ObjectiveTo establish a method for the identification of Haliotidis Concha and its counterfeits， and to improve its quality evaluation method. MethodsA total of 17 batches of Haliotis discus hannai， 4 batches of H. ruber， 3 batches of H. laevigata， 3 batches of H. ovina， 3 batches of H. diversicolor， 3 batches of H. asinina， 3 batches of H. iris were collected. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS/MS） was used to analyze the hydrolysates of different original Haliotidis Concha and its counterfeits， and the potential characteristic ions of each species were screened by Venn diagram. UPLC-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS） was used to validate the characteristic ions， and the specific detection method of the characteristic ions was established. ResultsA total of 1 182， 167， 47， 89， 104， 203， 424 potential characteristic ions were screened from H. discus hannai， H. ruber， H. laevigata， H. ovina， H. diversicolor， H. asinina and H. iris， respectively. And 9 characteristic ions were selected. The precision， stability and repeatability of the 9 characteristic ions in the established identification method met the requirements. Different original Haliotidis Concha and its counterfeits could detect their own characteristic ions， including m/z 631.83-886.48（double charge） and m/z 631.83-443.74（double charge） of H. discus hannai， m/z 699.28-232.11（double charge） and m/z 699.28-544.27（double charge） of H. ruber， m/z 535.76-752.37（double charge） and m/z 535.76-548.28（double charge） of H. laevigata， m/z 708.35-442.28（double charge） and m/z 708.35-215.14（double charge） of H. ovina， m/z 561.33-614.86（triple charge）， m/z 561.33-468.28（triple charge）， m/z 608.29-618.32（double charge） and m/z 608.29-390.21（double charge） of H. diversicolor， m/z 769.85-274.10（double charge）， m/z 769.85-532.75（double charge）， m/z 827.43-646.36（single charge）， m/z 827.43-257.12（single charge） of H. asinina， and m/z 468.24-576.29（double charge） and m/z 468.24-505.26（double charge） of H. iris. ConclusionIn this study， a total of 9 characteristic ions are screened from 6 kinds of original Haliotidis Concha and its counterfeits， and a specific identification method is established， which is helpful to solve the limitations of the existing quality evaluation methods of Haliotidis Concha， and provide a basis for the production， circulation and medication quality.

ObjectiveTo establish a method for the identification of Haliotidis Concha and its counterfeits， and to improve its quality evaluation method. MethodsA total of 17 batches of Haliotis discus hannai， 4 batches of H. ruber， 3 batches of H. laevigata， 3 batches of H. ovina， 3 batches of H. diversicolor， 3 batches of H. asinina， 3 batches of H. iris were collected. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS/MS） was used to analyze the hydrolysates of different original Haliotidis Concha and its counterfeits， and the potential characteristic ions of each species were screened by Venn diagram. UPLC-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS） was used to validate the characteristic ions， and the specific detection method of the characteristic ions was established. ResultsA total of 1 182， 167， 47， 89， 104， 203， 424 potential characteristic ions were screened from H. discus hannai， H. ruber， H. laevigata， H. ovina， H. diversicolor， H. asinina and H. iris， respectively. And 9 characteristic ions were selected. The precision， stability and repeatability of the 9 characteristic ions in the established identification method met the requirements. Different original Haliotidis Concha and its counterfeits could detect their own characteristic ions， including m/z 631.83-886.48（double charge） and m/z 631.83-443.74（double charge） of H. discus hannai， m/z 699.28-232.11（double charge） and m/z 699.28-544.27（double charge） of H. ruber， m/z 535.76-752.37（double charge） and m/z 535.76-548.28（double charge） of H. laevigata， m/z 708.35-442.28（double charge） and m/z 708.35-215.14（double charge） of H. ovina， m/z 561.33-614.86（triple charge）， m/z 561.33-468.28（triple charge）， m/z 608.29-618.32（double charge） and m/z 608.29-390.21（double charge） of H. diversicolor， m/z 769.85-274.10（double charge）， m/z 769.85-532.75（double charge）， m/z 827.43-646.36（single charge）， m/z 827.43-257.12（single charge） of H. asinina， and m/z 468.24-576.29（double charge） and m/z 468.24-505.26（double charge） of H. iris. ConclusionIn this study， a total of 9 characteristic ions are screened from 6 kinds of original Haliotidis Concha and its counterfeits， and a specific identification method is established， which is helpful to solve the limitations of the existing quality evaluation methods of Haliotidis Concha， and provide a basis for the production， circulation and medication quality.

