BACKGROUND/AIMS: In spite of increased concerns about the overlaps among the various functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), studies for the overlap between constipation and other common FGIDs are rare. Therefore, we investigated the patterns of overlaps between constipation and other common FGIDs. METHODS: This study was designed as a prospective nationwide multi-center questionnaire study using Rome III questionnaires for functional dyspepsia (FD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and functional constipation (FC), as well as various questionnaires about patients’ information, degree of symptoms, and quality of life. For the evaluation of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), GERD-Q was used. RESULTS: From 19 centers, 759 patients with constipation were enrolled. The proportions of FC and IBS subtypes of constipation (IBS-C) were 59.4% and 40.6%, respectively. Among them, 492 (64.8%) showed no overlap. One hundred and thirty-six patients (17.9%) presented overlapping GERD, and 80 patients (10.5%) presented overlapping FD. Fifty one (6.7%) of patients were overlapped by both GERD and FD. Coincidental herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) (P = 0.026) or pulmonary diseases (P = 0.034), reduced fiber intake (P = 0.013), and laxative use (P < 0.001) independently affected the rate of overlaps. These overlapping conditions negatively affected the constipation-associated quality of life, general quality of life, and degree of constipation. CONCLUSIONS: The overlap of GERD or FD was common in patients with constipation. Coincidental HNP or pulmonary diseases, reduced fiber intake, and laxatives use were found to be independent associated factors for overlapping common FGIDs in Korean patients with constipation.
Constipation* ; Dyspepsia ; Gastroesophageal Reflux ; Gastrointestinal Diseases* ; Humans ; Irritable Bowel Syndrome ; Laxatives ; Lung Diseases ; Prospective Studies ; Quality of Life

PURPOSE: This study investigated the effect of amount of thickness reduction on color and translucency of dental monolithic zirconia ceramics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One-hundred sixty-five monolithic zirconia specimens (16.3 mm x 16.3 mm x 2.0 mm) were divided into 5 groups (Group I to V) according to the number of A2-coloring liquid applications. Each group was then divided into 11 subgroups by reducing the thickness up to 1.0 mm in 0.1-mm increments (Subgroup 0 to 10, n=3). Colors and spectral distributions were measured according to CIELAB on a reflection spectrophotometer. All measurements were performed on five different areas of each specimen. Color difference (DeltaE*(ab)) and translucency parameter (TP) were calculated. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and multiple comparison Scheffe test (alpha=.05). RESULTS: There were significant differences in CIE L* between Subgroup 0 and other subgroups in all groups. CIE a* increased (0.523.7) were obtained between Subgroup 0 and other subgroups. TP values generally increased as the thickness reduction increased in all groups (R2>0.89, P<.001). CONCLUSION: Increasing thickness reduction reduces lightness and increases a reddish, bluish appearance, and translucency of monolithic zirconia ceramics.
Ceramics* ; Prosthesis Coloring

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the film thicknesses of several resin cements as a function of time after mixing and to examine the effect of working time on the film thicknesses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The film thickness (microm) of 4 resin cements (n=10), 1 composite resin (Panavia F 2.0), 3 self-adhesive resin (Clearfil SA luting, Zirconite, RelyX U200) cements was measured at 20-second intervals after mixing of the cements up to 200 seconds under a load of 50 N. Linear regression was fitted to verify the effect of working time on the film thickness of each cement. Data were compared to the working time recommended by manufacturers using Wilcoxon test (alpha=.05). RESULTS: All of the materials showed a positive linear correlation between the film thickness and working time. There was no statistically significant difference between the working time based on our results and the values recommended by the manufacturers even though there was a discrepancy between those two values. CONCLUSION: The film thickness of resin cements could increase with the increase of working time. Working time to meet the ISO standard of 50-microm maximum film thickness could be different from the manufacturer's recommended value.
Linear Models ; Resin Cements ; Resins, Synthetic*

Pheochromocytoma crisis is a life-threatening endocrine emergency. Stimuli that can elicit a pheochromocytoma crisis include anesthesia, tumor manipulation, and several drugs. Rarely, glucocorticoids can induce a pheochromocytoma crisis. Here, we describe the case of a 65-year-old female who developed an adrenergic crisis with blood pressure fluctuations, dizziness, and seizures after receiving glucocorticoids for the treatment of urticaria. The symptoms led us to speculate that a pheochromocytoma was present. We confirmed the diagnosis based on abdominal imaging and biochemical studies. The patient's symptoms improved after surgical removal of the pheochromocytoma.
Aged ; Anesthesia ; Blood Pressure ; Diagnosis ; Dizziness ; Emergencies ; Female ; Glucocorticoids ; Humans ; Pheochromocytoma* ; Seizures ; Urticaria*

