Objective To investigate the effect of E2 signaling in myofibers on muscular macrophage efferocytosis in mice with cardiotoxin-induced acute skeletal muscle injury.Methods Female wild-type C57BL/6 mice with and without ovariectomy and male C57BL/6 mice were given a CTX injection into the anterior tibial muscle to induce acute muscle injury,followed by intramuscular injection of β-estradiol(E2)or 4-hydroxytamoxifen(4-OHT).The changes in serum E2 of the mice were detected using ELISA,and the number,phenotypes,and efferocytosis of the macrophages in the inflammatory exudates and myofiber regeneration and repair were evaluated using immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry.C2C12 cells were induced to differentiate into mature myotubes,which were treated with IFN-γ for 24 before treatment with β-Estradiol or 4-OHT.The treated myotubes were co-cultured with mouse peritoneal macrophages in a 1:2 ratio,followed by addition of PKH67-labeled apoptotic mouse mononuclear spleen cells induced by UV irradiation,and macrophage efferocytosis was observed using immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry.Results Compared with the control mice,the female mice with ovariectomy showed significantly increased mononuclear macrophages in the inflammatory exudates,with increased M1 cell percentage,reduced M2 cell percentage and macrophage efferocytosis in the injured muscle,and obviously delayed myofiber regeneration and repair.In the cell co-culture systems,treatment of the myotubes with β-estradiol significantly increased the number and proportion of M2 macrophages and macrophage efferocytosis,while 4-OHT treatment resulted in the opposite changes.Conclusion In injured mouse skeletal muscles,myofiber E2 signaling promotes M1 to M2 transition to increase macrophage efferocytosis,thereby relieving inflammation and promoting muscle regeneration and repair.

Objective To investigate the effect of E2 signaling in myofibers on muscular macrophage efferocytosis in mice with cardiotoxin-induced acute skeletal muscle injury.Methods Female wild-type C57BL/6 mice with and without ovariectomy and male C57BL/6 mice were given a CTX injection into the anterior tibial muscle to induce acute muscle injury,followed by intramuscular injection of β-estradiol(E2)or 4-hydroxytamoxifen(4-OHT).The changes in serum E2 of the mice were detected using ELISA,and the number,phenotypes,and efferocytosis of the macrophages in the inflammatory exudates and myofiber regeneration and repair were evaluated using immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry.C2C12 cells were induced to differentiate into mature myotubes,which were treated with IFN-γ for 24 before treatment with β-Estradiol or 4-OHT.The treated myotubes were co-cultured with mouse peritoneal macrophages in a 1:2 ratio,followed by addition of PKH67-labeled apoptotic mouse mononuclear spleen cells induced by UV irradiation,and macrophage efferocytosis was observed using immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry.Results Compared with the control mice,the female mice with ovariectomy showed significantly increased mononuclear macrophages in the inflammatory exudates,with increased M1 cell percentage,reduced M2 cell percentage and macrophage efferocytosis in the injured muscle,and obviously delayed myofiber regeneration and repair.In the cell co-culture systems,treatment of the myotubes with β-estradiol significantly increased the number and proportion of M2 macrophages and macrophage efferocytosis,while 4-OHT treatment resulted in the opposite changes.Conclusion In injured mouse skeletal muscles,myofiber E2 signaling promotes M1 to M2 transition to increase macrophage efferocytosis,thereby relieving inflammation and promoting muscle regeneration and repair.

Objective To investigate the relationship between interlukin-10(IL-10)gene polymorphisms and acute kidney injury(AKI)and its related mechanisms.Methods A prospective study was conducted on 100 patients with AKI admitted to our hospital from March 2021 to March 2023,who were selected as the study group.Following the 1∶1 pairing principle,100 healthy individuals who underwent physical examinations during the same period were included as the control group.General data,IL-10 genotypes,and gene frequency distributions of the two groups were compared.The factors influencing AKI were assessed using a logistic regression analysis,and the interaction between IL-10gene polymorphisms and conventional risk factors was analyzed using multifactor dimension reduction(MDR).Results The quantitative values of serum creatinine(sCr),blood urea nitrogen(BUN),and urine protein in the study group were higher than those in the control group.The proportion of the GG genotype at IL-10-1082 was lower than that in the control group,and the proportions of the AA genotype and A allele were higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that BUN(OR=4.487),urinary protein quantitation(OR=5.905),sCr(OR=3.573),AA genotype at position 1082(OR=4.823),and the A allele(OR=4.479)were risk factors for AKI(P<0.05).Interaction display,IL-10-1082 polymorphism×sCr,IL-10-1082 polymor-phism×BUN,IL-10-1082 polymorphism×urinary protein quantification,and IL-10-1082 polymorphism×sCr×BUN×urinary protein quantification models exhibited good accuracy and cross-consistency(P<0.05).Conclusion IL-10gene polymorphisms are strongly associated with the development of AKI.

