Objective To describe the current state of research and future research hotspots through a metrological analysis of the literature in the field of forensic anthropological remains identification re-search.Methods The data retrieved and extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC),the core database of the Web of Science information service platform (hereinafter referred to as "WoS"),was used to analyze the trends and topic changes in research on forensic identification of human re-mains from 1991 to 2022.Network visualisation of publication trends,countries (regions),institutions,authors and topics related to the identification of remains in forensic anthropology was analysed using python 3.9.2 and Gephi 0.10.Results A total of 873 papers written in English in the field of forensic anthropological remains identification research were obtained.The journal with the largest number of publications was Forensic Science International (164 articles).The country (region) with the largest number of published papers was China (90 articles).Katholieke Univ Leuven (Netherlands,21 articles) was the institution with the largest number of publications.Topic analysis revealed that the focus of forensic anthropological remains identification research was sex estimation and age estimation,and the most commonly studied remains were teeth.Conclusion The volume of publications in the field of forensic anthropological remains identification research has a distinct phasing.However,the scope of both international and domestic collaborations remains limited.Traditionally,human remains identifica-tion has primarily relied on key areas such as the pelvis,skull,and teeth.Looking ahead,future re-search will likely focus on the more accurate and efficient identification of multiple skeletal remains through the use of machine learning and deep learning techniques.

ObjectiveThe tolerance of C57BL/6 mice to artemisinin-sensitive and -resistant strains of Plasmodium berghei （Pb） K173 and the differences in blood parameters， spleen coefficient and spleen structure during infection were compared to explore whether the artemisinin resistance of Pb would aggravate malaria infection. MethodPbK173 artemisinin-sensitive and -resistant strains were tested in parallel. C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 1 control group， 4 artemisinin-sensitive strain groups and 4 artemisinin-resistant strain groups by body weight. Each infection group was simultaneously inoculated （ip） with 1×10⁷ infected red blood cells （iRBCs） of sensitive/resistant strain. For the mice in the survival test group， the body weight was recorded every day post infection， and the tail vein blood smear was collected to calculate the Pb infection rate. In the other infection groups， peripheral blood and spleen were collected on 2， 5 and 9 d after infection. Peripheral blood parameters， spleen coefficient， pathological section of spleen and spleen cells were detected in each group. ResultOn 1-3 d after infection， the infection rate of the resistant strain （0.4±0.0， 0.8±0.1， 1.9±0.4）% was always higher than that of the sensitive strain （0.2±0.1， 0.4±0.1， 1.1±0.3）% （P<0.01）. From the 4^th d of infection， the infection rate of the two groups gradually approached. The survival period of the sensitive strain group （20.5±1.2） d was shorter than that of the resistant strain group （23.3±1.4） d （P<0.01）. On the 9^th d， the white blood cell count of the sensitive strain group （16.2±1.1）×10⁹ cells/L was higher than that of the resistant strain group （10.6±1.8）×10⁹ cells/L （P<0.01）. Flow cytometry analysis of spleen cells showed that the sensitive strain group （3.6±0.4） demonstrated a higher CD4⁺/CD8⁺ value than the resistant strain group （2.3±0.2） on the 9^th d （P<0.01）. The spleen of C57BL/6 infected mice was gradually enlarged during infection， and on the 9^th d， the resistant strain group （3.1±0.1）% showed a higher spleen coefficient than the sensitive strain group （2.7±0.2）% （P<0.01）. In the early stage of C57BL/6 infected mice， the red pulp of spleen was hyperemic and swollen. On the 9^th d， the marginal area of the spleen disappeared and the structure of the red and white pulp was destroyed. ConclusionWithout drug treatment， the protective immune responses of peripheral blood and spleen of C57BL/6 mice were more sensitive to PbK173 artemisinin-sensitive strain. The artemisinin-resistant strain of PbK173 bred with mouse-to-mouse blood transmission and increased artemisinin dose exhibited shortened growth period and reduced toxicity.

The resistance to artemisinin generated by plasmodium is defined as follows: After being treated with ACTs for three days, the time to clear plasmodium from the blood of patients with malaria becomes prolonged. The elimination rate of plasmodium in vivo is not only related to the parasiticidal efficacy of antimalarial drugs, but also affected by biological factors such as the mutation of plasmodium themselves, the regulation of human immune function(such as the recognition and processing of phagocytes) , and the efflux of foreign l>odies from immune organs. This article primarily reviews the mutation of plasmodium themselves , the physical and biochemical process of the spleen eliminating plasmodium, including K13 changes, the two blood circulation pathways of the spleen. Since the endothelial cell gap of the splenic venous sinus is elastic, plasmodium or red blood cell debris can be trapped by physical and mechanical sensing methods. The red pulp is the main venue to filter blood, where the immune cells are responsible for the removal of the residues of plasmodium. The physical process of the splenic venous sinus trapping plasmodium is called pitting, and its incidence is influenced by the growth cycle of plasmodium and therapeutic drugs. In this paper, the function of the spleen to eliminate plasmodium will be explained, in an attempt to provide a reference for the biological nature of the artemisinin resistance generated by plasmo-dium.