Objective: To investigate the distribution characteristics of Kidd blood group antigens, phenotypes and genotypes in Xinjiang and their influence on the risk of coronary heart disease. Methods: Samples from 7 981 patients treated at People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from August 1, 2023 to May 31, 2024 were collected for Jk(a-b-) phenotype screening via urea hemolysis test, followed by the third-generation sequencing (TGS). Kidd blood group Jk and Jk antigens in 1 081 patients with coronary heart disease and 1 021 healthy people were detected, and their phenotype frequency distribution was analyzed and corresponding gene frequencies were calculated. Correlation analysis and logistic regression were used to evaluate the influence of Kidd blood group antigen expression on coronary heart disease risk. Results: Two Jk(a-b-) phenotype samples were detected, both resulting from novel gene mutation combinations. Comparative analysis of two groups revealed a higher proportion of the Jk(a-b+) phenotype in the case group (22.5%, 243/1 081) than in the control group (18.5%, 189/1 021). Moreover, Kidd blood group phenotype distribution varied significantly across all ethnic groups in the case group (P<0.05). In the control group, the Hui ethnic group exhibited the highest JK JK genotype frequency 64.15% (34/53). In the case group, the highest JK allele frequency was observed in Mongol ethnic group 56.31% (125/222), and the lowest in Han patients 45.71% (341/746). The expression of Jk antigen was negatively correlated with coronary heart disease (P<0.05). Conclusion: The distribution of Kidd blood group system varied across ethnic groups in Xinjiang. The expression of Jk antigen may have protective effect on coronary heart disease, which provides a basis for future clinical blood transfusion treatment and the mechanism study of the correlation between Kidd blood group and coronary heart disease.

Xenotransplantation is one of the effective ways to overcome the shortage of donor organs. However, the molecular incompatibility between xenotransplantation donors and recipients can cause rejection, which greatly limits the clinical application of xenotransplantation. In recent years, researchers have deeply explored the mechanism of xenotransplantation rejection through xenotransplantation models of pig-to-monkey and pig-to-brain death recipients, and found that the innate immune system plays an important role in rejection. Macrophages, as phagocytes in the innate immune system, not only damage xenografts through phagocytosis but also interact with other immune cells to influence the immune microenvironment of xenotransplantation. However, due to the heterogeneity of macrophages, their phenotypes and functions in xenotransplantation rejection remain unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to further explore the role of macrophages in xenotransplantation rejection. This article reviews the latest research progress of macrophages in xenotransplantation rejection, aiming to explore the mechanisms of macrophages in xenotransplantation rejection and provide references for future research.

OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of CD20 coding gene （MS4A1） polymorphism on the blood concentration and efficacy of rituximab in patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. METHODS A prospective observational study was conducted on 160 newly diagnosed non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma patients who received the R-CHOP regimen at the Sun Yat Sen University Cancer Center from January 2016 to December 2020， with a minimum follow-up period of approximately 5 years. The blood concentration of rituximab was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. MS4A1 tagSNPs were selected by Haploview4.2 software， including rs1051461， rs17155034， rs4939364， and rs10501385. The genotype of MS4A1 was detected by Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Univariate linear regression analysis was employed to examine the correlation between various factors（demographic， clinical， and genotypic variables） in patients and the steady-state trough concentration of rituximab during the first course of treatment， followed by multivariate linear regression analysis. Kaplan-Meier curves were drawn to evaluate progression-free survival （PFS） and overall survival （OS）. Using MS4A1 genotype and tumor stage as independent variables， Cox regression model was employed to evaluate the factors influencing patient prognosis. RESULTS The blood concentration of rituximab in MS4A1 rs10501385 CC carriers was 15.20 μg/mL，which was significantly lower than 21.95 μg/mL in AA+AC carriers （P＜0.05）. The multivariate linear regression model incorporating tumor stage and MS4A1 rs10501385 polymorphism explained 7.3% of the interindividual variability in rituximab concentrations. Compared with MS4A1 rs1051461 CC carriers， CT+TT carriers had significantly prolonged PFS and OS （P＜0.05）. The Cox proportional hazards regression model showed that the MS4A1 rs1051461 CC genotype （HR＝4.406， 95%CI：1.743-11.137， P＜0.05） and tumor Ⅲ&Ⅳ （HR＝3.233， 95%CI： 1.413-7.399， P＜0.05） were independent risk factors for PFS. CONCLUSIONS The tumor staging and MS4A1 rs10501385 polymorphism are key influencing factors for blood concentration of rituximab， and MS4A1 rs1051461 polymorphism significantly affects PFS in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma patients.