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The natural history of severe erosive reflux disease in Korea remains uncertain. We aimed to evaluate endoscopic follow-up results in subjects with severe reflux esophagitis under routine clinical care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total 61,891 subjects underwent an upper endoscopic examination in the health check-up program from January 2007 to December 2013. We reviewed medical charts of patients who had been diagnosed with severe reflux esophagitis. The severity of reflux esophagitis was determined by the Los Angeles (LA) classification system. Patients underwent at least one follow up endoscopy after diagnosis of severe reflux esophagitis. We classified the patients into two groups; regressed in severity and remained unchanged, according to follow up endoscopic status. RESULTS: Based on endoscopic findings, 5,938 subjects (9.6%) were found to have reflux esopohagitis: 121 subjects (0.2%) in LA-C; 39 subjects (0.06%) in LA-D. Among 31 patients who had endoscopic follow-up, 23 patients (74.2%) showed regression from LA C/D to LA A/B or minimal change disease or normal. The mean follow up duration was 42.2 months in regression group and 53.2 months in no change group. All patients had been treated with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) on a regular or on-demand basis. Age, sex, smoking, alcohol, exercise, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, sliding hiatal hernia, body mass index, waist circumference and duration of PPIs therapy did not significantly influence regression of severe reflux esophagitis. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of severe reflux esophagitis patients under routine clinical care showed improvement on endoscopic follow-up.
Body Mass Index ; Classification ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diagnosis ; Dyslipidemias ; Endoscopy* ; Esophagitis ; Esophagitis, Peptic* ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Gastroesophageal Reflux ; Hernia, Hiatal ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Korea* ; Natural History ; Nephrosis, Lipoid ; Proton Pump Inhibitors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Waist Circumference

Group A rotaviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in young children worldwide. For the proper management of rotavirus infections, knowledge of the distribution of G and P genotypes including detection of emerging genotype is crucial. Therefore, the aim of this study is to describe epidemiological changes in rotavirus gastroenteritis in Gwangju metropolitan city, South Korea. Stool samples were collected from 14,314 patients with diarrhea, who visited hospitals in Gwangju from 2008 to 2012. Samples were screened for rotavirus with Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method and rotavirus P (VP4), G (VP7) genotypes were determined by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. And we performed nucleotide sequencing analysis. Among a total of 14,314 samples investigated 1,982 samples (13.8%) were ELISA positive. Genotyping of Rotavirus was performed using 526 rotavirus samples. The most prevalent circulating G genotype was G1 (40.5%), followed by G2 (27.6%), G3 (19.4%), G9 (9.7%), G4 (2.5%) and G12 (0.4%). The predominant type of P genotypes was P[8] (69.6%), followed by P[4] (27.8%) and P[6] (2.3%). In this study, 13 G-P combinations were detected. From 2008 to 2010, G1P[8] was the most prevalent, followed by G3P[8]. Whereas, 2011 and 2012, G2P[4] was the most common, followed by G1P[8]. Rotavirus gastroenteritis is a common disease associated with significant morbidity, mortality and economic burden. Ongoing rotavirus surveillance to understand the distribution of G and P genotypes will be critical for the development of effective prevention measurements.
Child ; Diarrhea ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Gastroenteritis ; Genotype ; Gwangju ; Humans ; Korea ; Molecular Epidemiology* ; Mortality ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rotavirus Infections ; Rotavirus*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to observe the change of viscoelastic properties of dental resin cements during polymerization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six commercially available resin cement materials (Clearfil SA luting, Panavia F 2.0, Zirconite, Variolink N, RelyX Unicem clicker, RelyX U200) were investigated in this study. A dynamic oscillation-time sweep test was performed with AR1500 stress controlled rheometer at 32degrees C. The changes in shear storage modulus (G'), shear loss modulus (G"), loss tangent (tan delta) and displacement were measured for twenty minutes and repeated three times for each material. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (alpha=0.05). RESULTS: After mixing, all materials demonstrated an increase in G' with time, reaching the plateau in the end. RelyX U200 demonstrated the highest G' value, while RelyX Unicem (clicker type) and Variolink N demonstrated the lowest G' value at the end of experimental time. Tan delta was maintained at some level and reached the zero at the starting point where G' began to increase. The tan delta and displacement of the tested materials showed similar pattern in the graph within change of time. The displacement of all 6 materials approached to zero within 6 minutes. CONCLUSION: Compared to other resin cements used in this study, RelyX U200 maintained plastic property for a longer period of time. When it completed the curing process, RelyX U200 had the highest stiffness. It is convenient for clinicians to cement multiple units of dental prostheses simultaneously.
Dental Prosthesis ; Plastics ; Polymerization* ; Polymers* ; Resin Cements ; Resins, Synthetic* ; Triacetoneamine-N-Oxyl

