Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the bacterial communities of biting midges and ticks collected from three sites in the Poyang Lake area,namely,Qunlu Practice Base,Peach Blossom Garden,and Huangtong Animal Husbandry,and whether vectors carry any bacterial pathogens that may cause diseases to humans,to provide scientific basis for prospective pathogen discovery and disease prevention and control. Methods Using a metataxonomics approach in concert with full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing and operational phylogenetic unit(OPU)analysis,we characterized the species-level microbial community structure of two important vector species,biting midges and ticks,including 33 arthropod samples comprising 3,885 individuals,collected around Poyang Lake. Results A total of 662 OPUs were classified in biting midges,including 195 known species and 373 potentially new species,and 618 OPUs were classified in ticks,including 217 known species and 326 potentially new species.Surprisingly,OPUs with potentially pathogenicity were detected in both arthropod vectors,with 66 known species of biting midges reported to carry potential pathogens,including Asaia lannensis and Rickettsia bellii,compared to 50 in ticks,such as Acinetobacter lwoffii and Staphylococcus sciuri.We found that Proteobacteria was the most dominant group in both midges and ticks.Furthermore,the outcomes demonstrated that the microbiota of midges and ticks tend to be governed by a few highly abundant bacteria.Pantoea sp7 was predominant in biting midges,while Coxiella sp1 was enriched in ticks.Meanwhile,Coxiella spp.,which may be essential for the survival of Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann,were detected in all tick samples.The identification of dominant species and pathogens of biting midges and ticks in this study serves to broaden our knowledge associated to microbes of arthropod vectors. Conclusion Biting midges and ticks carry large numbers of known and potentially novel bacteria,and carry a wide range of potentially pathogenic bacteria,which may pose a risk of infection to humans and animals.The microbial communities of midges and ticks tend to be dominated by a few highly abundant bacteria.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of Chailian Lvping Granules(mainly composed of Bupleuri Radix,Coptidis Rhizoma,Paeoniae Radix Alba,Angelicae Sinensis Radix,Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma,Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus,and Ziziphi Spinosae Semen)in treating post-stroke anxiety and to observe their effect on serum neurotransmitters and oxidative stress.Methods A total of 104 patients with post-stroke anxiety of liver-qi stagnation and heart-fire exuberance type were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group,52 cases in each group.The control group was treated with conventional western medicine of Paroxetine,and the observation group was treated with Chailian Lvping Granules on the basis of treatment for the control group.The course of treatment lasted for eight weeks.The two groups were observed in the changes of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS)score,Hamilton Anxiety Scale(HAMA)score,serum neurotransmitter parameters of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF),dopamine(DA),5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)and norepinephrine(NE),and oxidative stress indicators of malondialdehyde(MDA),superoxide dismutase(SOD),and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)before and after treatment.Moreover,the clinical efficacy and total incidence of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups.Results(1)After eight weeks of treatment,the total effective rate of the observation group was 94.23％(49/52),and that of the control group was 76.92％(40/52).The intergroup comparison(tested by chi-square test)showed that the curative effect of the observation group was significantly superior to that of the control group(P＜0.05).(2)After treatment,the HADS score and HAMA score for the axienty degree in the two groups were decreased compared with those before treatment(P＜0.05),and the decrease of HADS score and HAMA score in the observation group was significantly superior to that in the control group(P＜0.01).(3)After treatment,the serum level of neurotransmitter BDNF in the two groups was increased while the serum levels of DA,5-HT and NE were decreased compared with those before treatment(P＜0.05).The increase of serum BDNF level and the decrease of serum DA,5-HT and NE levels in the observation group were significantly superior to those in the control group(P＜0.01).(4)After treatment,the serum level of oxidative stress indicator MDA in the two groups was decreased while the serum levels of SOD and GSH-Px were increased compared with those before treatment(P＜0.05).The decrease of serum MDA level and the increase of serum SOD and GSH-Px levels in the observation group were significantly superior to those in the control group(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).(5)The total incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group was 5.77％(3/52),and that in the control group was 9.62％(5/52).There was no significant difference between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion On the basis of conventional western medicine treatment,Chailian Lvping Granules exert certain effect in the treatment of patients with post-stroke anxiety of liver-qi stagnation and heart-fire exuberance type.The combined therapy is effective and safe on alleviating the anxiety symptoms of patients,decreasing the degree of neurological impairment and stress response level,and has few adverse reactions.