As a unicellular organism, Plasmodium displays a panoply of lipid metabolism pathways that are seldom found together in a unicellular organism. These pathways mostly involve the Plasmodium-encoded enzymatic machinery and meet the requirements of membrane synthesis during the rapid cell growth and division throughout the life cycle. Different lipids have varied synthesis and meta-bolism pathways. For example, the major phospholipids are synthesized via CDP-diacylglycerol-dependent pathway in prokaryotes and de novo pathway in eukaryotes, and fatty acids are synthesized mainly via type Ⅱ fatty acid synthesis pathway. The available studies have demonstrated the impacts of artemisinin and its derivatives, the front-line compounds against malaria, on the lipid metabolism of Plasmodium. Therefore, this article reviewed the known lipid metabolism pathways and the effects of artemisinin and its derivatives on these pathways, aiming to deepen the understanding of lipid synthesis and metabolism in Plasmodium and provide a theoretical basis for the research on the mechanisms and drug resistance of artemisinin and other anti-malarial drugs.
Antimalarials/pharmacology* ; Artemisinins/therapeutic use* ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism ; Malaria/drug therapy* ; Plasmodium

Objective:To explore the inhibitory effect of dihydroartemisinin （DHA） on the proliferation of HepG2 cells， elucidate the mechanism from the perspectives of oxidative damage and energy metabolism， and discuss the possibility of combined use of DHA with sorafenib （Sora）. Method:Cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） assay was used to obtain the 50% inhibitory concentration （IC₅₀） of DHA and Sora on HepG2 and SW480 cells and Chou-Talalay method was used to obtain the combination index （CI） of DHA and Sora. HepG2 cells were classified into the control group， DHA group （10 µmol·L^-1）， Sora group （5 µmol·L^-1）， and DHA + Sora group （DHA 10 µmol·L^-1， Sora 5 µmol·L^-1） and then incubated with corresponding drugs for 8-12 h. Seahorse XF glycolytic rate assay kit and cell mito stress test kit were employed to respectively detect the glycolysis function of cells and oxidative phosphorylation function of mitochondria. DCFH-DA and lipid peroxidation MDA assay kit were separately used to analyze the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species （ROS） and malondialdehyde （MDA）. Western blot was applied to determine the intracellular levels of heme oxygenase-1 （HO-1） and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit （GCLC）. Result:Compared with the control group， DHA alone inhibited the ATP synthesis in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis （P<0.01）， increased the levels of intracellular ROS and MDA （P<0.05）， and decreased the levels of HO-1 and GCLC （P<0.05） in HepG2 cells. DHA and Sora had synergistic inhibitory effect on proliferation of HepG2 and SW480 cells， with CI < 0.90. The DHA + Sora group showed stronger suppression of ATP synthesis in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis （P<0.01）， higher levels of intracellular ROS and MDA （P<0.01）， and lower levels of intracellular antioxidation-related proteins HO-1 and GCLC in HepG2 cells （P<0.01） than the DHA group. Conclusion:DHA may increase the level of MDA by reducing HO-1 and GCLC and increasing ROS in HepG2 cells， which results in mitochondria oxidative damage， restricts cell glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation， and thus finally inhibits the proliferation of HepG2 cells. DHA and Sora have synergistic inhibitory effect on the proliferation of HepG2 and SW480 cells， and the mechanism may be related to the synergistic oxidative damage that affects the mitochondrial electron transport chain and suppresses cell energy metabolism.

OBJECTIVE: To study the value of body fat mass measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in predicting abnormal blood pressure and abnormal glucose metabolism in children. METHODS: Stratified cluster sampling was used to select the students aged 6-16 years, and a questionnaire survey and physical examination were performed. The BIA apparatus was used to measure body fat mass. Body mass index (BMI), body fat mass index (FMI), and fat mass percentage (FMP) were calculated. Fasting blood glucose level were measured. RESULTS: A total of 14 293 children were enrolled, among whom boys accounted for 49.89%. In boys and girls, the percentile values (P, P, P, P, P, P, P, P) of FMI and FMP fitted by the LMS method were taken as the cut-off values. Based on the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the P values with a better value in predicting abnormal blood pressure and blood glucose metabolism were selected as the cut-off values for excessive body fat. When FMI or FMP was controlled below P, the incidence of abnormal blood pressure or abnormal glucose metabolism may be decreased in 8.25%-43.24% of the children. CONCLUSIONS The evaluation of obesity based on FMI and FMP has a certain value in screening for hypertension and hyperglycemia in children, which can be further verified in the future prevention and treatment of obesity and related chronic diseases in children.
Adipose Tissue ; Adolescent ; Blood Pressure ; Body Composition ; Body Mass Index ; Child ; Electric Impedance ; Female ; Glucose ; Humans ; Male

