA and CYFRA21-1 were detected by electrochemiluminescence. Four machine learning algorithms, XGBoost, Lasso logistic regression, Naïve Bayes, and Support Vector Machine are used to establish classification models. And the best performance model was chosen based on evaluation metrics and a multi-indicator combination model was established. In addition, an online risk evaluation tool was generated to assist clinical applications. Results: Except for p53, the levels of rest six TAABs, CEA and CYFRA21-1 were significantly higher in the NSCLC group (P<0.05). Serum levels of anti-SOX2 [1.50 (0.60, 10.85) U/ml vs. 0.8 (0.20, 2.10) U/ml, Z=2.630, P<0.05] and MAGEA1 antibodies [0.20 (0.10, 0.43) U/ml vs. 0.10 (0.10, 0.20) U/ml, Z=2.289, P<0.05], CEA [3.13 (2.12, 5.64) ng/ml vs. 2.11 (1.25, 3.09) ng/ml, Z=3.970, P<0.05] and CYFRA21-1 [4.31(2.37, 7.14) ng/ml vs. 2.53(1.92, 3.48) ng/ml, Z=3.959, P<0.05] were significantly higher in patients with mid-to late-stage NSCLC than in early stages. XGBoost model was used to establish a multi-indicator combined detection model (after removing p53). 6-TAABs combined with CYFRA21-1 was the best combination model for the diagnosis of NSCLC and early NSCLC. The optimal diagnostic thresholds were 0.410, 0.701 and 0.744, and the AUC was 0.828, 0.757 and 0.741, respectively (NSCLC vs. control, NSCLC vs. benign lung nodules, early NSCLC vs. benign lung nodules) in model building queue, and the AUC was 0.760, 0.710 and 0.660, respectively (NSCLC vs. control, NSCLC vs. benign lung nodules, early NSCLC vs. benign lung nodules) in external validation queue. Conclusion: In the diagnosis of NSCLC, 6-TAABs is superior to that of traditional tumor markers CEA and CYFRA21-1, and can compensate for the shortcomings of traditional tumor markers. For the differential diagnosis of NSCLC and benign lung nodule, "6-TAABs+CYFRA21-1" is the most cost-effective combination, and plays an important role in prevention and screening for early lung cancer.
Humans ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/surgery* ; Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis* ; Retrospective Studies ; Autoantibodies ; Bayes Theorem ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 ; Carcinoembryonic Antigen ; Antigens, Neoplasm ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; Algorithms ; Pneumonia

Objective: Based on the diagnostic model established and validated by the machine learning algorithm, to investigate the value of seven tumor-associated autoantibodies (TAABs), namely anti-p53, PGP9.5, SOX2, GAGE7, GBU4-5, MAGEA1 and CAGE antibodies in the diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to differentiate between NSCLC and benign lung nodules. Methods: This was a retrospective study of clinical cases. Model building queue: a total of 227 primary patients who underwent radical lung cancer surgery in the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, from November 2018 to June 2021 were collected as the NSCLC group, and 120 cases of benign lung nodules, 122 cases of pneumonia and 120 healthy individuals were selected as the control groups. External validation queue: a total of 100 primary patients who underwent radical lung cancer surgery in the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, from May 2022 to December 2022 were collected as the NSCLC group, and 36 cases of benign lung nodules, 32 cases of pneumonia and 44 healthy individuals were selected as the control groups. In addition, NSCLC was divided into early (stage 0-ⅠB) and mid-to-late (stage ⅡA-ⅢB) subgroups. The levels of 7-TAABs were detected by enzyme immunoassay, and serum concentrations of CEA and CYFRA21-1 were detected by electrochemiluminescence. Four machine learning algorithms, XGBoost, Lasso logistic regression, Naïve Bayes, and Support Vector Machine are used to establish classification models. And the best performance model was chosen based on evaluation metrics and a multi-indicator combination model was established. In addition, an online risk evaluation tool was generated to assist clinical applications. Results: Except for p53, the levels of rest six TAABs, CEA and CYFRA21-1 were significantly higher in the NSCLC group (P<0.05). Serum levels of anti-SOX2 [1.50 (0.60, 10.85) U/ml vs. 0.8 (0.20, 2.10) U/ml, Z=2.630, P<0.05] and MAGEA1 antibodies [0.20 (0.10, 0.43) U/ml vs. 0.10 (0.10, 0.20) U/ml, Z=2.289, P<0.05], CEA [3.13 (2.12, 5.64) ng/ml vs. 2.11 (1.25, 3.09) ng/ml, Z=3.970, P<0.05] and CYFRA21-1 [4.31(2.37, 7.14) ng/ml vs. 2.53(1.92, 3.48) ng/ml, Z=3.959, P<0.05] were significantly higher in patients with mid-to late-stage NSCLC than in early stages. XGBoost model was used to establish a multi-indicator combined detection model (after removing p53). 