Patients with severe trauma require an extremely timely treatment and transfusion plays an irreplaceable role in the emergency treatment of such patients. An increasing number of evidence-based medicinal evidences and clinical practices suggest that patients with severe traumatic bleeding benefit from early transfusion of low-titer group O whole blood or hemostatic resuscitation with red blood cells, plasma and platelet of a balanced ratio. However, the current domestic mode of blood supply cannot fully meet the requirements of timely and effective blood transfusion for emergency treatment of patients with severe trauma in clinical practice. In order to solve the key problems in blood supply and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma, Branch of Clinical Transfusion Medicine of Chinese Medical Association, Group for Trauma Emergency Care and Multiple Injuries of Trauma Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Young Scholar Group of Disaster Medicine Branch of Chinese Medical Association organized domestic experts of blood transfusion medicine and trauma treatment to jointly formulate Chinese expert consensus on blood support mode and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma patients ( version 2024). Based on the evidence-based medical evidence and Delphi method of expert consultation and voting, 10 recommendations were put forward from two aspects of blood support mode and transfusion strategies, aiming to provide a reference for transfusion resuscitation in the emergency treatment of severe trauma and further improve the success rate of treatment of patients with severe trauma.

Objective:To investigate the toxic effect of chlorambucil combined with ibrutinib on mantle cell lymphoma(MCL)cell line Jeko-1 and its related mechanism.Methods:The MCL cell line Jeko-1 was incubated with different concentrations of chlorambucil or ibrutinib or the combination of the two drugs,respectively.CCK-8 assay was used to detect the proliferation of the cells,and Western blot was used to measure the protein expression levels of BCL-2,caspase-3,PI3K,AKT and P-AKT.Results:After Jeko-1 cells were treated with chlorambucil(3.125,6.25,12.5,25,50 μmol/L)and ibrutinib(3.125,6.25,12.5,25,50 μmol/L)alone for 24,48,72h respectively,the cell proliferation was inhibited in a time-and dose-dependent manner.Moreover,the two drugs were applied in combination at low doses(single drug inhibition rate＜50％),and the results showed that the combination of two drugs had a more significant inhibitory effect(all P＜0.05).Compared with the control group,the apoptosis rate of the single drug group of chlorambucil(3.125,6.25,12.5,25,50 μmol/L)and ibutinib(3.125,6.25,12.5,25,50 μmol/L)was increased in a dose-dependent manner.The combination of the two drugs at low concentrations(3.125,6.25,12.5 μmol/L)could significantly increase the apoptosis rate compared with the corresponding concentration of single drug groups(all P＜0.05).Compared with control group,the protein expression levels of caspase-3 in Jeko-l cells were upregulated,while the protein expression levels of BCL-2,PI3K,and p-AKT/AKT were downregulated after treatment with chlorambucil or ibrutinib alone.The combination of the two drugs could produce a synergistic effect on the expressions of the above-mentioned proteins,and the differences between the combination group and the single drug groups were statistically significant(all P＜0.05).Conclusion:Chlorambucil and ibrutinib can promote the apoptosis of MCL cell line Jeko-1,and combined application of the two drugs shows a synergistic effect,the mechanism may be associated with the AKT-related signaling pathways.