Purpose To explore the cardioprotective effect of cang-ai volatile oil(CAVO)on rats with cardiac function impairment model under low-pressure and low-oxygen environment in Tibet Plateau based on 7.0T cardiovascular magnetic resonance(CMR)imaging.Materials and Methods Forty SD rats were randomly divided into the normal group,the high altitude model group,the CAVO-treated group and the rhodiola rosea-treated group,with 10 rats in each group.Except for the normal group,the rats in other groups were transferred from the plain(500 m above sea level)to the Tibet Plateau(4 250 m above sea level)for two months,and then administered with the corresponding drugs by gavage for 14 d.The left ventricle function was measured by using a 7.0T high-field strength CMR and myocardial strain was analysed by using tissue tracing technique.HE staining was used to observe the morphology of cardiomyocytes,Masson staining to observe interstitial fibrosis,wheat germ agglutinin staining to observe cardiomyocyte hypertrophy,and transmission electron microscopy to observe the morphological changes of mitochondria in each group.Serum levels of creatine kinase,creatine kinase isoenzyme,lactate dehydrogenase,cardiac troponin T,superoxide dismutase,malondialdehyde and glutathione peroxidase were detected.Intracellular reactive oxygen species levels were detected using flow cytometry.Results The left ventricular ejection fraction of rats in the CAVO-treated group was higher than that of the high altitude model group[(66.61±1.38)％vs.(60.94±3.21)％;t=3.969,P=0.032];meanwhile,the global circumferential strain of the left ventricle in the CAVO-treated group was higher than that of the high altitude model group(-25.68±1.30 vs.-22.84±1.17;t=3.967,P=0.003).HE,Masson and wheat germ agglutinin staining showed hypertrophy and necrosis as well as interstitial fibrosis and ultrastructural disruption of cardiomyocytes in the high altitude model group,which improved after CAVO treatment.The level of cardiac troponin T in the serum of rats with CAVO treatment group was significantly decreased compared with that of the high altitude model group[(314.03±20.05)pg/ml vs.(518.30±18.13)pg/ml;1=13.090,P=0.001].Conclusion CAVO treatment can reduce cardiac injury caused by low-pressure hypoxia in high altitude,and its effect can be detected dynamically and non-invasively by 7.0T high-field strength CMR.

Objective:To analyze the current situation and effect of mobile applications for physical activity management in China.Methods:In this systematic review, search terms such as “exercise”, “sports”, “exercise”, “physical activity” and “mobile health” were used to retrieve the applications for physical activity management in the IOS Application Store developed in mainland of China. Then the Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS) and the Behavior Change Technology (BCT) were used to evaluate the quality of the applications and analyze the behavior change technologies that applications adopted. Moreover, a systematic review of relevant experimental studies was applied to summarize the effectiveness of the applications in promoting physical activity.Results:Total of 141 applications were included in this analysis, and 58 behavior change techniques in 16 categories were applied. The most frequently used 4 categories of BCT were behavior comparison (67.4%), repetition and substitution (67.4%), knowledge construction (67.4%), feedback and monitoring (58.2%). The overall objective quality score of MARS was 3.17±0.42, of which, the score of engagements, functionality, aesthetic design and information quality was 2.67±0.73, 3.75±0.54, 3.44±0.59 and 2.83±0.55, respectively. The number of BCT adopted in each application had a linear relationship with the application′s objective quality score in MARS ( B=0.023, 95% CI: 0.018-0.029) and user rating ( B=0.040, 95% CI: 0.019-0.060) (both P<0.001). A total of 4 articles were included to test the effects of techniques (i.e., physical activity behavior monitoring, physical activity planning and physical activity guidance) in 4 applications. The overall quality of the literatures was good. The main outcomes were physical activity duration (3 articles) and step count (1 article). Compared with those who did not use the application or only used the accelerometer to monitor physical activity, subjects who used the application to monitor physical activity had significant longer physical activity durations and step count (both P<0.05). Conclusions:The number, function and technology of physical activity management applications in China are abundant, but the quality of the applications is moderate. The number of BCT is an important factor in evaluating application′s quality, but its effect on behavior change is still not clear.

