G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 40, as one of GPRs family, plays a potential role in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. To study the effect of GPR40 novel agonist SZZ15-11 on hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia and its potential mechanism, spontaneous type 2 diabetic KKA^y mice, human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells and murine mature adipocyte 3T3-L1 cells were used. KKA^y mice were divided into four groups, vehicle group, TAK group, SZZ (50 mg·kg^-1) group and SZZ (100 mg·kg^-1) group, with oral gavage of 0.5% sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), 50 mg·kg^-1 TAK875, 50 and 100 mg·kg^-1 SZZ15-11 respectively for 45 days. Fasting blood glucose, blood triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC), non-fasting blood glucose were tested. Oral glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test were executed. Blood insulin and glucagon were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). After mice′s execution, liver tissue was harvested to test TG and TC content. Then pathological morphology of liver was observed through hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and the lipid metabolism relative signal pathway was analyzed by Western blot and RT-PCR. The experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College. At the same time, Akt phosphorylation level in HepG2 cells and adiponectin in 3T3-L1 cells treated with TNFα were measured with Western blot. The results show that SZZ15-11 not only decreased blood glucose and lipid, improved insulin sensitivity, but also increased fasting blood glucagon and promoted insulin secretion after glucose loading in KKA^y mice. Additionally, SZZ15-11 alleviated hepatic steatosis and liver dysfunction in KKA^y mice. In liver tissue, SZZ15-11 increased AMPKα phosphorylation level and cholesterol metabolism relative gene Abcg8 transcription. In HepG2 cells, SZZ15-11 increased Akt phosphorylation level. In adipocyte 3T3-L1, SZZ15-11 recovered the decreased adiponectin expression by TNFα. This study proved that GPR40 agonist SZZ15-11 could be a candidate compound for regulating glucolipid metabolic disorder.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the protective effect of exendin-4 against diabetic cardiomyopathy in mice and explore the underlying mechanism.

METHODSC57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into normal control group with normal diet and diabetic group with high-fat diet for 4 weeks before streptozotocin injection. The successfully established diabetic mouse models were divided into diabetic group with exendin-4 treatment and diabetic control group for daily treatment with intraperitoneal injection of 1 nmol/kg exendin-4 and saline of equivalent volume for 8 weeks, respectively. The physiological parameters such as blood glucose and body weight were recorded. RT-PCR was used to examine the transcription levels of genes related with myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis and the genes related with mitochondrial functions including PGC1α, NRF and CytoC. The expressions of oxidative stress markers and Sirt1/PGC1 proteins were measured using Western blotting. and HE staining was used to observe the myocardial structural changes in the mice.

RESULTSCompared with the normal control mice, the mice in diabetic control group showed significantly increased blood glucose and blood lipid levels (P<0.001), which were obviously improved by Exendin-4 treatment. The expressions of ANP, BNP, TGFβ1, CytoC1 and NOX1 were significantly increased (P<0.05) while Sirt1, PGC1α, NRF and SOD1 expression were markedly decreased in the myocardial tissue of the diabetic mice (P<0.05). Exendin-4 treatment resulted in obviously reduced expressions of ANP, BNP, TGFβ1, CytoC1 and NOX1 (P<0.05) and increased expressions of Sirt1, PGC1α, NRF and SOD1 (P<0.05) in the diabetic mice.

CONCLUSIONSExendin-4 protects against myocardial injury in diabetic mice by improving mitochondrial function and inhibiting oxidative stress through the Sirt1/PGC1α signaling pathway.