Objective To investigate the role and mechanism of epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)in a rat model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia(BPD).Methods The experiment consisted of two parts.(1)Forty-eight preterm rats were randomly divided into a normoxia group and a hyperoxia group,with 24 rats in each group.The hyperoxia group was exposed to 85%oxygen to establish a BPD model,while the normoxia group was kept in room air at normal pressure.Lung tissue samples were collected on days 1,4,7,and 14 of the experiment.(2)Rat type II alveolar epithelial cells(RLE-6TN)were randomly divided into a normoxia group(cultured in air)and a hyperoxia group(cultured in 95%oxygen),and cell samples were collected 12,24,and 48 hours after hyperoxia exposure.Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe alveolarization in preterm rat lungs,and immunofluorescence was used to detect the co-localization of surfactant protein C(SPC)and α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA)in preterm rat lung tissue and RLE-6TN cells.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and protein immunoblotting were used to detect the expression levels of EMT-related mRNA and proteins in preterm rat lung tissue and RLE-6TN cells.Results(1)Compared with the normoxia group,the hyperoxia group showed blocked alveolarization and simplified alveolar structure after 7 days of hyperoxia exposure.Co-localization of SPC and α-SMA was observed in lung tissue,with decreased SPC expression and increased α-SMA expression in the hyperoxia group at 7 and 14 days of hyperoxia exposure compared to the normoxia group.In the hyperoxia group,the mRNA and protein levels of TGF-β1,α-SMA,and N-cadherin were increased,while the mRNA and protein levels of SPC and E-cadherin were decreased at 7 and 14 days of hyperoxia exposure compared to the normoxia group(P<0.05).(2)SPC and α-SMA was observed in RLE-6TN cells,with decreased SPC expression and increased α-SMA expression in the hyperoxia group at 24 and 48 hours of hyperoxia exposure compared to the normoxia group.Compared to the normoxia group,the mRNA and protein levels of SPC and E-cadherin in the hyperoxia group were decreased,while the mRNA and protein levels of TGF-β1,α-SMA,and E-cadherin in the hyperoxia group increased at 48 hours of hyperoxia exposure(P<0.05).Conclusions EMT disrupts the tight connections between alveolar epithelial cells in a preterm rat model of BPD,leading to simplified alveolar structure and abnormal development,and is involved in the development of BPD.

Objective:To investigate the epidemiological characteristics, diagnosis, treat-ment and prognosis of gallbladder cancer in China from 2010 to 2017.Methods:The single disease retrospective registration cohort study was conducted. Based on the concept of the real world study, the clinicopathological data, from multicenter retrospective clinical data database of gallbladder cancer of Chinese Research Group of Gallbladder Cancer (CRGGC), of 6 159 patients with gallbladder cancer who were admitted to 42 hospitals from January 2010 to December 2017 were collected. Observation indicators: (1) case resources; (2) age and sex distribution; (3) diagnosis; (4) surgical treatment and prognosis; (5) multimodality therapy and prognosis. The follow-up data of the 42 hospitals were collected and analyzed by the CRGGC. The main outcome indicator was the overall survival time from date of operation for surgical patients or date of diagnosis for non-surgical patients to the end of outcome event or the last follow-up. Measurement data with normal distribu-tion were represented as Mean±SD, and comparison between groups was conducted using the t test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M( Q1, Q3) or M(range), and com-parison between groups was conducted using the U test. Count data were described as absolute numbers or percentages, and comparison between groups was conducted using the chi-square test. Univariate analysis was performed using the Logistic forced regression model, and variables with P<0.1 in the univariate analysis were included for multivariate analysis. Multivariate analysis was performed using the Logistic stepwise regression model. The life table method was used to calculate survival rates and the