Introduction: Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, which is used in traditional medicine, has the ability to remove blood-drying heat. Chiazospermum erectum Bernh. has the ability to relieve typhoid fever and poison fever. Carthamus tinctorius L. has antiseptic, analgesic and anti-toxic properties. Saussurea amara L. has bactericidal, anti-infective, and anti-inflammatory properties. Researchers found that the Hepaclin-4 recipe has antioxidant, membrane-strengthening, liver-protective, necrosis-preventing, detoxification, and peroxidation product accumulation-reducing properties. Therefore, extracting the granular medicine form from the concentrated extract containing the Hepaclin-4 formulation is the basis of our research work. Goal: To obtain the granular medicine form from the concentrated extract containing ingredients of the Hepaclin-4 recipe. Materials and Methods: The research was carried out with the support of the Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and the University of Pharmaceutical Sciences. The raw materials for the Hepaclin-4 formula were extracted by remaceration with water, 40% ethanol, and 70% ethanol (1:10 ratio). Six types of granules were extracted from the concentrated extract using several excipients by the wet granulation method, and the pouring weight and flowability were determined. Results: The quality index of the concentrated extract of the Hepaclin-4 recipe complies with the standards outlined in the 11th Pharmacopoeia of the National Pharmacopoeia of Mongolia. In qualitative analysis of total flavonoid, spots were detected at the same level as standard quercetin (Rf=0.88) and rutin (Rf=0.4), indicating the presence of flavonoids. According to the results of the above research, lactose was found to be the suitable filler for extracting granules, and starch at 8% was identified as the appropriate binding agent from the concentrated extract of the Hepaclin-4 formula. Conclusion It was found suitable to select 8% lactose as a filler and starch as a binding agent from the concentrated extract of the Hepaclin-4 formula and obtain a granule drug form using the wet granulation method.

Background: To prevent and combat the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Government of Mongolia has implemented measures such as movement and time restrictions, social distancing and isolation, closure of schools, kindergartens and public places, immunization, and others. It has caused adverse consequences for people, social relations, and the economy, causing health, social, economic, and humanitarian crises. Not only does this situation, medical students, as frontline healthcare workers, are more susceptible to virus infection. Vaccines against COVID-19 have been researched quickly due to the pandemic and are being used under emergency use authorization. In our country the approach of mixing vaccine doses from different manufacturers was used (fractional doses). Therefore, there is no study on the exposure of medical students to the COVID-19 infection and the adverse effects after receiving a dose of a heterologous vaccine. Objective: To study the exposure to the COVID-19 infection and vaccination status of medical students. Methods: The survey was conducted from November 2023 to December 2023 using a cross-sectional study design, and 170 students who study at ASUSU and live in the dormitory were included. Results: A total of 170 students participated in the study. 55.9% (n=95) of them were in the first year, 22.4% (n=38) were in the second year, 10% (n=17) were in the third year, 7.6% (n=13) were in the fourth year, 2.4% (n=4) were from the 5th year and 1.8% (n=3) were from the 6th year students. 88.2% (n=150) of students were female and 11.8% (n=20) were male. In this study, 37.1% of the students were infected by COVID-19 infection previously. Among them, 50% of the students were infected from family members, 16.7% from the school environment, and 15.2% did not know about the source of infection. 76.2% of the respondents were diagnosed with COVID-19 in a medical institution, and forty-one students answered that they were treated at the hospital. 83% of the cases were treated at home and were cured within 14 days. In contrast, 93.8% of the hospitalized students were treated within four months to 1 year. The current study demonstrates neurological, respiratory, sensory, cardiovascular, psychiatric, digestive, and dermatological symptoms were in 37.6%, 24.1%, 27.6%, 17.6%, 11.8%, 11.2%, and 10% of the students who participated in the study, respectively. For a year or more, symptoms of all organ systems were present, but neurological symptoms appeared to be the highest. 55.9% (n=115) of the enrolled students received 3 or 4 doses of the vaccine, 3.5% (n=6) did not receive the vaccine. In total, 35% (n=60) of the enrolled students experienced side effects and 65% (n=106) had no side effects. Conclusion In this study, 37.1% of the students were infected by COVID-19 infection previously. According to the current study, symptoms related to the nervous system was the most prevalent and 55.9% (n=115) of the enrolled students received 3 or 4 doses of the vaccine. In total, 35% (n=60) of the enrolled students experienced side effects.

