BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It has been known that the dominant driver of atrial fibrillation (AF) exists in the left atrium (LA) and the incidence of systemic thromboembolism is higher than that of pulmonary thromboembolism in patients with AF. Therefore, we hypothesized that histological and biochemical characteristics of the LA and the right atrium (RA) are different in patients with mitral valvular AF. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We analyzed the histology and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) or protein expression associated with endothelial function and thrombogenesis in 33 human atrial appendage tissues (20 LA tissues, 13 RA tissues) taken from 25 patients {57.7+/-11.3 years old, 44% males, AF: sinus rhythm (SR)=17:8} with mitral valve disease. We also performed whole mRNA quantification in 8 tissues (both LA and RA tissues from 4 patients) by using next generation sequencing (NGS). RESULTS: 1) The degree of fibrosis (p=0.001) and subendocardial smooth muscle thickness (p=0.004) were significantly greater in the LA than in the RA. 2) More advanced matrix fibrosis was found in the LA of patients with AF than in the LA of patients with SR (p=0.046), but not in the RA. 3) There was no LA-RA difference in protein (Western blot) and mRNA {quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR)} expressions of NF-kappaB, 3-NT, CD31, E-selectin, inducible NO synthase, stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha, Endothelin-1, platelet-derived growth factor, myeloperoxidase, or NCX, except for higher mRNA expression of HCN4 in the RA (qRT-PCR, p=0.026) and that of KCNN1 in the LA (NGS, p=0.016). CONCLUSION: More advanced matrix and subendocardial remodeling were noticed in the LA than in the RA in patients with mitral valvular AF. However, the expressions of tissue factors associated with thrombogenesis were not significantly different between the RA and the LA.
Atrial Appendage ; Atrial Fibrillation* ; Chemokine CXCL12 ; E-Selectin ; Endothelin-1 ; Fibrosis ; Heart Atria* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Mitral Valve ; Muscle, Smooth ; NF-kappa B ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; Peroxidase ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor ; Pulmonary Embolism ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA ; RNA, Messenger ; Thromboembolism ; Thromboplastin

The object of this paper is to determine the clearance of amphotericin B from the rabbit vitreous. In vitro susceptability of Candida guilliermondi to amphotericin B in antibiotic medium 20(Difco) provided the lowest values of the minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) among several Candida strains and showed the same MIC afteir incubation at either 30 degrees C or 35 degrees C for 48 hours. A volume of 0.05 ml of solution containing 5 microgram of amphotericin B was injected into the rabbit vitreous, and animals were killed at various intervals. Both eyes were immediately enucleated and frozen to prevent further diffusion of the amphotericin B out of the vitreous. The vitreous was removed intact while it was still frozen. After the vitreous had thawed, its volume was measured. Sterile saline was added and total volume was adjust to 2 ml. The mixture was homogenized and then centrifuged at 2,000 rpm for 20 minutes. One ml of supernatant was removed from the sediment, and the concentration of amphotericin B was determined by broth dilution technique with Candida guilliermondi. The clearance studies indicated that 5 microgram of amphotericin B injected intravititreally, maintained an antibiotic level of greater than 1 microgram/ml for longer than 96 hours, with a half-life of 12 hours. If all factors are considered equal, presumed clearance data for intravitreal injection of 10 microgram of amphotericin B in humans may be calculated from the result in rabbit vitreous. Therapeutic levels of amphotericin B(1 microgram/ml) may be maintained at least 48 hours after the initial intravitreal injection of antibiotic in human eyes.
Amphotericin B* ; Animals ; Candida ; Diffusion ; Half-Life ; Humans ; Indicator Dilution Techniques ; Intravitreal Injections