Objective To evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of inactivated poliovirus vaccine derived from Sabin strain (sIPV) in Banna mini pigs, and to provide experimental evidence for the new animal model. Methods sIPV vaccines which are listed at Institute of Medical Biology at Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences were used in this study. The groups of intramuscular sIPV and the wild strain IPV injections (IPV derived from wild strain, wIPV) were designed, and the saline group was used as a negative control group. The Banna mini pigs in various groups were immunized at 0, 1 and 2 months. Blood samples were collected before immunization and on days 30 after each immunization. Levels of neutralizing antibodies were tested for evaluating immunogenicity. The safety was evaluated by observation of the status and weight of mini pigs. Results After the three dose immunization schedules in the Banna mini pigs, the seroconversion rates of type Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ sIPV experimental groups and wIPV group were all up to 100%. The neutralizing antibody levels in all the three types were much higher than the protective titer 1: 8. The weight of mini pigs increased after vaccination. Conclusions The sIPV vaccine has good immunogenicity and safety in Banna mini pigs. Banna mini pigs could be a new animal model for evaluation of sIPV vaccine.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the prevalence, etiology and clinical characteristics of adrenal lesions detected by abdominal computed tomography (CT).

METHODSThis retrospective study was conducted in patients with adrenal lesions detected by abdominal CT examinations in Nanfang Hospital between July, 2014 and June, 2015. The clinical data of the patients were collected for analysis of the demographics, comorbidities, imaging characteristics, biochemical profiles, clinical diagnosis and intervention.

RESULTSA total of 939 patients with adrenal lesions were identified from 19 004 patients undergoing abdominal CT scan over the defined period. The mean age of the patients was 53.2 years and 560 of the patients were male. Among the total cases with adrenal lesions, the percentages of cases with adrenal masses tended to increase progressively with age. Endocrine studies were done in 270 of the total patients, which identified non-functioning masses in 38.9%, primary aldosteronism in 16.3%, Cushing's syndrome in 4.1%, subclinical Cushing's syndrome in 7.0%, and pheochromocytomas in 7.0% of the cases. Adrenal incidentalomas was detected in 191 patients, with a detection rate of 1.0% among the overall patients undergoing abdominal CT scans. Imaging study detected adenomas (70.3%), cortical carcinomas (2.4%), and metastases (0.5%). Of 191 patients with adrenal incidentalomas, only 76 (39.8%) underwent endocrine evaluation, including 34 with nonfunctioning adrenal masses, 17 with pheochromocytoma, 7 with primary aldosteronism, and 5 with subclinical Cushing's syndrome.

CONCLUSIONs The overall detection rates of adrenal lesions and adrenal incidentalomas by abdominal CT were 4.9% and 1.0%, respectively, in our cohort of patients undergoing the examination over the defined period. Although most of the lesions were benign and nonfunctioning, malignant and functional lesions were also detected. As many as 60% of the patients with adrenal incidentalomas did not have hormonal testing. Clinicians need to have greater awareness of adrenal incidentalomas and standard protocol for its management should be established.

Analgesics, Opioid ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Cattle ; Diazepam ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Diazepam Binding Inhibitor ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Mice ; Morphine ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Receptors, GABA-A ; metabolism ; Swine

With the promotion of precision medicine , tumor targeted therapy has entered into a new stage .Developments in molecular biotechnology have contributed to the discovery of numerous novel molecular targets .The advent of new targeted drugs and continuous updating data from large clinical research have provided more options for the precise treatments of lung cancer .This article aims to review the latest progress about targeted therapy and precision medicine in lung cancer .

OBJECTIVETo investigate the expressions of inflammation- and fibrosis-related genes in perinephric and subcutaneous adipose tissues in patients with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-independent Cushing's syndrome.

METHODSThe perinephric and subcutaneous adipose tissues adipose tissues were obtained from 8 patients with ACTH-independent Cushing's syndrome undergoing laparoscopic retroperitoneal adrenalectomy. Real-time PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP-2), TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP-1), early growth response 1 (EGR1), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β(CEBPβ), uncoupling protein 1(UCP-1), PPARγ coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α) and cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector a (CIDEA).