Background: Nucleic acid sequencing is a multi-step process taken place in medical research or diagnostic laboratories. Since the emerge of second generation sequencing technology generally referred as next generation sequencing (NGS), the mass parallel reads covering human genome or transcriptome is achieved by cost cut down over thousand folds. Though the technology made tremendous push forward to various applications, its data analysis time and effort still takes worrisome time and human effort, bringing the emerge of next-step demand: targeted mass sequencing of only desired part from human genome or transcriptome with lower material cost and labor. By targeted sequencing, both run cost and data analysis process can be further cut down, and the read results are more reliable on changes such as determining varied number of repeats, heterozygote alleles, deletions, chromosomal scale abnormality and more. Objective: In this study, we explored the utilization of biotinylated RNA baits on captured sequencing of cancer marker genes functional regions. Method: Targeted NGS was achieved by capturing desired genomic regions using preparatory nucleic acid probes. RNA bait capturing of desired genomic regions has shown to have high specificity and quality.
The study was carried out with informed consent obtained from patients, with the approval №53 in 2018.03.15 by Medical Ethics committee, Ministry of Health, Mongolia. Result: By preparing library of biotinylated RNA baits with 75000 unique sequences, we achieved mass parallel sequencing of human 410 cancer-marker-genes’ exons and UTRs with average read depth ~760, and covered thousands of SNPs on 5 genomic DNA samples. Tissue samples derived from breast cancer and ovary cancer had SNP and deletion on 7 marker genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, BRIP1, PTEN, TP53, RAD51C) not registered in database. Conclusion Experiments showed RNA baits with up to 117 nucleotide length, produced from ssDNA oligonucleotide stock, can be utilized to capture desired regions of human genome, and bring the cost of captured mass sequencing to 1500 USD, with 93.14-93.33% of Q30 read quality.

Introduction: Khuumii (throat singing) is a unique form of art derived from the nomadic population of Central Asia, producing two or more “simultaneous” sounds and melodies through the organ of speech. Material and Methods: The aim of the study is to identify the anatomical structures involved in the formation of khuumii and the features and patterns of their functions and compare each type of khuumii as performed by Mongolian people. A total of 60 participants aged 18-60 years (54 men and 6 women) were selected by non-random sampling method using cross-sectional study. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 23 software using questionnaires, X-ray, endoscopy, sound research method, and general blood tests. Results: 90.7% of the khuumii singers were male and 9.3% were female. The average height of the participants was 172.91±0.93 cm (arithmetic mean and mean error), average body weight was 77.53±2.46 kg, and body mass index was 25.93±5.31 respectively. Heart rate was 92.19±20.71 per minute prior to khuumii while 133.19±19.09 after performing khuumii and 85.81-98.56 at 95% confidence interval. In terms of ethnicity (ethnographically), the Khalkh were the largest ethnic group (72.1%), followed by Bayad, Buryatia, Darkhad, Torguud, and Oirat (2.3%), respectively. 60.5% of the participants were professional khuumii singers who graduated from relevant universities and colleges. The process of Khuumii was recorded by X-ray examination, and laryngeal endoscopy evaluated the movement of true and false vocal chords, interstitial volume, movements of epiglottis and arytenoid cartilage, and mucosa. Khuumii increases the workload of the cardiovascular system by 70-80%. Furthermore, the sound frequency is 2-4 times higher than that of normal speech, and sound volume is 0.5-1 times higher. 95.3% of throat singers did not have a sore throat, 88.4% did not experience heavy breathing, and 74.1% had no hoarseness. During the formation of khuumii sound, thoracic cavity, diaphragm, and lungs regulate the intensity of the air reaching the vocal folds, exert pressure on the airways and vibrate the sound waves through air flows passing through the larynx and vocal folds. Mouth-nose cavity as well as pharynx are responsible for echoing the sound. Conclusion It is appropriate to divide khuumii into two main types according to structural and functional changes in the organs involved; shakhaa and kharkhiraa. Khuumii, the “Human music” originating from the people of Altai Khangai basin by imitating the sounds of nature with their own voice in ancient times, spread all over the world from Mongolia and it is proposed to classify khuumii into two main types of shakhaa and kharkhiraa in terms of structural involvement and functionality.

Судалгааны ажлын зорилго: Изониазид эмийн шалтгаант элэгний архаг үрэвслийн эмгэг загвар үүсгэх. Сүүлийн жилүүдэд манай орны нийт хүн амын дунд хоол боловсруулах эрхтэний өвчлөл хоёрдугаарт орж байгаа бөгөөд эмийн шалтгаант элэгний үрэвсэл нэмэгдэж байна. Мөн халдварт өвчний дунд сүреэгийн өвчлөл дээгүүр байна. Бид судалгааг туршилтын амьтанд Изониазид эмээр элэгний үрэвслийн эмгэг загвар үүсгэсэн ба тус бүрт 21 харх байхаар эрүүл, хяналтын (изониазид 50мг/кг) гэсэн 2 бүлэгт хувааж үзсэн. Шинжилгээнд биохимийн үзүүлэлт болон эдийн шинжилгээг 7, 14, 21 хоногт хийсэн. Судалгааны дүнд Изонизид эмийг уулгасан бүлгийн биохимийн шинжилгээнд 7 дах өдөр эрүүл бүлэгтэй харьцуулахад статистикийн ач холбогдол бүхий ялгаатай байсан. Мөн 21 дэх хоногт элэгний эс задарлын шинж илэрч байгаа нь статистик ач холбогдолтой дүн гарсан.

