Purpose: This study aimed to examine the moderating effect of calling on the relationship between post-traumatic stress and turnover intention among nurses caring for COVID-19 patients. Methods: Data were collected from 151 nurses caring for COVID-19 patients at three university hospitals located in D City. Participants completed selfreported online surveys on post-traumatic stress (IES-R-K), calling (CVQ-R), and turnover intention. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and hierarchical multiple regression were performed using SPSS 25.0. Results: The mean scores of post-traumatic stress, calling, and turnover intention were 0.83±0.70, 1.51±0.71, and 2.89±1.10, respectively. Post-traumatic stress had positive correlations with calling (r=.20, p=.011) and turnover intention (r=.29, p=.001), whereas calling had a negative correlation with calling and turnover intention (r=-.17, p=.029). Calling had a moderating effect in the relationship between post-traumatic stress and turnover intention (β=-.16, p=.032). Conclusion Calling has a moderating effect on the relationship between post-traumatic stress and turnover intention. Therefore, developing and implementing a program is necessary to strengthen nurses' perceptions of calling to prevent nurses with post-traumatic stress from leaving their jobs.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the moderating effect of calling on the relationship between post-traumatic stress and turnover intention among nurses caring for COVID-19 patients. Methods: Data were collected from 151 nurses caring for COVID-19 patients at three university hospitals located in D City. Participants completed selfreported online surveys on post-traumatic stress (IES-R-K), calling (CVQ-R), and turnover intention. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and hierarchical multiple regression were performed using SPSS 25.0. Results: The mean scores of post-traumatic stress, calling, and turnover intention were 0.83±0.70, 1.51±0.71, and 2.89±1.10, respectively. Post-traumatic stress had positive correlations with calling (r=.20, p=.011) and turnover intention (r=.29, p=.001), whereas calling had a negative correlation with calling and turnover intention (r=-.17, p=.029). Calling had a moderating effect in the relationship between post-traumatic stress and turnover intention (β=-.16, p=.032). Conclusion Calling has a moderating effect on the relationship between post-traumatic stress and turnover intention. Therefore, developing and implementing a program is necessary to strengthen nurses' perceptions of calling to prevent nurses with post-traumatic stress from leaving their jobs.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the moderating effect of calling on the relationship between post-traumatic stress and turnover intention among nurses caring for COVID-19 patients. Methods: Data were collected from 151 nurses caring for COVID-19 patients at three university hospitals located in D City. Participants completed selfreported online surveys on post-traumatic stress (IES-R-K), calling (CVQ-R), and turnover intention. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and hierarchical multiple regression were performed using SPSS 25.0. Results: The mean scores of post-traumatic stress, calling, and turnover intention were 0.83±0.70, 1.51±0.71, and 2.89±1.10, respectively. Post-traumatic stress had positive correlations with calling (r=.20, p=.011) and turnover intention (r=.29, p=.001), whereas calling had a negative correlation with calling and turnover intention (r=-.17, p=.029). Calling had a moderating effect in the relationship between post-traumatic stress and turnover intention (β=-.16, p=.032). Conclusion Calling has a moderating effect on the relationship between post-traumatic stress and turnover intention. Therefore, developing and implementing a program is necessary to strengthen nurses' perceptions of calling to prevent nurses with post-traumatic stress from leaving their jobs.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the moderating effect of calling on the relationship between post-traumatic stress and turnover intention among nurses caring for COVID-19 patients. Methods: Data were collected from 151 nurses caring for COVID-19 patients at three university hospitals located in D City. Participants completed selfreported online surveys on post-traumatic stress (IES-R-K), calling (CVQ-R), and turnover intention. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and hierarchical multiple regression were performed using SPSS 25.0. Results: The mean scores of post-traumatic stress, calling, and turnover intention were 0.83±0.70, 1.51±0.71, and 2.89±1.10, respectively. Post-traumatic stress had positive correlations with calling (r=.20, p=.011) and turnover intention (r=.29, p=.001), whereas calling had a negative correlation with calling and turnover intention (r=-.17, p=.029). Calling had a moderating effect in the relationship between post-traumatic stress and turnover intention (β=-.16, p=.032). Conclusion Calling has a moderating effect on the relationship between post-traumatic stress and turnover intention. Therefore, developing and implementing a program is necessary to strengthen nurses' perceptions of calling to prevent nurses with post-traumatic stress from leaving their jobs.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a child abuse prevention education program for parents. Furthermore, the aim was to investigate the impact of child abuse prevention education on parents’ response to positive emotion, parenting stress, and potential for child abuse. Methods: A randomized controlled pretest posttest design was used. A total of 60 participants, who were parents with children aged 1~5 and attending 8 nurseries and kindergartens located in Daegu, were recruited. They were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n=30) and a control group (n=30). The collected data were analyzed by an independent t-test, paired t-test, and χ²-test along with descriptive statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0. Child abuse prevention education for the experimental group included four modules on child rights, understanding child abuse, proper child discipline, and positive parenting attitudes. Results: The experimental group showed a significant difference in positive rumination from the control group (t=2.15, p=.036). The experimental group reported a significant difference in dampening from the control group (t=-2.49, p=.016). Additionally, the experimental group reported a significant difference in parenting stress from the control group (t=-2.12, p=.038) and also reported significant differences in child abuse potential from the control group (t=-2.26, p=.028). Conclusion The results of this study indicate that child abuse prevention education for parents can improve positive rumination, reduce dampening, and reduce parenting stress and child abuse potential. Therefore, this study is useful in demonstrating how parental susceptibility to child abuse can be decreased. Future studies should pursue long-term programs and counseling programs.