Objective:To investigate the role and mechanism of chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) in renal injury and fibrosis caused by calcium oxalate crystals in mice.Methods:In June 2021, Fifteen male C57/BL6 mice were divided into control group (5 mice), model group (5 mice), and AMD3100 intervention group (5 mice) by random number table method. In model group and AMD3100 intervention group, glyoxylate (100 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneal for 7 consecutive days for modeling. Meanwhile, the AMD3100 intervention group was also given intraperitoneal injection of AMD3100 (1 mg/kg) for 7 days. The control group was continuously injected with equal volume saline intraperitoneally. After 7 days, peripheral blood was collected from each group to determine the levels of serum urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Scr) to assess the renal function; HE, Von-Kossa, Picrosirius Red staining was also taken from the left kidney to observe the pathological changes of renal tissue. CXCR4, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blot. The expression levels of PI3K/AKT pathway-related proteins were detected by western blot.Results:The results of biochemical indexes showed that the serum Scr [(108.03±13.56) μmol/L vs. (39.50±4.48)μmol/L, P<0.01)] and BUN[(5.66±0.48)mmol/L vs. (0.77±0.10)mmol/L, P<0.01) levels were significantly increased in model group compared with the control group. The AMD3100 intervention group was significantly lower than the model group in terms of Scr [(65.77±3.27)μmol/L vs. (108.03±13.56)μmol/L, P<0.05) and BUN [(2.97±0.44)mmol/L vs. (5.66±0.48)mmol/L, P<0.05) levels. The results of kidney pathology in mice showed that renal tubules were significantly dilated with inflammatory cell infiltration in the model group compared with the control group, and a large number of calcium oxalate crystals and collagen fibers were deposited. The extent of kidney damage, calcium oxalate crystals and collagen fibers deposition were significantly reduced in the AMD3100 intervention group compared with the model group. The results of western blotting showed that the relative expression of CXCR4(0.639±0.019 vs. 0.158±0.012, P<0.01) and TGF-β1(0.698+ 0.018 vs. 0.314+ 0.015, P<0.05) was significantly increased in the model group compared with the control group. The relative expression of CXCR4(0.322±0.231) in the AMD3100 intervention group compared with the model group (0.322±0.231 vs. 0.639±0.019, P<0.05) and TGF-β1(0.445+ 0.017 vs. 0.698+ 0.018, P<0.05) were significantly decreased. The results of immunohistochemical staining showed the trend of CXCR4 and TGF-β1 expression in each group consistent with the results of protein blotting assay. Western blotting results showed that the expression of p-PI3K (0.613±0.016 vs. 0.213±0.011, P<0.01) and p-AKT(0.149±0.013 vs. 0.047±0.014, P<0.01) was significantly increased in the model group compared with the control group. The expression of p-PI3K in the AMD3100 intervention group compared with the model group (0.292±0.020 vs. 0.613±0.016, P<0.05) and p-AKT (0.098±0.021 vs. 0.149±0.013, P<0.05)was significantly decreased. Conclusion:CXCR4 inhibits calcium oxalate crystal-induced kidney injury and interstitial fibrosis in mice by targeting the PI3K/AKT pathway.

Neurofeedback (NF) technology based on electroencephalogram (EEG) data or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been widely studied and applied. In contrast, functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has become a new technique in NF research in recent years. fNIRS is a neuroimaging technology based on hemodynamics, which has the advantages of low cost, good portability and high spatial resolution, and is more suitable for use in natural environments. At present, there is a lack of comprehensive review on fNIRS-NF technology (fNIRS-NF) in China. In order to provide a reference for the research of fNIRS-NF technology, this paper first describes the principle, key technologies and applications of fNIRS-NF, and focuses on the application of fNIRS-NF. Finally, the future development trend of fNIRS-NF is prospected and summarized. In conclusion, this paper summarizes fNIRS-NF technology and its application, and concludes that fNIRS-NF technology has potential practicability in neurological diseases and related fields. fNIRS can be used as a good method for NF training. This paper is expected to provide reference information for the development of fNIRS-NF technology.
Neurofeedback/methods* ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared/methods* ; Brain/diagnostic imaging* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Technology