6-TAABs combined with CYFRA21-1 was the best combination model for the diagnosis of NSCLC and early NSCLC. The optimal diagnostic thresholds were 0.410, 0.701 and 0.744, and the AUC was 0.828, 0.757 and 0.741, respectively (NSCLC vs. control, NSCLC vs. benign lung nodules, early NSCLC vs. benign lung nodules) in model building queue, and the AUC was 0.760, 0.710 and 0.660, respectively (NSCLC vs. control, NSCLC vs. benign lung nodules, early NSCLC vs. benign lung nodules) in external validation queue. Conclusion: In the diagnosis of NSCLC, 6-TAABs is superior to that of traditional tumor markers CEA and CYFRA21-1, and can compensate for the shortcomings of traditional tumor markers. For the differential diagnosis of NSCLC and benign lung nodule, "6-TAABs+CYFRA21-1" is the most cost-effective combination, and plays an important role in prevention and screening for early lung cancer.
Humans ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/surgery* ; Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis* ; Retrospective Studies ; Autoantibodies ; Bayes Theorem ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 ; Carcinoembryonic Antigen ; Antigens, Neoplasm ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; Algorithms ; Pneumonia

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the examined number of lymph nodes at the N1 station and the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients with pT1-3N0M0 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: A total of 337 patients with pT1-3N0M0 NSCLC who underwent radical lung cancer surgery at the Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University from January 2013 to March 2015 were selected. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the optimal cut-off value for predicting 5-year survival in pT1-3N0M0 NSCLC patients by the examined number of lymph nodes at the N1 station. The relationships between the examined number of lymph nodes at the N1 station and the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients with pT1-3N0M0 NSCLC were analyzed according to the optimal cut-off group. Results: A total of 1 321 lymph nodes at N1 station were examined in 337 patients, with a mean of 3.9 nodes per patient. The median survival time was 42.0 months, with 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates of 82.2%, 57.1% and 24.9%, respectively. ROC curve analysis showed that the optimal cut-off value of 4.5 lymph nodes examined at the N1 station was used to predict 5-year survival in patients with pT1-3N0M0 NSCLC. After rounding off the number, the number of lymph nodes examined at the N1 station was 5 as the cut-off value, and the patients were divided into the group with <5 lymph nodes examined (212 cases) and the group with ≥5 lymph nodes examined (125 cases). The proportion of patients received adjuvant chemotherapy was 19.2% in the group with ≥5 lymph nodes examined, which was higher than 9.0% in the group with <5 lymph nodes examined (P=0.007), and the differences in other clinicopathological characteristics between the two groups were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The median survival time for patients in the group with <5 lymph nodes examined was 38.0 months, with 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates of 80.1%, 52.5% and 15.6%, respectively. The median survival time for patients in the group with ≥5 lymph nodes examined was 48.0 months, and the 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 85.6%, 64.0% and 36.0%, respectively. The survival rate of patients in the group with ≥5 lymph nodes examined was better than that in the group with <5 lymph nodes examined (P=0.002). Multifactorial Cox regression analysis showed that T stage (OR=1.408, 95% CI: 1.118-1.670) and the examined number of lymph nodes at N1 station (OR=0.670, 95% CI: 0.526-0.853) were independent influence factors for the prognosis of pT1-3N0M0 NSCLC patients. Conclusion: The examined number of lymph nodes at the N1 station is associated with the prognosis of patients with pT1-3N0M0 NSCLC, and the examination of at least 5 lymph nodes at N1 station at the time of postoperative pathological examination improves the 5-year survival rate of patients.