Dentinogenesis Imperfecta, with a high incidence rate of 1 : 6 - 8000, is inherited by autosomal dominant genetic transmission. This dental disorder causes discoloration of the teeth and the enamel and dentin show hypoplastic or hypocalcified defects which lead to frequent fractures and rapid attrition. Therefore, timely treatment is necessary for the preservation of the remaining teeth. In this particular case, a 19-year-old patient suffering from Type 1 dentinogenesis imperfecta showed signs of brownish hued teeth with multiple fractures, a loss of vertical dimension, excessive interdental space in the maxillary anterior teeth, and a lack of 5 posterior teeth. To improve the esthetic appearance of the anterior teeth, the vertical dimension was increased. Resin caps were used to alleviate the difficulty of taking an impression of multiple teeth at once. Monolithic zirconia materials used in this case showed high fracture strength and the ability to mask the discoloration of the teeth and therefore, functionally and esthetically favorable results were achieved.
Dental Enamel ; Dentin ; Dentinogenesis Imperfecta* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Masks ; Rehabilitation* ; Tooth ; Vertical Dimension ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the fracture toughness of currently available resin cements for zirconia restorations and evaluate the effect of water storage on fracture toughness of those resin cements. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Single-edge notched specimens (3 mm x 6 mm x 25 mm) were prepared from three currently available dual cure resin cements for zirconia restorations (Panavia F 2.0, Clearfil SA luting and Zirconite). Each resin cement was divided into four groups: immersed in distilled water at 37degrees C for 1 (Control group), 30, 90, or 180 days (n=5). Specimens were loaded in three point bending at a cross-head speed of 0.1 mm/s. The maximum load at specimen failure was recorded and the fracture toughness (K(IC)) was calculated. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and multiple comparison Scheffe test (alpha=.05). RESULTS: In control group, the mean KIC was 3.41 +/- 0.64 MN.m(-1.5) for Panavia F, 2.0, 3.07 +/- 0.41 MN.m(-1.5) for Zirconite, 2.58 +/- 0.30 MN.m(-1.5) for Clearfil SA luting respectively, but statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between them. Although a gradual decrease of K(IC) in Panavia F 2.0 and gradual increases of KIC in Clearfil SA luting and Zirconite were observed with storage time, there were no significant differences between immersion time for each cement. CONCLUSION: The resin cements for zirconia restorations exhibit much higher K(IC) values than conventional resin cements. The fracture toughness of resin cement for zirconia restoration would not be affected by water storage.
Immersion ; Resin Cements ; Resins, Synthetic* ; Water*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate various core designs on stress distribution within zirconia crowns. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three-dimensional finite element models, representing mandibular molars, comprising a prepared tooth, cement layer, zirconia core, and veneer porcelain were designed by computer software. The shoulder (1 mm in width) variations in core were incremental increases of 1 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm in proximal and lingual height, and buccal height respectively. To simulate masticatory force, loads of 280 N were applied from three directions (vertical, at a 45degrees angle, and horizontal). To simulate maximum bite force, a load of 700 N was applied vertically to the crowns. Maximum principal stress (MPS) was determined for each model, loading condition, and position. RESULTS: In the maximum bite force simulation test, the MPSs on all crowns observed around the shoulder region and loading points. The compressive stresses were located in the shoulder region of the veneer-zirconia interface and at the occlusal region. In the test simulating masticatory force, the MPS was concentrated around the loading points, and the compressive stresses were located at the 3 mm height lingual shoulder region, when the load was applied horizontally. MPS increased in the shoulder region as the shoulder height increased. CONCLUSION: This study suggested that reinforced shoulder play an essential role in the success of the zirconia restoration, and veneer fracture due to occlusal loading can be prevented by proper core design, such as shoulder.
Bite Force ; Crowns ; Dental Porcelain ; Dental Prosthesis Design ; Dental Stress Analysis ; Finite Element Analysis ; Molar ; Shoulder ; Software ; Tooth ; Zirconium