Objective To understand the molecular epidemiological characteristics of Norovirus outbreaks and the genome evolution of Norovirus epidemic strains in Hainan Province from 2020 to 2022.Methods The information and samples have been collected from the norovirus outbreaks from 2020 to 2022.Norovirus was detected by using the real-time PCR in these samples,then the detected sequences were amplified the analyzed.The Norovirus se-quences of 8 strains had been amplified and analyzed.Results From 2020 to 2022,39 gastroenteritis outbreaks were reported,and 25 outbreaks caused by Norovirus which mainly occurred in childcare institutions and schools(20/25,80％).The Norovirus outbreaks were mainly concentrated in counties around Haikou(northeast),which including Ding'an(5 cases),Wenchang(4 cases),Chengmai(4 cases),and Lingao(3 cases);following by western regions which included Baisha(2 cases),Ledong(2 cases),and Dongfang(3 cases).1 case was in Wanning in the southeast.Among individuals aged 2-17,the positive proportion of Norovirus in males was higher than that in females.Among individuals aged over 55,the proportion of Norovirus positive in females was higher than that in males.The gender of positive samples among individuals aged 18-40 was related to their profession.According to RT-PCR typing and sequencing,GⅡ group Norovirus were classified in13 outbreaks.There were 4 genotypes detected.GⅡ.2[P1 6]was the main epidemic strain with 60％(9/13),and the other three genotypes were GⅡ.4 Sydney[P31](15.4％,2/13)GⅡ.4 Sydney[P16](7.7％,1/13)and GⅡ.3[P12](7.7％,1/13).Further genic analysis of 8 Norovirus strains showed that all of them were still in the same branch as the previ-ous strain,and all exhibited a certain amount of amino acid variation.Conclusion Norovirus is the main pathogen of gastroenteritis outbreaks in Hainan province,and the main epidemic strain is GⅡ.2[P16].It is necessary to continue to strengthen the monitoring that provides scientific evidence for the prevention and control of norovirus out-breaks in Hainan region.

Objective:To establish the evaluation criteria for the quality of nursing care in orthopaedic trauma specialties, and to provide a basis for scientific evaluation of the quality of nursing care in orthopaedic trauma specialties.Methods:From February to October 2023, John Hopkinson evidence-based method was used to synthesize the evidence, clinical investigation and semi-structured interview were used to draw up the "quality standard of nursing care in orthopaedic trauma specialty", and two rounds of Delphi method of expert inquiry were used to screen, demonstrate and calibrate the evaluation standard of nursing quality in orthopaedic trauma specialty.Results:The questionnaire recovery rate of 2 rounds of expert consultation was 100.00%, the coefficient of familiarity and authority of 2 rounds of expert consultation were 0.92 and 0.93. Through 2 rounds of expert letter consultation, the quality evaluation criteria of orthopaedic trauma specialist care were established, including 3 first-level indicators (structural quality, process quality and outcome quality), 22 second-level indicators and 85 third-level indicators.Conclusions:The process of constructing the evaluation standard of nursing quality in orthopaedic trauma specialty is scientific and reliable, which can provide standard guidance for clinical practice and is conducive to the development of specialized nursing.

Xenotransplantation is an efficient pathway to solve the problem of transplant organ source deficiency in clinical settings. With the increasing progress of gene editing technique and immune suppression regimen, important development has been achieved on researches regarding pig to non-human primate kidney xenotransplantation, which provides a good condition for the introduction of the technique in the clinical application. In view of the substantial difference between human and non-human primate, and to meet the needs of current ethic requirements, it is necessary to perform subclinical studies for pig to human kidney xenotransplantation. In recent years, such subclinical studies with regard to the genetically modified pig to brain death recipient kidney xenotransplantation had been performed, indicating that kidney xenotransplantation gradually began to transit to the clinical development stage. However, donor/recipient selection and immune suppression regimen has not reached a consensus yet, and has to be clarified in subclinical studies. In this article, the current status and confronted problems of donor/recipient selection, immune suppression regimen and post transplantation management in the subclinical studies of kidney xenotransplantation were reviewed, aiming to promote the clinical transformation of kidney xenotransplantation to the clinical application.