Kaplan-Meier method was used to draw survival curves. Log-rank test was used for survival analysis. Results:(1) Case resources: of the 42 hospitals, there were 35 class A of tertiary hospitals and 7 class B of tertiary hospitals, 16 hospitals with high admission of gallbladder cancer and 26 hospitals with low admission of gallbladder cancer, respectively. Geographical distribution of the 42 hospitals: there were 9 hospitals in central China, 5 hospitals in northeast China, 22 hospitals in eastern China and 6 hospitals in western China. Geographical distribution of the 6 159 patients: there were 2 154 cases(34.973%) from central China, 705 cases(11.447%) from northeast China, 1 969 cases(31.969%) from eastern China and 1 331 cases(21.611%) from western China. The total average number of cases undergoing diagnosis and treatment in hospitals of the 6 159 patients was 18.3±4.5 per year, in which the average number of cases undergoing diagnosis and treatment in hospitals of 4 974 patients(80.760%) from hospitals with high admission of gallbladder cancer was 38.8±8.9 per year and the average number of cases undergoing diagnosis and treatment in hospitals of 1 185 patients(19.240%) from hospitals with low admission of gallbladder cancer was 5.7±1.9 per year. (2) Age and sex distribution: the age of 6 159 patients diagnosed as gallbladder cancer was 64(56,71) years, in which the age of 2 247 male patients(36.483%) diagnosed as gallbladder cancer was 64(58,71)years and the age of 3 912 female patients(63.517%) diagnosed as gallbladder cancer was 63(55,71)years. The sex ratio of female to male was 1.74:1. Of 6 159 patients, 3 886 cases(63.095%) were diagnosed as gallbladder cancer at 56 to 75 years old. There was a significant difference on age at diagnosis between male and female patients ( Z=-3.99, P<0.001). (3) Diagnosis: of 6 159 patients, 2 503 cases(40.640%) were initially diagnosed as gallbladder cancer and 3 656 cases(59.360%) were initially diagnosed as non-gallbladder cancer. There were 2 110 patients(34.259%) not undergoing surgical treatment, of which 200 cases(9.479%) were initially diagnosed as gallbladder cancer and 1 910 cases(90.521%) were initially diagnosed as non-gallbladder cancer. There were 4 049 patients(65.741%) undergoing surgical treatment, of which 2 303 cases(56.878%) were initially diagnosed as gallbladder cancer and 1 746 cases(43.122%) were initial diagnosed as non-gallbladder cancer. Of the 1 746 patients who were initially diagnosed as non-gallbladder cancer, there were 774 cases(19.116%) diagnosed as gallbladder cancer during operation and 972 cases(24.006%) diagnosed as gallbladder cancer after operation. Of 6 159 patients, there were 2 521 cases(40.932%), 2 335 cases(37.912%) and 1 114 cases(18.087%) undergoing ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination before initial diagnosis, respec-tively, and there were 3 259 cases(52.914%), 3 172 cases(51.502%) and 4 016 cases(65.205%) undergoing serum carcinoembryonic antigen, CA19-9 or CA125 examination before initially diagnosis, respectively. One patient may underwent multiple examinations. Results of univariate analysis showed that geographical distribution of hospitals (eastern China or western China), age ≥72 years, gallbladder cancer annual admission of hospitals, whether undergoing ultrasound, CT, MRI, serum carcinoembryonic antigen, CA19-9 or CA125 examination before initially diagnosis were related factors influencing initial diagnosis of gallbladder cancer patients ( odds ratio=1.45, 1.98, 0.69, 0.68, 2.43, 0.41, 1.63, 0.41, 0.39, 0.42, 95% confidence interval as 1.21-1.74, 1.64-2.40, 0.59-0.80, 0.60-0.78, 2.19-2.70, 0.37-0.45, 1.43-1.86, 0.37-0.45, 0.35-0.43, 0.38-0.47, P<0.05). Results of multivariate analysis showed that geographical distribution of hospitals (eastern China or western China), sex, age ≥72 years, gallbladder cancer annual admission of hospitals and cases undergoing ultrasound, CT, serum CA19-9 examination before initially diagnosis were indepen-dent influencing factors influencing initial diagnosis of gallbladder cancer patients ( odds ratio=1.36, 1.42, 0.89, 0.67, 1.85, 1.56, 1.57, 0.39, 95% confidence interval as 1.13-1.64, 1.16-1.73, 0.79-0.99, 0.57-0.78, 1.60-2.14, 1.38-1.77, 1.38-1.79, 0.35-0.43, P<0.05). (4) Surgical treatment