Absence or atresia of the canaliculus and punctum is rare. The primordium of the lacrimal passage which is derived from surface ectoderm is developed along the line of the cleft between the lateral nasal and the maxillary processes at about 10 mm. (5th week) embryo. At 15 mm. (6th week) embryo, it becomes detached from the surface ectoderm to form an irregular solid rod of cells; the epithelial cord thus formed represents the rudiments of the lacrimal passages. By bud-like cutgrowths from the upper extremity of the uppermost rod of cells, these are rudiments of the lacrimal canaliculi and they reach the epithelium of the lid margins at the 35 mm. embryo. During the 3rd month the central cells of the solid rod begin to disintegrate; the originally solid naso-lacrimal passages thus become canalized. Although the lumina of the canaliculi become patent during the 4th month, the lacrimal puncta do not open onto the lid margins until just before the lids separate during the 7th month. The three main types of developmental anomaly affecting the passages are gross changes; due to failure in the regular fusing of the nasal and maxillary processes, samller changes: due to an abnormal course being followed by the budding cells, and failures in canalization resulting in atresia. Authors presented 2 cases of absence of puncta combined with atresia of canaliculi which send to be resulted from failure in canalization.
Ectoderm ; Embryonic Structures ; Epithelium ; Upper Extremity

The retraction syndrome in its classic form is characterized that severe limitation of abduction, slightly limitation of adduction, globe retraction and narrowing of the palpebral fissure on adduction, frequently associated elevation or depression in adduction, and convergency insufficiency. While many authors reported this type, there were few reports about inverse Duane's retraction syndrome, as exotropia in primary position, severe limitation of adduction. globe retraction and narrowing palpebral fissure on abduction. So the authors present a case of inversed Duane's retraction syndrome.
Depression ; Duane Retraction Syndrome* ; Exotropia

The authors experienced a case of osteopetrosis with optic atrophies and nystagmoid movements, exceedingly rare disease, in 12 year-old girl for 5 years without fracture in long bone. On the X-ray studies: 1. The skull bone showed moderately increased osteosclerotic changes in base of the skull and narrowings in optic foramina. 2. The findings of the extremities showed flask shaped deformities and cortical thickness in both femurs. and transverse line and epiphyseal separations in mid-tibia.
Atrophy ; Child ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Extremities ; Female ; Femur ; Humans ; Optic Atrophy* ; Osteopetrosis* ; Rare Diseases ; Skull

A case of congenital corneal staphyloma was presented. This 4 year-old boy was premature born and received oxygen in theLincubator during one month after birth. He showed mental retardation, articulation disturbance and gait disturbance. The right eye was free from any anomaly. The left eye was undergone enucleation for cosmetic improvement because of corneal opacity at birth. A detailed histologic examination of the congenital corneal staphyloma was given; epidermidialization of the corneal epithelium, scarring and vascularization of the stroma, with an absence of Bowman's membrane were shown. Descemet-endotheliallayer was completely defective in keratoiridic and corneal-abnormal pigment layer adhesions, but found in the seperated portion between cornea and iris. Iris root was not found in normal position. An abnormal pigment epithelial layer from ciliary epithelium was covered the surface of trabecular meshwork(anterior chamber angle) and an abnormal pigmentation of the trabecular meshwork poorly developed, which was running on iris pigment epithelium and covering inner surface of the cornea. The ciliary body, especially the process was atrophic. The lens was thin membranous and cataractous. Abnormal fibrinous band in the retinal capillary bed was argyrophilic strand. It was suggested that these findings of anterior corneal staphyloma was resulted from primary developmental anomaly of mesodermal and/or neuroectodermal tissue.
Bowman Membrane ; Capillaries ; Cataract ; Child, Preschool ; Cicatrix ; Ciliary Body ; Cornea ; Corneal Opacity ; Epithelium ; Epithelium, Corneal ; Fibrin ; Gait ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability ; Iris ; Male ; Mesoderm ; Neural Plate ; Oxygen ; Parturition ; Pigmentation ; Retinaldehyde ; Running ; Trabecular Meshwork

The authors analysed 43 cases of intraocular foreign body patients who were treated at the Ophthalmic Department of Busan National University Hospital, during a 10-year period. Follow up study was done for all cases of Patient at least 6 months or more after operation. And the author studied several factors which influence the prognosis of Intraocular Foreign Body. The results as follows: 1. The incidence of I.O.F. waS prevalent in young male adult 20-30 years of age, and their large number of cases were magnetic properties. 2. The larger the size of foreign body and the deeper the location of foreign body, the worse the prognosis of final visual acuity was. 3. Time between admission and operation after injury did not influence the prognosis of final visual acuity.
Adult ; Busan ; Follow-Up Studies ; Foreign Bodies* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Prognosis ; Visual Acuity