ObjectiveTo investigate the menstrual conditions of women infected with COVID-19 in Shanghai and analyze the influencing factors. MethodsFrom December 2022 to March 2023， menstrual data from 281 women infected with COVID-19 in Shanghai were collected with a questionnaire survey， including usual menstrual characteristics， the most recent menstrual period post-infection， symptoms of infection， and medication usage. According to the crossover period between the menstrual period and the infection period of the respondents， the samples were divided into two groups for comparative analysis： those whose menstrual and infection periods overlapped （positive group） and those whose menstruation started after conversion to virus-negative （negative conversion group）. ResultsAmong the 281 respondents， 196 （65.8%） experienced menstrual changes. Among them， 145 （51.6%） had changes in menstrual volume， color and texture， and 109 （38.8%） had changes in menstrual duration or cycle. Decreased menstrual volume （22.1%）， darker color （23.49%）， thicker texture （21.0%）， increased blood clots （16.7%）， and prolonged duration （21.8%） were observed in both groups. The rate of changes in menstrual volume， color， and texture was higher in the positive group （56.8%， 69/110） than that in negative group （37.3%， 76/171） （P<0.05）. Regarding the menstrual cycle changes， the rate of early onset was higher in the positive group （14.5%） compared to the negative conversion group （3.5%）（P<0.05）， while the rate of delayed menstruation was higher in the negative conversion group （25.1%） than that in the positive group （5.5%） （P<0.05）. Correlation analysis showed a weak association between sore throat and menstrual changes （r=0.154， P<0.05）. ConclusionSome women infected with COVID-19 experience short-term changes in their menstrual conditions， characterized by reduced volume， darker color， thick texture， increased clots， and prolonged menstrual duration， reflecting a pathogenesis of blood stasis. Menstruation during the infection period tends to occur earlier， while delayed menstruation is more prevalent at post-conversion.

Objective:The epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis deaths among Chinese residents from 2006 to 2021 were analyzed, and the tuberculosis mortality rate from 2022 to 2027 was predicted to provide a reference for tuberculosis prevention and control in China.Methods:The data set of tuberculosis deaths from 2006 to 2021 was published regularly by the China CDC, and the crude mortality rate (CMR) and age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) were calculated according to the population structure of China in 2000. The distribution characteristics of age, sex, region, and time of tuberculosis deaths were analyzed, the Joinpoint regression analysis model was used to analyze the changing trend, and the grey model was applied to predict CMR and ASMR from 2022 to 2027.Results:From 2006 to 2021, the CMR and ASMR of tuberculosis showed a downward trend among males and females, urban and rural areas, and all age groups, in a word, all the Chinese residents. Except for the age group ≥85 years old, the mortality trend was insignificant. In the eastern, central, or western regions. CMR and ASMR were significantly higher in males than in females.CMR and ASMR were significantly lower in urban areas than in rural areas. In general, active tuberculosis patients present a higher mortality rate. The CMR and ASMR in the western region were higher than those in the eastern and central regions and lower in the eastern region than in the central region, but the differences were less obvious. The ASMR of the eastern cities was lower than that of the central and western regions, and the ASMR of the central cities was higher than that of the western region from 2006 to 2009 and 2012 and lower than that of the western region in other years. The ASMR in the western countryside was higher than that in the eastern and central regions and lower in the eastern part than in the central region, but the difference was not obvious. The grey model prediction results show that the CMR (/100 000) of Chinese residents from 2022 to 2027 is 1.585, 1.471, 1.360, 1.250, 1.143, and 1.038, and the ASMR (/100 000) is 0.779, 0.653, 0.531, 0.411, 0.295 and 0.181, respectively.Conclusions:The CMR and ASMR of tuberculosis will continue to decline, and extraordinary achievements have been made in tuberculosis prevention and control in Chinese residents from 2006 to 2021 and, presumably, from 2022 to 2027. However, tuberculosis screening and treatment programs in the western region, men, the elderly population, and rural areas should be further strengthened, and targeted prevention and control measures should be formulated to reduce mortality.