and prognosis. Of the 4 049 patients undergoing surgical treatment, there were 2 447 cases(60.435%) with complete pathological staging data and follow-up data. Cases with pathological staging as stage 0, stage Ⅰ, stage Ⅱ, stage Ⅲa, stage Ⅲb, stage Ⅳa and stage Ⅳb were 85(3.474%), 201(8.214%), 71(2.902%), 890(36.371%), 382(15.611%), 33(1.348%) and 785(32.080%), respectively. The median follow-up time and median postoperative overall survival time of the 2 447 cases were 55.75 months (95% confidence interval as 52.78-58.35) and 23.46 months (95% confidence interval as 21.23-25.71), respectively. There was a significant difference in the overall survival between cases with pathological staging as stage 0, stage Ⅰ, stage Ⅱ, stage Ⅲa, stage Ⅲb, stage Ⅳa and stage Ⅳb ( χ2=512.47, P<0.001). Of the 4 049 patients undergoing surgical treatment, there were 2 988 cases(73.796%) with resectable tumor, 177 cases(4.371%) with unresectable tumor and 884 cases(21.833%) with tumor unassessable for resectabi-lity. Of the 2 988 cases with resectable tumor, there were 2 036 cases(68.139%) undergoing radical resection, 504 cases(16.867%) undergoing non-radical resection and 448 cases(14.994%) with operation unassessable for curative effect. Of the 2 447 cases with complete pathological staging data and follow-up data who underwent surgical treatment, there were 53 cases(2.166%) with unresectable tumor, 300 cases(12.260%) with resectable tumor and receiving non-radical resection, 1 441 cases(58.888%) with resectable tumor and receiving radical resection, 653 cases(26.686%) with resectable tumor and receiving operation unassessable for curative effect. There were 733 cases not undergoing surgical treatment with complete pathological staging data and follow-up data. There was a significant difference in the overall survival between cases not undergoing surgical treatment, cases undergoing surgical treatment for unresectable tumor, cases undergoing non-radical resection for resectable tumor and cases undergoing radical resection for resectable tumor ( χ2=121.04, P<0.001). (5) Multimodality therapy and prognosis: of 6 159 patients, there were 541 cases(8.784%) under-going postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and advanced chemotherapy, 76 cases(1.234%) under-going radiotherapy. There were 1 170 advanced gallbladder cancer (pathological staging ≥stage Ⅲa) patients undergoing radical resection, including 126 cases(10.769%) with post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy and 1 044 cases(89.231%) without postoperative adjuvant chemo-therapy. There was no significant difference in the overall survival between cases with post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy and cases without postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy ( χ2=0.23, P=0.629). There were 658 patients with pathological staging as stage Ⅲa who underwent radical resection, including 66 cases(10.030%) with postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and 592 cases(89.970%) without postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. There was no significant difference in the overall survival between cases with postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and cases without postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy ( χ2=0.05, P=0.817). There were 512 patients with pathological staging ≥stage Ⅲb who underwent radical resection, including 60 cases(11.719%) with postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and 452 cases(88.281%) without postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. There was no significant difference in the overall survival between cases with postoperative adjuvant chemo-therapy and cases without post-operative adjuvant chemo-therapy ( χ2=1.50, P=0.220). Conclusions:There are more women than men with gallbladder cancer in China and more than half of patients are diagnosed at the age of 56 to 75 years. Cases undergoing ultrasound, CT, serum CA19-9 examination before initial diagnosis are independent influencing factors influencing initial diagnosis of gallbladder cancer patients. Preoperative resectability evaluation can improve the therapy strategy and patient prognosis. Adjuvant chemotherapy for gallbladder cancer is not standardized and in low proportion in China.