Objective:To analyze the risk factors of death in patients with severe and critical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and their predictive value.Methods:Using the clinical and epidemiological database of Yangtze River Shipping General Hospital in Wuhan, the clinical and epidemiological data of 105 patients with severe and critical COVID-19 from January to March in 2020 were collected. Multivariate unconditional Logistic regression method was used to analyze the death risk factors of patients during hospitalization. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn according to the multivariate analysis results to construct a death prediction model; the prediction value of the model was analyzed.Results:The 105 patients with severe and critical COVID-19 were enrolled with 66 males (62.9%) and 39 females (37.1%). The age was (58.2±14.4) years old. Forty-two patients died in hospital and 63 survived. Among the dead patients, 69.0% (29/42) were male, and 78.6% (33/42) were over 60 years old. Compared with survival patients, the non-survival patients were older (years old: 59.2±12.5 vs. 51.2±11.4), and had more comorbidities, including coronary heart disease, hypertension, myocardial damage and thrombocytopenia (coronary heart disease: 33.3% vs. 11.1%, hypertension: 28.6% vs. 9.5%, myocardial damage: 73.8% vs. 11.1%, thrombocytopenia: 61.9% vs. 14.3%), and received more mechanical ventilation (92.9% vs. 44.4%), with significant differences (all P < 0.01). The variables of gender, age, basic diseases, mechanical ventilation and complications were included in the unconditional Logistic regression analysis, which showed that gender [odds ratio ( OR) = 2.852, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was 0.122-66.694], age ( OR = 3.257, 95% CI was 0.466-18.584), coronary heart disease ( OR = 7.337, 95% CI was 0.227-87.021), hypertension ( OR = 5.517, 95% CI was 0.258-65.024) and concurrent myocardial damage ( OR = 7.322, 95% CI was 0.278-95.020) and thrombocytopenia ( OR = 3.968, 95% CI was 0.325-35.549) were independent risk factors for death in patients with severe and critical COVID-19 during hospitalization. According to the risk factors, the death prediction model was constructed and ROC curve was analyzed, which showed that the area under ROC curve (AUC) of death prediction model for predicting the mortality of patients with severe and critical COVID-19 during hospitalization was 0.804, the sensitivity was 83.8%, and the specificity was 82.3%. Conclusions:Various risk factors are associated with the death of severe or critical COVID-19 patients, such as gender, age, basic diseases and complications. The death prediction model is constructed by gender, age, basic diseases with coronary heart disease and hypertension, concurrent myocardial damage and thrombocytopenia, which has certain predictive value for the death of patients with severe or critical COVID-19.

Objective:To compare the injury of renal blood vessels using different puncture pathways and access sizes.Methods:Between April 2018 and June 2019, eighty fresh pig kidneys were selected to perform percutaneous puncture and dilation, which was used to compare the injury of renal blood vessels with different puncture pathways and access sizes. The puncture pathway included the centerline of the normal renal pyramid (A), centreline of one side pyramid of the fused renal pyramid (FRP) (B), midline of the entire FRP (C) and midline of the renal column (D). The access size included F8, F12, F16, F20, F24 and F30. Histopathological methods were used to analyze the injury of renal blood vessels.Results:The puncture through paths A and B mainly caused injury to the grade Ⅴ and Ⅵ arteries in renal cortex. The puncture often directly injures the grade Ⅳ artery in path C. The puncture often simultaneously injures the grade Ⅲ-Ⅵ arteries in path D. Grade Ⅲ artery injury began to occur when paths A, B, C, and D were dilated to F30, F24, F16, and F12, respectively. The degree of arterial injury among the four different puncture pathways was significantly different in F8, F12, F16, F20, F24 and F30 ( P<0.05). Statistical differences were found between paths A and D in F12, F16, F20, F24 and F30 ( P<0.05), and between paths A and C in F16, F20 and F24 ( P<0.05). No significant difference was found between paths A and B in all access sizes ( P>0.05). Compared with F8, the degree of arterial injury of the F30 in path A and the F24 and F30 in path B were increased significantly ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Vascular injury in path D was the most serious followed by that in path C. Relatively little vascular injury can be achieved in paths A and B. The vascular injury increased when the path B was dilated to F24, while the path A needed to be dilated to F30.

Objective:To explore the effectiveness of autologous fat grafting in the treatment of undesirable skin expansion.Methods:Patients' data were reviewed from 2011 to 2016, including the expanded regions with early signs of skin complications in face and neck. The effects of fat grafting group and control group were evaluated by follow-up records of expansion volume, skin thickness, skin texture and local capillary reaction.Results:Fat grafting could increase the thickness of expanded skin. It also improved the texture of expanded skin, with 0.83± 0.71 points before treatment and 1.30±0.66 points after treatment ( P=0.04). The local capillary reaction was also improved from 1.06±0.54 points before treatment and 1.45±0.51 points after treatment ( P=0.03). The expansion in the fat grafting group was 2.21±0.57 times before treatment and 2.94±0.83 times after treatment. In the control group, the expansion was 2.19 times when it showed early signs, and no obvious changes were observed during the follow-up period. Conclusions:Autologous fat grafting can effectively treat complications of skin expansion, prolong expansion process and promote tissue regeneration.