selective motor neuron death. We developed a rat model of ALS expressing a human cytosolic copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) transgene with two ALS-associated mutations: glycine to alanine at position 93 (G93A) and histidine to arginine at position 46 (H46R). Although the mechanism of ALS is still unclear, there are many hypotheses concerning its cause, including loss of neurotrophic support to motor neurons. Recent evidence suggests that insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) act as neurotrophic factors, and promote the survival and differentiation of neuronal cells including motor neurons. Their ability to enhance the outgrowth of spinal motor neurons suggests their potential as a therapeutic agent for the patients with ALS. In this study, we investigated IGF-II receptor immunoreactivity in the anterior horns of the lumbar level of the spinal cord i n SOD1 transgeni c rats with the H46R mutation of different ages as well as in normal littermates. The double-immunostaining for IGF-II receptor and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) demonstrated co-localization on reactive astrocytes (**p< 0.001) in the endstage transgenic rats, whereas it was not evident at t he pre-symptomatic stage or at t he onset of the disease. Our results demonstrated the IGF-II receptor up-regulation in reactive astrocytes in the spinal cord of transgenic rats, which may reflect a protective response against the loss of IGF- related trophic factors. We suggest that IGF receptors may play a key role in the pathogenesis, and may have therapeutic implications in ALS. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; insulin-like growth factor; transgenic rat; IGF receptor; SOD1Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease cause d by selective motor neuron death. Approximately 10% of cases of ALS are inherited, usually as an autosomal dominant trait. In ~25% of familial cases, the disease is caused by mutations in the gene encoding cytosolic copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1)(Aoki et al. 1993; Rosen 1993). The overexpression of mutant human SOD1 in mice is used as model for ALS, however, some experimental manipulations are difficult in transgenic (Tg) mice because of size limitations. Thus, we developed a rat model of ALS expressing a human SOD1 transgene with two ALS-associated mutations: glycine to alanine atposition 93 (G93A) and histidine to arginine at position 46 (H46R) (Nagai et al. 2001). Similar to its murine counter pa rt, the transgenic rats that express human SO D1 transgene ALS-a ssociated mutations develop striking motor neuron degeneration and paralysis. Although the m echan ism of AL S is still unclear, there are many hypotheses concerning its cause of ALS, including loss of neurotrophic support to motor neurons (Rowland and Shneider 2001). The insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) areneurotrophic factors expressed in the central nervous system that promote the survival and differentiation of neuronal cells includingmotor neurons. They could be of therapeutic value in human neurodegenerative disorders, including ALS (Adem et al. 1994; Hawkes and Kar2003; Narai et al. 2005). Evidence that IGF-I rescues mo to r neurons in vitro and in animals. (Kaspar et al. 2003) has led to therapeutic trials of human recombinant IGF-I in patients with ALS The biological actions of the IGFs are mediated through specific cell membrane receptors design ated as th e IGF-I and I GFII receptors(Sepp-Lorenzino 1998; Hawkes and Kar 2003; Kim et al. 2004). Alterations of the IGF-I and IGF-II binding sites in the spinal cord of the patients with ALS would support their involvement in the pathology of ALS (Dore et al. 1996; Chung et al. 2003; Kar et al. 2006). (H46R) mutant Tg rat as an in vivo model of ALS and performedimmunohistochemical studies to investigate the changes of the IGF-II receptor in the spinal cord.

Introduction. Stigma and discrimination against patients with mental illness is very common amongst the society. Therefore, this study aims to study the knowledge and understanding of mental illness and attitudes to patient with mental illness, among the general population.Goal. To assess the knowledge and understanding of mental illness and attitude to patient with mental illness among population of Ulaanbaatar city and compare its results with a similar research in carried out in 2002.Methods. The study was conducted in Ulaanbaatar city from February to April, 2008 and included 991 people aged over 18 years. The sample was selected from 30 micro districts of Ulaanbaatar city, The method of sampling was using primary dot in first step, sampling households in mid step and selecting people by using method of Sweden key from household in final step. The study used 30 item standardized questionnaires. Also there were 2 extra cards to read for respondents.Result. Among the respondents, 45% were males and 55 % females. Average age was 37 years. In view of identifying negative attitude of patient with schizophrenia, majority of respondents answered as “loony person” (n=136) and “mad person” (n=83). Conclusion. Although there was stigma amongst the study population, 66% of subjects who were involved in study could give right diagnosis in non professional level and were able to identify symptoms of mental illness suggesting that more than half of the sample studied had some knowledge of mental illness.