Wulingsan， a classic prescription first recorded in the Treatise on Cold Damage （Shang Han Lun） by ZHANG Zhong-jing for patients with water retention syndrome due to the disturbance of Qi transformation in bladder， has often been modified by ancient and modern doctors for the treatment of renal diseases. It produced satisfactory outcomes without inducing adverse reactions. The databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform， and PubMed were searched for articles concerning the clinical application and pharmacological mechanism of Wulingsan in the treatment of renal diseases published by domestic and foreign scholars in recent years. The summary of the included articles revealed that Wulingsan has been widely employed for the treatment of renal edema， diabetic nephropathy， acute and chronic glomerulonephritis， nephrotic syndrome， renal insufficiency， abnormal urination， etc.， and the resulting outcomes were satisfactory. Wulingsan alone or in combination with western medicine yielded better clinical outcomes than the western medicine alone. In the exploration of its pharmacological mechanism， there existed some individual reports by Korean scholars， while Chinese scholars tended to work as a team. After years of research， each team has found that Wulingsan was superior to Wulingsan decoction in excreting water， which might be related to the absence of massive low-polarity and volatile components in the decoction that were responsible for regulating the expression of aquaporins （AQP） in kidney of saline-loaded rats. Wulingsan regulates the endocrine state of rats with kidney yang deficiency， inhibits the reabsorption of water， increases the activity of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase， and reduces the expression of AQP 1， AQP 2， AQP 3， and AQP 4. Besides， it bi-directionally regulates the human water metabolism， which is achieved via the dual-directional regulation of purinergic P2X3 receptor expression on bladder detrusor. The efficacy of Wulingsan in treating chronic renal failure is attributed to its protection against the damaged renal tissue，structure and fanction. Hence， this paper summarized the research progress of Wulingsan in the treatment of renal diseases in recent years， aiming to provide a reference for the clinical and basic exploration of Wulingsan against renal diseases in the future.

OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of microRNA-495-5p (miRNA-495-5p) in the serum of preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) based on a bioinformatics analysis, and to provide a theoretical basis for further research on the association between miRNA-495-5p and BPD. METHODS: A total of 40 preterm infants who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit from January 2015 to December 2016 were enrolled. Among these infants, 20 with early clinical manifestations of BPD were enrolled as the BPD group, and 20 without such manifestations were enrolled as the control group. Peripheral blood samples were collected. The miRNA microarray technique was used to screen out differentially expressed miRNAs in serum between the two groups. RT-PCR was used for validation of results. TargetScan, miRDB, and miRWalk databases were used to predict the target genes of miRNA-495-5p. The DAVID database was used to perform gene ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of the target genes. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the BPD group had a significant increase in the expression of miRNA-495-5p in serum (P<0.05). A total of 117 target genes of miRNA-495-5p were predicted by the above three databases and they were involved in several molecular functions (including transcriptional regulatory activity, transcriptional activation activity, and transcription cofactor activity), biological processes (such as metabolic regulation, DNA-dependent transcriptional regulation, and vascular pattern), and cell components (including nucleoplasm, membrane components, and insoluble components) (P<0.05). As for signaling pathways, these genes were significantly enriched in the mTOR signaling pathway (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS MiRNA-495-5p may be involved in the development and progression of BPD by regulating angiogenesis, stem cell differentiation, apoptosis, and autophagy, which provides clues for further research on the role and functional mechanism of miRNA-495-5p in BPD.