Objective To understand the epidemic situation and the source of infection of the reemerge human rabies in Qinghai. Methods We collected the data on human rabies and the data on the cases of multi- victims bitten by the identical dog, and also the laboratory data of the nucleoprotein ( N) gene of rabies virus from the samples which were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA) from 2012 to 2017, to describe the epidemiological characteristics of human rabies and the prevalence of rabies virus in host animals, and to explore the source of infection of reemerge human rabies. Results A total of 7 human cases were reported in 2012-2017 in Qinghai province, among which 1 was bitted by wolf, 2 were bitted by stray dogs, 3 were bitted by domestic dogs which injured by stray dogs or wolfs. A total of 892 canine brain tissue samples were collected, from which 46 positive samples were detected with the positive rate of 5.16% (95% CI：3.70%-6.61%). The positive samples were collected from the nomadic region, which were consistent had the location of the human rabies. The samples collected from the cases of multi-victims bitten by the identical dog/animal had the positive rate of 73.08%, and 4 out of 7 human rabies were exposed to the cases of multi-victims bitten by the identical dog/animal. Genetic sequencing of the rabies virus detected from canine brain tissue samples were belong to China IV lineage, which was closely related to the Arctic clade. Conclusions The reemerging rabies happened in nomadic region of Qinghai province could be a consequence of spillover from wildlife especially from wolfs. The better surveillance system covering the human, livestock and wildlife should be set up to mitigate the rabies virus spread from the wildlife.

Ferroptosis is a new form of regulated cell death which is different from apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy, and results from iron-dependent lipidperoxide accumulation. Now, it is found that ferroptosis is involved in multiple physiological and pathological processes, such as cancer, arteriosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, antiviral immune response, acute renal failure, hepatic and heart ischemia/reperfusion injury. On the one hand, it could be found the appropriate drugs to promote ferroptosis to clear cancer cells and virus infected cells, etc. On the other hand, we could inhibit ferroptosis to protect healthy cells. China has a wealth of traditional Chinese medicine resources. Chinese medicine contains a variety of active ingredients that regulate ferroptosis. Here, this paper reported the research of ferroptosis pathway, targets of its inducers and inhibitors that have been discovered, and the regulatory effects of the discovered Chinese herbs and its active ingredients on ferroptosis to help clinical and scientific research.
Apoptosis ; China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Iron ; Materia Medica ; pharmacology

Heme is a key metabolic factor in all life. Malaria parasite has de novo heme-biosynthetic pathway, however the growth and development of parasite depend on the hemoglobin-derived heme metabolism process during the intraerythrocytic stages, such as the ingestion and degradation of hemoglobin in the food vacuole. The hemoglobin metabolism in the food vesicles mainly includes four aspects: hemoglobin transport and intake, hemoglobin enzymolysis to produce heme, heme polymerization into malarial pigment, and heme transport via the food vacuole. The potential mechanisms of antimalarial drugs,such as chloroquine, artemisinin and atovaquone may be related to this process. The main four aspects of this metabolic process, key metabolic enzymes, effects of antimalarial drugs on the process and their potential mechanism of action would be summarized in this paper, providing ideas for rational use and mechanism exploration of similar drugs.

The main objective of this research is to observe protective effects of three phenylallyl compounds(cinnamyl alcohol,cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid)from Guizhi decoction against ox-LDL-induced oxidative stress injury on human brain microvascular endothelial cells(HBMEC).In this study,the toxicity and optimal protective concentration of three phenylallyl compounds from Guizhi decoction were determined by MTT assay.The HBMEC were divided into control group(DMSO),model group(ox-LDL),tert-butylhydroquinone (t-BHQ) group,cinnamyl alcohol group, cinnamaldehyde group and cinnamic acid group.The model group were treated with ox-LDL (50 mg•L⁻¹)for 24 h,other groups were separately treated with t-BHQ, cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid of 20 μmol•L⁻¹, and exposed to ox-LDL (50 mg•L⁻¹) for 24 h at the same time.The survival rate of HBMEC was detected by MTT assay,reactive oxygen species(ROS) production of injured cells were detected using laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM),the content of SOD, MDA, eNOS and NO in HBMEC was determined by ELISA, and the expressions of Nrf2 mRNA were detected by quantitative Real-time PCR(qRT-PCR).The results shows that oxidative stress injury of HBMEC could be induced by ox-LDL, the three phenylallyl compounds from Guizhi decoction did not affect morphology and viability of normal HBMEC.Compared with model group, the three phenylallyl compounds from Guizhi decoction could improve the above oxidative stress status and up-regulate Nrf2 mRNA expressions in injured HBMEC(P<0.05, P<0.01) .These findings suggested that the three phenylallyl compounds from Guizhi decoction have certain protective effects against ox-LDL-induced oxidative stress injury on HBMEC(cinnamaldehyde> t-BHQ> cinnamic acid>cinnamyl alcohol),the protective mechanism maybe related to regulation of antioxidant enzymes gene expression in HBMEC by Nrf2.