Introduction: The issue of meeting need of rehabilitation care service required to elders is one of determinants which influences in enabling quality of life of elderly people. In our country, we lack of survey on determining current need of long term care and one of its form rehabilitation care service for the elderly, so it became the background of the research. Goal: Reveal some needs of rehabilitation care service through determining the Activities of daily living and Instrumental Activities of daily living of Mongolian elderly people Materials and Method: The research was carried out by cross sectional method. In the research was involved 1207 elderly, who are retired, of which 60 and over for male and 55 and over for female from one cluster of each economic and geographic regions of Mongolia. The research was conducted by using ADL and IADL tests as well as questionnaire to determine the needs of rehabilitation care service. Results: Out of survey involved 1207 elderly, 32.5 percent (392) referred to men, 67.5 percent (815) to women, and their mean age was 68.1±8.1 (68.9±6.5 in male and 65.7±8.5 in female). While 473 elderly were from Ulaanbaatar city, 734 of them were from 4 regions of countryside. Among survey involved elderly, the mean of ADL ability was 87.4 percent, of which, the following abilities were better such as: continence (92.5%), toileting (91.3%), dressing (87.9%), while bathing ability was impaired mostly or 18.2 percent. Subsequently, the mean of IADL ability among survey involved elderly was found to be 29.9 percent. The health needs of elderly were differed. Due to extensive indicator, 24.8 percent of elderly wanted to admit in a hospital, 20.8 percent - home nursing care and 32.6 percent -involvement in rehabilitation care service. In terms of amount, the maximum needs were eight, while most of elderly requested 1-3 kinds of needs. Conclusions: 1. The impairment of Activity of Daily Living was found to be approximately 22.6 percent, while Instrumental Activity of Daily Living was 29.9 percent among Mongolian elderly people. 2. The impairment level of Activities of Daily Living and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living indicated the requirement of occupational and physical therapy in health care service for the elderly.

Introduction: The mental and behavioral diseases affect in loneliness and discrimination of elderly people and mostly reduce the quality of life of elderly people compared to injury and accidence. Wulf Rossler, Switzerland mentioned that all kinds of mental diseases require long term care, especially rehabilitation. In our country, we lack of survey on determining psychosocial rehabilitation needs for the elderly, therefore it became the background of the research. Goal: Determine the psychosocial rehabilitation needs of Mongolian elderly people Method and materials: The research was carried out by cross sectional method. In the research was involved 1207 elderly, who are retired, of which 60 and over for male and 55 and over for female from one cluster of each economic and geographic regions of Mongolia. The research was conducted by using Geriatric depression test, Spielberg Hanin test to reveal anxiety, Mini mental examination test to assess the cognitive status and AUDIT test to evaluate the alcohol usage. The diagnoses were put according to ICD-10 based on geriatric examination. Results: Out of survey involved 1207 elderly, 32.5 percent (392) referred to men, 67.5 percent (815) to women, and their mean age was 68.1±8.1 (68.9±6.5 in male and 65.7±8.5 in female). While 473 elderly were from Ulaanbaatar city, 734 of them were from 4 regions of countryside. In terms of mental and behavioral diseases, anxiety and depression were prevailing among Mongolian elderly. Thirty eight point five percent of survey involved elderly investigated to have depression and 44 percent - anxiety. Moreover, dementia was found 36 and sleep disorder 28 per 1000 elders. Twenty three point six percent of elderly had slight cognitive impairment, 13.9 percent moderate cognitive impairment, while 2.1 percent had severe cognitive impairment. The cognitive impairment is differed in terms of region. The moderate cognitive impairment predominantly revealed in mountainous and eastern regions, while the severe cognitive impairment was prevailing in central and eastern regions. Due to classification of needs of elderly into medical, financial and other needs, found that, 37 percent of elderly required medical, 33 percent financial and 37 percent other needs. In terms of psychosocial needs, 30.4 percent wanted to have a place for spending free time, 23.9 percent to make new friends and 6.1 percent to hire a job. Also 4.4 percent of elderly had a need of having a caregiver. Conclusions: 1. Out of mental and behavioral diseases, anxiety (38.5 percent) and depression (44 percent) were prevailing among elderly. 2. Each Mongolian elderly had need of 1-2 psychosocial needs. 3. All kinds of psychosocial rehabilitation including the medical, adaptation enhancing and social rehabilitation are equally required for the elderly people.