We studied the refractive state of 1440 eyes, 720 children (360 boys and girls in each) of T primary school in Busan and 720 eyes, 360 children (186 boys and 174 girls) of S primary school in Geu-Chang, Keung Nam. We neglected small refractive errors up to 0.5 Diopter because there was mathematical error in spite of exact clinical measurement of ocular refractive powerunder cycloplegia. The results were as follows: 1. Incidence of refractive errors of children (7 to 12 years) was 37.7 and 27.8% in T and S primary school respectively. 2. Incidence of myopic eyes was 25.6 and 13.6% in T and S primary school but that of hyperopic eyes was 11.7 and 14.2% respectively. Incidence of refractive errors and myopic eyes of children between T and S primary school showed significant difference. 3. The greatest incidence of refractive errors was at the age of 7 years but there was no significant difference at the age of 8 to 12 years. 4. The degree of refractive power of children in T and S primary school was 95.9 and 96.1% of hyperopia and 74.5 and 83% of myopia under 1.0 Diopter respectively. 5. Incidence and the degree of refractive power in myopia showed tendency of an increase in proportion to the age of 8 to 12 years. 6. The incidence of myopic eyes was not related to body weight and height of children of both sex.
Body Weight ; Busan ; Child* ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Incidence ; Myopia ; Refractive Errors

Authors presented the clinical and histopathologic review of 15 cases of retinoblastoma tor last 5 years. Retinal vasculatures in the non-tumorous portion of the retina were observed in 2 cases of retinoblastomas with trypsin digestion and stained with Wilder's reticulin and PAS-Hematoxylin. The following results were obtained. 1. 12 of 15 cases of retinoblastomas were male. 2. 2/3 of the patients had their tumors diagnosed within 2 years, and same numbers of patients operated within 3 years of age. Unusually long period of evolution was noted. 3. Histopathologically, tumors showed necrosis, hemorrhages and calcications, and rosettes were found in 9 cases. The retinoblastoma without rosettes invaded the ocular structures more frequentIy. 4. It suggested to retinal vascular patterns be closely related to onset and degree of differentiation of tumor cells. The retinal vasculatures in the non-tumorous part of retina showed saccular dilatation of the larger vessels associated with pooly differentiated capillary network (polygonal shape) in case of undifferentiated retinoblastoma. Another retinal vasculatures showed fibrous appearence of larger vessels associated with rnicroaneurysmal dilatation of capillaries in case of well differentiated retinoblastoma.
Capillaries ; Digestion ; Dilatation ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Male ; Necrosis ; Reticulin ; Retina ; Retinaldehyde ; Retinoblastoma* ; Trypsin

The cholinergic and adrenergic nerve innervation and nerve endings of the iris muscle in Cynomolgus monkey eye is studied by electron microscopy. In the iris, the sphincter muscle reveals nerve terminals containing small empty vesicle which is said to be cholinergic in a greater number (about 85% of nerve terminals) and those containing small cored vericles which is said to be adrenergic in a fewer number (about 15% of nerve terminals) and the latter are more frequently found in the region of peripheral one third of the sphincter muscle then the rest two thirds. In the dilator muscle 65% of the nerve terminals is found to be adrenergic and 35% cholinergic. A dual innervation, adrenergic and cholinergic nerves in both the iris dilator and the sphincter muscle, is not clearly explained in their functions, that is, how influence two nerves one another in addition to the effector cells. A single or double layer of basement membrane lies between the nerve terminals and adjacent muscle in the stromal site of iris muscle. In part the close apposition of the nerve with muscle membrane is seperated by an intercellular space of about 200 A, which is much more in the muscle bundles than in the peripheral portion of the sphincter muscle, however a few in the dilator muscle. The two or three adrenergic and cholinergic axons or terminals in the iris muscle are often closely adjacent to one another, which nerve terminals are not clarified, whether two nerves is motor, or afferent and efferent nerve unit.
Axons ; Basement Membrane ; Extracellular Space ; Haplorhini* ; Iris* ; Macaca fascicularis ; Membranes ; Microscopy, Electron ; Nerve Endings*