Background: This study aimed to investigate real-world data of C-terminal telopeptide (CTX), propeptide of type I collagen (P1NP), and osteocalcin through present multicenter clinical study, and retrospectively analyze the usefulness of bone turnover markers (BTMs) in Koreans. Methods: The study focused on pre- and post-menopausal patients diagnosed with osteoporosis and excluded patients without certain test results or with test intervals of over 1 year. The demographic data and 3 BTMs (CTX, P1NP, and osteocalcin) were collected. The patients were classified by demographic characteristics and the BTM concentrations were analyzed by the group. Results: Among women with no history of fractures, the levels of P1NP (N=2,100) were 43.544±36.902, CTX (N=1,855) were 0.373 ±0.927, and osteocalcin (N=219) were 10.81 ±20.631. Among men with no history of fractures, the levels of P1NP (N=221) were 48.498±52.892, CTX (N=201) were 0.370±0.351, and osteocalcin (N=15) were 7.868 ±10.674. Treatment with teriparatide increased the P1NP levels after 3 months in both men and women, with a 50% increase observed in women. Similarly, treatment with denosumab decreased the CTX levels after 3 months in both men and women, with a reduction of 50% observed in women. Conclusions The results of this study can contribute to the accurate assessment of bone replacement status in Koreans. We also provide the P1NP level in the Korean population for future comparative studies with other populations.

Background: Several studies have reported associations between obesity and autonomic dysfunction. However, little research has investigated the effect of bariatric surgery on heart rate recovery (HRR) in the treadmill test and heart rate variability (HRV) in 24-hour Holter monitoring. We investigated the effects of bariatric surgery on HRR and HRV, which are parameters related to autonomic dysfunction. Methods: We retrospectively investigated patients who underwent bariatric surgery in 2019. The treadmill test, 24-hour Holter monitoring, and echocardiography were performed before and 6 months after surgery. We compared the changes in HRR in the treadmill test and HRV parameters such as the time domain and spectral domain in 24-hour Holter monitoring before and after surgery. Results: Of the 40 patients who underwent bariatric surgery, 25 patients had the treadmill test or 24-hour Holter monitoring both before and after surgery. Body weight and body mass index significantly decreased after surgery (112.86±24.37 kg vs. 89.10±20.26 kg, p<0.001; 39.22±5.69 kg/m2 vs. 31.00±5.09 kg/m2, p<0.001, respectively). HRR significantly increased (n=23; 43.00±20.97 vs. 64.29±18.49, p=0.001). The time domain of HRV parameters increased (n=21; standard deviation of the N-N interval 123.57±28.05 vs. 152.57±39.49, p=0.002 and mean N-N interval 791.57±88.84 vs. 869.05±126.31, p=0.002). Conclusions Our data showed that HRR after exercise and HRV during 24-hour Holter monitoring improved after weight reduction with bariatric surgery through improved cardiac autonomic function.

Thyroid hormones have an important physiological role in maintaining adult bone structure and strength. Therefore, thyroid dysfunction is inevitably associated with various degrees of skeletal consequences. Endogenous overt hyperthyroidism is an established cause of high bone turnover with accelerated bone loss, resulting in osteoporosis and an increased risk of fractures. Hyperthyroidism induced by thyroid stimulating hormone suppression therapy in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer also has emerged as a contributing factor to osteoporosis and fragility fractures. While, there is lack of evidence that hypothyroidism negatively affects bone health. Although there is growing clinical evidence of the importance of bone health in hyperthyroidism, clinical guidelines on how to evaluate and manage bone health in these diseases have not yet been published worldwide. The Task Force from the Korean Thyroid Association Committee of Clinical Practice Guideline has developed this position statement for the evaluation and management of bone health in patients with thyroid diseases, particularly focused on endogenous hyperthyroidism and thyroid stimulating hormone suppression therapyassociated hyperthyroidism in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer.

Objectives: This study explored the current status of nursing informatics education in South Korea and developed a standardized curriculum for it. Methods: Data were collected in two stages: first, an online survey conducted from December 2020 to February 2021 among 60 nursing schools to analyze the current status of nursing informatics education; and second, a two-round Delphi survey with 15 experts from March to April 2021 to determine the mean and standard deviation of the demand for each learning objective in nursing informatics education. A standardized curriculum proposal was developed based on the results of the two-round Delphi survey. Results: Nursing informatics was most commonly taught in the fourth year (34%), with two credits. The proportion of elective major subjects was high in undergraduate and graduate programs (77.4% and 78.6%, respectively), while the proportion of nursing informatics majors was low (21.4%). The curriculum developed included topics such as nursing information system-related concepts, definitions and components of healthcare information systems, electronic medical records, clinical decision support systems, mobile technology and health management, medical information standards, personal information protection and ethics, understanding of big data, use of information technology in evidence-based practice, use of information in community nursing, genome information usage, artificial intelligence clinical information systems, administrative management systems, and information technology nursing education. Conclusions Nursing informatics professors should receive ongoing training to obtain recent medical information. Further review and modification of the nursing informatics curriculum should be performed to ensure that it remains up-to-date with recent developments.