RESULTSThe mRNA level of CIDEA was significantly higher in the perinephric adipose tissue (peri-N) than in the subcutaneous adipose tissue (subQ) (P<0.05). The expressions of CEBPβ, UCP-1, and PGC1α mRNA in the peri-N were similar with those in the subQ. The expressions of IL-6, TIMP1 and EGR1 mRNA in the subQ were significantly higher than those in the peri-N (P<0.05). No significant difference in TNF-α and MMP-2 mRNA levels was found between peri-N and subQ.

CONCLUSIONThe expression levels of the inflammation- and fibrosis-related genes are higher in the subQ than in the peri-N of patients with ACTH-independent Cushing's syndrome, suggesting that chronic exposure to endogenous hypercortisolism may cause adipose tissue dysfunction.

Adrenalectomy ; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ; CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta ; metabolism ; Cushing Syndrome ; metabolism ; surgery ; Early Growth Response Protein 1 ; metabolism ; Humans ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 ; metabolism ; Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha ; metabolism ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Subcutaneous Fat ; metabolism ; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 ; metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism ; Uncoupling Protein 1 ; metabolism

Historically, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is divided into squamous and nonsquamous subtypes based on histologic features. With a growing number of oncogenic drivers being identified in squamous and nonsquamous NSCLC, this malignancy has been recently divided into several distinct subtypes according to the specific molecular alterations. This new paradigm has substantially highlighted the treatment of advanced NSCLC, shifting it from standard chemotherapy according to specific histologic subtypes to targeted therapy according to specific oncogenic drivers. The application of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in NSCLC patients harboring activating EGFR mutations has been a representative model of precise medicine in the treatment of NSCLC. As the role of EGFR-TKIs in routine management of patients with advanced NSCLC has been well established, this review provides an overview of alternative targeted therapy in the treatment of NSCLC, including EGFR-TKIs for patients with wild-type EGFR NSCLC, as well as other targeted agents either clinical available or in early- to late-stage development.
Antineoplastic Agents ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; Mutation ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor

BACKGROUNDThe efficacy of pemetrexed in the second-line treatment of Chinese patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been shown to be similar to that of docetaxel in a recent study; additionally, pemetrexed was associated with much better safety and toxicity profiles. Here, the survival without common toxicity criteria grade 3/4 toxicity (SWT) data from a post hoc analysis of this recent prospective NSCLC study in Chinese patients is reported. This post hoc analysis differs from the main study; it focuses on the nonsquamous population to align with the current approval for pemetrexed in China.

METHODSA total of 154 patients with nonsquamous NSCLC received either pemetrexed (500 mg/m(2) intravenously (IV)) or docetaxel (75 mg/m(2) IV) on day 1 of 21-day cycles. SWT was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and univariate Cox methods.

RESULTSPatients treated with pemetrexed had a longer median SWT than patients treated with docetaxel (7.4 months versus 1.2 months; unadjusted hazard ratio = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.41-0.84; P = 0.003). At 12 and 18 months, the SWT event-free probability for pemetrexed patients (18 months: 24.5%, 95%CI 13.9%-36.6%, vs. 12.3%, 95% CI 4.8%-23.6%) was greater than that for docexatel patients (12 months: 37.3%, 95% CI 26.5%-48.0%, vs. 23.3%, 95% CI 14.4-33.4). The progression-free survival without common toxicity criteria grade 3/4 toxicity (PFS-WT) was also statistically significantly longer for patients treated with pemetrexed than patients treated with docetaxel (1.9 months vs. 1.1 months, P = 0.002).

CONCLUSIONSChinese patients with nonsquamous NSCLC disease treated with pemetrexed had improved SWT beyond 6 months than those receiving docetaxel. This analysis supports a benefit-to-risk profile that favors pemetrexed over docetaxel in the second-line treatment of Chinese nonsquamous NSCLC patients.

Adult ; Aged ; Antineoplastic Agents ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; drug therapy ; mortality ; China ; Female ; Glutamates ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Guanine ; adverse effects ; analogs & derivatives ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pemetrexed ; Treatment Outcome