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ; Computational Biology ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; MicroRNAs ; genetics ; Transcription, Genetic

OBJECTIVE: To study the changes in pulmonary function in infants and young children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP). METHODS: A total of 196 hospitalized children (at age of 0-36 months) who were diagnosed with MPP from January 2014 to June 2018 were enrolled as study subjects. A total of 208 children (at age of 0-36 months) with pneumonia not caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection during the same period of time were enrolled as controls (non-MPP group). A retrospective analysis was performed for their clinical data. The two groups were compared in the pulmonary function on the next day after admission and on the day of discharge. The children with MPP were followed up to observe pulmonary function at weeks 2 and 4 after discharge. RESULTS: Compared with the non-MPP group, the MPP group had significant reductions in the ratio of time to peak tidal expiratory flow to total expiratory time (TPTEF/TE), ratio of volume to peak tidal expiratory flow to total expiratory volume (VPTEF/VE), inspiratory-to-expiratory time ratio, and tidal expiratory flow at 25% remaining expiration on the next day after admission and on the day of discharge (P<0.05). In addition there were significant increases in the ratio of peak tidal expiratory flow to tidal expiratory flow at 25% remaining expiration, respiratory rate, effective airway resistance, and plethysmographic functional residual capacity per kilogram (P<0.05). Compared with the normal reference values of pulmonary function parameters, both groups had reductions in VPTEF/VE and TPTEF/TE on the next day after admission; on the day of discharge, the MPP group still had reductions in VPTEF/VE and TPTEF/TE, while the non-MPP group had normal values. The MPP group had increases in VPTEF/VE and TPTEF/TE from the day of discharge to weeks 2 and 4 after discharge (P<0.05), but TPTEF/TE still did not reach the normal value at week 4 after discharge. CONCLUSIONS Airway obstruction is observed in infants and young children with acute MPP or non-MPP, and the children with MPP have a higher severity of airway obstruction and a longer time for improvement, with a certain degree of airway limitation in the recovery stage.

Objective: To determine the content of index components in different parts of Gardenia jasminoides (pericarp, seeds, whiskers), study the fingerprint, and compare the contents and compositions differences of different parts of G. jasminoides, in order to provide the theoretical basis for different efficacies of G. jasminoides pericarp and seeds, explore the exploitation and utilization values of G. jasminoides whiskers, and avoid waste of gardenia medicinal resources. Method: The contents of geniposide and crocetin Ⅰ was were determined by HPLC, the content of total iridoid glycosides was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and three index components in different parts of G. jasminoides were analyzed. HPLC fingerprints of different parts of G. jasminoides were collected, the common pattern of HPLC fingerprints of different parts of G. jasminoides of different origins and with different processing methods was established, and the similarity evaluation software was used for data analysis; comparative analysis on fingerprints of different parts of G. jasminoides was conducted. Result: Content change of index components in G. jasminoides pericarp and seeds from Henan, Fujian and Jiangxi were the same. Content of geniposide:Fujian > Henan > Jiangxi, the contents of three components in G. jasminoides pericarp from Fujian were much higher than those from Henan and Jiangxi, the contents of crocetin Ⅰ and total iridoid glycosides:Fujian > Jiangxi > Henan, the contents of total iridoid glycosides from Fujian, Jiangxi were much higher than those from Henan. The order of three index components in G. jasminoides whiskers from different origins from high to low, the content of geniposide and crocetin Ⅰ was Fujian > Jiangxi and Henan, the content of total iridoid glycosides was Fujian > Jiangxi > Henan.In the same part, there were 22 common peaks in the fingerprints of G. jasminoides pericarp, except for S13-S15, the similarity of other samples were more than 0.9;the fingerprints of G. jasminoides seeds had 22 common peaks, except for S22-S30, the similarities of other samples were more than 0.9;the fingerprints of G. jasminoides whiskers had 16 common peaks, except for S7-S9, the similarities of other samples were more than 0.9.In different parts, the fingerprints of G. jasminoides whiskers were significant different from those of pericarp and seeds, the number of peaks in G. jasminoides whiskers reduced, the order of height of peaks 2, 3, 5 of G. jasminoides from high to low were whiskers > gardenia > seeds. There was not peak X in the seeds, the height of peak X of gardenia in whiskers was higher than that in pericarp, except for the peak 17, the height of all peaks in seeds were higher than that in whiskers. Conclusion: There are significant differences in the contents of index components in G. jasminoides pericarp and seeds. The content of total glycosides in gardenia is high, suggesting that it can be used to extract total iridoid glycosides. The fingerprints can reflect the content difference and species distribution of different parts of G. jasminoides, so as to provide theoretical support for the studies for pharmacodynamic material basis of G. jasminoides and the scientificity and rationality of the separate application of G. jasminoides pericarp and seeds.