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/surgery* ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/surgery* ; Lymph Nodes/surgery* ; Lymphatic Metastasis/pathology* ; Neoplasm Staging ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most severe malignant tumors worldwide. Lobectomy and systematic nodal dissection remain the standard treatment for stageⅠNSCLC. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has become the standard treatment for medically inoperable patients. Though the prognosis of stage Ⅰ NSCLC patients is generally good, there are still about 20% of patients with local recurrence and distant metastasis. There is significant heterogeneity in the prognosis and failure phenotype of patients, which cannot be precisely distinguished by the pathological TNM classification system. Identification of the risk factors for the prognosis of patients with stage Ⅰ NSCLC is a key step to realize the treatment from experience to precision. Screening the high-risk patients will facilitate to individually develop the adjuvant therapy strategy after surgery or SBRT and improve the overall curative effect. There are many factors that are significantly related to the prognosis of stage Ⅰ NSCLC including individual factors such as gender, age, and systemic inflammatory biomarkers; treatment-related factors such as the extent of surgical resection of the primary tumor and lymph nodes, the choice of different radiation rays, and different dose fractionation; and tumor-related factors such as imaging information, pathology information; and molecular biology information. This review will analyze the treatment failure phenotype and prognostic factors of stageⅠ NSCLC in various perspectives such as individual-, tumor- and treatment-related factors.
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/surgery* ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/pathology* ; Phenotype ; Prognosis ; Treatment Failure

Surgery is so far the most effective treatment for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Since the 1990s, the pathology spectrum of early-stage lung cancer has gradually changed because of the increased detection of ground-glass opacity (GGO). The findings from preoperative thin-section computed tomography are strong predictors for the invasiveness and lymph node involvement of GGO, and limited surgery is believed to be implemented safely for radiological less invasive lesions, which calls into question the dominance of lobectomy. After the JCOG0201 trial establishing the radiologic criteria of pathological noninvasiveness for lung adenocarcinoma, the Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG) and the West Japan Oncology Group (WJOG) have successively carried out a series of prospective imaging-guided trials to investigate the optimal surgical procedure for early-stage lung cancer. JCOG0804, was a single-arm, non-randomized, confirmatory trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sublobar resection (wedge resection and segmentectomy) for GGO dominant peripheral lung cancer. The primary end point was 5-year relapse-free survival. JCOG0802/WJOG4607L, was a multicentre, open-label, phase 3, randomized, controlled, non-inferiority trial to investigate if segmentectomy was non-inferior to lobectomy in patients with small-sized peripheral NSCLC. The primary endpoint was 5-year overall survival. JCOG1211 was also a non-randomized confirmatory trial to confirm the efficacy of a segmentectomy for clinical T1N0 lung cancer with dominant GGO. The primary endpoint was 5-year relapse-free survival. The findings of JCOG0804 and JCOG0802, and the primary analysis results of JCOG1211 have been officially published. This article systematically reviewed and interpreted the results of the JCOG lung cancer surgery trial series.
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/surgery* ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic ; Humans ; Japan ; Lung Neoplasms/surgery* ; Multicenter Studies as Topic ; Prospective Studies ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

The survival rate needs to be improved in early stage non-small cell lung cancer patients. The risk of recurrence is relatively high in invasive adenocarcinoma patients with a solid or micropapillary component, lymphovascular invasion or tumor spread through air spaces. Systemic treatment options including radical surgical resection should be explored for this population. Adjuvant chemotherapy is not recommended for patients in stage IA in current guidelines. This article is a review on the research progress of the above pathological high-risk factors and the role of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with pathological high-risk factors in stage IA lung adenocarcinoma.
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Adenocarcinoma of Lung/surgery* ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology* ; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/surgery* ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Neoplasm Staging ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors